Exercises Lecture 1

Introduction & Ballooning

Prof. dr. ir. Jacco Hoekstra
Tim van Leeuwen
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J. Mrachina - CC - BY - NC - ND
AE1110x - Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering
Exercise 1
What do we mean when we say that Aeronautical Engineering is multidisciplinary?
A) You need a lot of people to build an aircraft
B) Designing an aircraft requires knowledge on many domains
C) Various perspectives lead to dierent visions on how an aircraft should look like.
D) Aeronautical Engineering is a very dicult eld of science.
Exercise 2
Below you see a picture of six dierent aircraft designs. Which picture belongs to which eld of
expertise?
Figure 1: Ideal aircraft designs according to various disciplines.
Exercise 3
In this lecture the rst powered, heavier-than-air, ight ever has been discussed: The Wright Broth-
ers ight with the Flyer I. This exercise serves as an illustration of the progress made since.
1) Look up what the distance (in metres) own by the Wright brothers in their rst ight was.
2) Now to get a sense of the progress, look up what the distance covered (in kilometres) by the
longest non-stop scheduled ight (as of November 2013) is.
Exercise 4
What is/are the distinct features of modern aircraft? (Multiple answers can be correct)
A) The use of bigger engines
B) The use of new airfoils
C) The use of new materials
D) The use of longer fuselages
E) The distinct design for passenger/cargo transport
Exercises Lecture 1 - Introduction & Ballooning 1
AE1110x - Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering
Exercise 5
Which of the following are advantages of the thick wing proles, used from the 1930s onwards
(like in the Fokker V II shown below)? (Multiple answers can be correct)
Figure 2: The Fokker F VII (Image courtesy of Kitchener.lord, CC - BY - NC - ND)
A) Thick wings provide more lift
B) Thick wings are easier to make structurally sti enough
C) Thick wings are easier to maintain
D) Thick wings make an aircraft more agile
E) Thick wings can hold more fuel
Exercise 6
Earlier on youve looked up yourself the staggering dierence between the distance travelled by the
Wright brothers and modern aircraft. Another example of the progress made is the travel time of
the Hindenburg of an Atlantic crossing.
Look up the record time (in hours) set for a double Atlantic crossing by the Hindenburg.
Exercise 7
What is the main reason that airships experience a high drag when moving?
A) Airships are not very aerodynamically shaped
B) Airships are primarily designed to hang still in the air
C) Airships y at low altitudes, where the air density is high
D) Airships have an enormous volume
Exercise 8
What is the modied equation of state which we will use in our lectures?
Exercise 9
A typical volume of a modern hot air balloon is 2500 cubic metres, and a typical maximum tem-
perature of the hot air is 120 degrees Celsius. Given these gures, and an outside air temperature
and density of 15

C and 1.225 kg/m

3
respectively, compute the maximum mass (in kilograms) of
the balloon, basket and payload.
2 Exercises Lecture 1 - Introduction & Ballooning
AE1110x - Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering
Exercise 10
Suppose that, on a day when the outside temperature is 15 degrees Celsius, we ll a balloon with
pure nitrogen gas, of which the molar mass is 28 grams per mole. Now suppose that we want to
heat up a second (equally large) balloon containing air, such that it generates the same amount of
lift.
To what temperature (in degrees Celsius) should we heat up the second balloon?
Exercise 11
Some say that the hot air balloons with which the Montgoler brothers performed their rst ight
had a volume of 1700 cubic metres and could lift 780 kilograms (that includes the balloon, basket
and payload). Assume that the balloon took o on a day when the sea level pressure was 1013.25
hPa.
Given an outside temperature of 10.0 degrees Celsius, compute the temperature of the air (in
degrees Celsius) in the balloon.
Exercise 12
Others say that the Montgoler brothers balloon was 23 metres high and 14 metres wide. Calculate
the temperature of the air in the balloon (in degrees Celsius) for this situation as well. (Assume
the balloon to be spherical, and then elongated by a factor 23/14 in height).
Exercise 13
During the lecture Mr. Hoekstra posed the question: "How many hot air party balloons could you
safely carry before getting airborne?" This is exactly what we will nd out now! (Before making
this exercises, rst make an educated guess!)
Suppose that a party balloon is spherical, has a radius of 16 centimetres and is lled with helium.
Furthermore suppose that we do our experiment under standard atmospheric conditions, when the
air density is = 1.225kg/m
3
. How many of these balloons should a 75 kilogram human carry in
order to become airborne?
Exercises Lecture 1 - Introduction & Ballooning 3