Nama : GARNIS ASTRIYANTI

Rombel : 02 Pendidikan Kimia

Nim : 4301412037
1. What is acid and base by Arrhenius, Bronsted lowry and Lewis?
Answer:
Arhenius:
a. Asam didefinisikan sebagai zat-zat yang dapat memberikan ion hidrogen [H
+
]
atau ion hidronium [H
3
O
+
] bila diarutkan daam air.
b. Basa didefinisikan sebagai zat-zat yang dapat menghasikan ion hidroksida [OH
-
]
bila dilarutkan dalam air.
Bronsted Lowry:
a. ASAM adalah senyawa yang dapat memberikan proton [H
+
] kepada senyawa lain
(donor proton).
b. BASA adalah senyawa yang dapat menerima proton [H
+
] kepada senyawa lain
(akseptor proton).
Lewis:
a.Asam adalah suatu molekul/ion yang dapat menerima pasangan elektron.
b. Basa suatu molekul/ion yang dapat memberikan pasangan elektron.

2. Write the chemical equation for the autoionization of water and the equilibrium law for
K
w
?
Answer:
Auto ionisasi Air :
a. Air sebagai asam dan basa
H
2
O(l) + H
2
O(l) H
3
O
+
(aq) + OH
-
(aq)
asam1 basa2 asam2 basa1
b. Ketetapan Kesetimbangan untuk kesetimbangan ionisasi air adalah
=

+
[

]
[
2
][
2
]

Oleh karena konsentras sehingga [
2
]
2
harganya juga tetap (konstan), maka
hasil Kc dengan [
2
]
2
merupakan konstanta yang disebut Kw ( Tetapan
Kesetimbangan Air )
c. Reaksi ini bertanggung jawab terhadap autoionisasi air dengan persamaan
[H
+
] [OH
-
] = K
w
d. Dimana K
w
tetapan hasil ionisasi ion untuk air sebesar 1x10
-14
pada suhu 25
o
C
3. How are acidic, basic, and neutral solutions in water defined
a. in terms of [H
+
] and [OH
-
] and
b. in terms of pH ?
Answer:
a. Asam: Semua zat yang jika dilarutkan dalam air menghasilkan ion H
+

basa : Semua zat yang jika dilarutkan dalam air menghasilkan ion OH
-
Netral: jika dalam air ditambahkan suatu basa maka konsentrasi [OH
-
] akan
bertambah, dimana harga Kw tetap. Hal ini menyebabkan konsentrasi [H
+
]
berkurang.
b. Asam : pH < 7
Basa : pH > 7
Netral : pH = 7
4. At the temperature of the human body, 37
o
C, the value of Kw is 2.4 x 10
-14
. Calculate the
[H
+
], [OH
-
], pH and pOH of pure water at this temperature. What is the relation between
pH, pOH, and Kw at this temperature? Is water neutral at this temperature?
Answer :

2
[
+
] +[

]
=

+
[

]
[
2
]


[H
+
] [OH
-
] = K
w
[OH
-
] = [H
+
]
[H
+
] =
= 2,4 10
14

= 1,54 x 10
7


pH = - log [H
+
]
= - log ( 1,54 x 10
7
)
= 7 log 1,54
= 7 0,1875
= 6,8124
pOH = - log [OH
-
]
= - log (1,55 x 10
7
)
= - log 1,55 + ( - log 10
-7
)
= 7 log 1,55
= 6,8124

K
W
= [OH
-
] [H
+
]
-log K
w
= -log [OH
-
] + {-log [H
+
]}
p = - log
pK
w
= pOH + pH
pK
w
= -log [Kw]

= -log (2,4 x 10
-14
)

pK
w
= 14 log 2,4
pKw = 13,62
pKw = pOH + pH
13,62 = 6,81 + 6,81
Maka air pada suhu tersebut bersifat netral.

5. Deuterium oxide, D
2
O, ionizes like water. At 20C its Kw, or ion product constant
analogous to that of water, is 8.9 x 10
-16
. Calculate [D
+
] and [OD
-
] in deuterium oxide at
20C. Calculate also the pD and the pDO.
Answer :
D
2
O

D
+
+ OD
-

K
W
= [OD
-
] [D
+
]
[OD
-
] = [D
+
] =

= 8,9 10
16

= 2,98 x 10
-8

pD = - log [D
+
]
= - log (2,98 x 10
-8
)
= - log 2,98 + ( - log 10
-8
)
= 8 log 2,98
= 7,53

pOD = - log [OD
-
]
= - log (2,98 x 10
-8
)
= - log 2,98 + ( - log 10
-8
)
= 8 log 2,98
= 7,53

6. Calculate the H
+
concentration in each of the following solutions in which the hydroxide
ion concentrations are :
a. 0.0024 M
b. 1.4 x 10
-5
M
c. 5.6 x 10
-9
M
d. 4.2 x 10
-13
M
Answer :
a) Kw = [H
+
] [OH
-
]
10
14
= [H
+
] (24 10
4
)
[H
+
] =
10
14
24 10
4

[H
+
] = 4,167 10
12

b) Kw = [H
+
] [OH
-
]
10
14
= [H
+
] (1.4 x 10
5
)
[H
+
] =
10
14
1.4 x 105

[H
+
] = 7,14 10
10

c) Kw = [H
+
] [OH
-
]
10
14
= [H
+
] (5.6 x 10
9
)
[H
+
] =
10
14
5.6 x 10
9

[H
+
] =0,1785 10
5

d) Kw = [H
+
] [OH
-
]
10
14
= [H
+
] (4.2 x 10
13
)
[H
+
] =
10
14
4.2 x 10
13

[H
+
] =0,0238
7. Calculate the OH
-
concentration in each of following solutions in which the hydrogen
ion concentrations are
a. 3.5 x 10
-8
M
b. 0.0065 M
c. 2.5 x 10
-13
M
d. 7.5 x 10
-5
M
Answer :
a. 3.5 x 10
-8
M
K
w
= [H
+
] [OH
-
]
10
-14
= (3,5 x 10
-8
) [OH
-
]
[OH
-
] = 2,85 x 10
-7
M

b. 0.0065 M
K
w
= [H
+
] . [OH
-
]
10
-14
= (6,5 x 10
-3
) [OH
-
]
[OH
-
] = 1,54 x 10
-12
M

c. 2.5 x 10
-13
M
K
w
= [H
+
] [OH
-
]
10
-14
= (2,5 x 10
-13
) [OH
-
]
[OH
-
] = 4 x 10
-2
M

d. 7.5 x 10
-5
M
K
w
= [H
+
] [OH
-
]
10
-14
= (7,5 x 10
-5
) [OH
-
]
[OH
-
] = 1,3 x 10
-10
M
8. A certain brand of beer had a hydrogen ion concentration equal to 1.9 x 10
-5
mol L
-
1
.What is the pH of the beer?
Answer :
[H
+
] = 1.9 x 10
-5
mol L
-

pH = - log [H
+
]
= - log (1.9 x 10
-5
)
= - log 1,9 + (- log 10
-5
)
= - log 1,9 + 5
= 5 log 1,9
= 4,7213
9. A soft drink was put on the market with [H
+
] = 1,4 x 10
-5
mol L
-1
. What its pH ?
Answer : [H
+
] = 1,45 x 10
-5
mol L
-

pH = - log [H
+
]
= - log (1,45 x 10
-5
)
= - log 1,45 + (- log 10
-5
)
= - log 1,45 + 5
= 5 log 1,45
= 5 0,14612
= 4,85388
10. Calculate the pH of each of the solutions in Exercises 5 and 6.
Answer : Soal no.5
a. POH = - log 2.4 x 10
-2

POH = 2-log 2.4
POH = 1.62
PH = 14 1.62
PH = 12.38
b. POH = 5 log 1.4
POH = 4.85
PH = 14- 4.85
= 9.15
c. POH = - log 5.6 x 10
-9

POH = 9 log 5.6
= 8.25
PH = 14 8.25
= 5.75
d. POH = 13 log 4.2
POH = 12.38
PH = 14 12.38
= 1.62


Soal no.6
a. (3.5 x 10
-8
)
PH = - log 3.5 x 10
-8
PH = 8 log 3.5
= 7.45
b. (0.0065)
PH = 6.5 x 10
-2

= 2 log 6.5
= 1.18
c. 2.5 x 10
-13

PH = - log 2.5 x 10
-13
PH = 13 log 2.5
PH = 12.6
d. 7.5 x 10
-5
M
PH = - log 7.5 x 10
-5
PH = 5 log 7.5
PH = 4.125
11. Calculate the molar concentrations of H
+
and OH
-
in solution that have the following pH
values.
a. 3.14
b. 2.78
c. 9.25
d. 13.24
e. 5.70
Answer : A. pH = 3,14
[H
+
] = 7,2 . 10
-4
pOH = 10,86
[OH
-
] = 1,38 . 10
-11
B. pH = 2,78
[H
+
] = 1,65 . 10
-3
pOH = 11,22
[OH
-
] = 6,025 . 10
-12
C.

pH = 9,25
[H
+
] = 5,62 . 10
-10
pOH = 4,75
[OH
-
] = 1,77. 10
-5
D. pH = 13,24
[H
+
] = 5,75 . 10
-14
pOH = 0,76
[OH
-
] = 1,73 . 10
-1
E.

pH = 5,70
[H
+
] = 1,99 . 10
-6
pOH = 8,3
[OH
-
] = 5,01 . 10
-9


12. Calculate the molar concentration of H
+
and OH
-
in solution that have the following pOH
values .
a. 8.26
b. 10.25
c. 4.65
d. 6.18
e. 9.70
Answer: A. pOH = 8,26

[OH
-
] = 5,49. 10
-9
pH = 5,74
[H
+
] = 1,81 . 10
-16
B. pOH = 10,25

[OH
-
] = 5,62. 10
-11
pH = 3,75
[H
+
] = 1,77 . 10
-4
C.
.
pOH = 4,65

[OH
-
] = 2,23. 10
-5
pH = 9,35
[H
+
] = 4,46 . 10
-10
D. pOH = 6,18

[OH
-
] = 6,60. 10
-7
pH = 7,82
[H
+
] = 1,51 . 10
-8
E pOH = 9,70

[OH
-
] = 1,99. 10
-10
pH = 4,3
[H
+
] = 5,01. 10
-5

13. What is the pH of 0.010 M HCl ?
Answer:
HCl = H
+
+ Cl
-
[H
+
] = valensi . M
= 1 . 0,010 M
= 0,010 M
pH = - log 0,010
= 2 log 1
= 2 - 0
= 2

14. What is the pH of 0.0050 M solution of HNO
3
?
Answer:
HNO
3
= H
+
+ NO
3

-

[H
+
] = valensi . M
= 1 . 0,0050
= 0,0050
pH = - log 0,0050
= 3 log 5
= 3 0,698
= 2,303

15. A sodium hydroxide solution is prepared by dissolving 6.0 g NaOH in 1.00 L of solution.
What is the pOH and the pH of the solution?
Answer:
M =

x
1000

=
6,0
40
x
1000

= 0,15
NaOH = Na
+
+ OH
-
OH
-
= 1 . 0,15
= 0,15
pOH = 1 log 1,5
pH = 14 pOH
= 14 ( 1 log 1,5 )
= 13 + log 1,5
= 13 + 0,176
= 13,176

16. A solution was made by dissolving 0.837 g Ba(OH)
2
in 100 mL final volume. What is
the pOH and the pH of the solution?
Answer:
M =

x
1000

=
0,837
171
x
1000
100

= 0.0489
= 4,89 x 10
-2

[OH
-
] = b x M
= 2 x 4,89 x 10
-2

= 9,78 x 10
-2

pOH = - log [OH
-
]
= - log 9,78 x 10
-2

= 2 - log 9,78
= 1, 009
pH = 14 pOH
= 14 1,009
= 12,991
17. A solution of Ca(OH)
2
has a measured pH of 11.60. What is the molar concentration of
Ca(OH)
2
in the solution?
Answer:
pH = 11,60
pOH = 2,4
-log [OH
-
] = 2,4
= 3 log 3,98
[OH
-
]

= 3,98 x 10
-3

Ca(OH)
2
Ca
2+
+ 2OH
-

1,99 x 10
-3
1,99 x 10
-3
3,98 x 10
-3

M Ca(OH)
2
= 1,99 x 10
-3


18. A solution of HCl has a pH of 2.50. How many grams of HCl are there in 250 mL of this
solution.
Answer :
pH HCl = 2,50
Vlar = 250 mL
Massa HCl ?
pH = 2,5
[H
+
] = 3,16 . 10
-3
M =
n
v

3,16 . 10
-3
=
n
0,25

n = 7,9 . 10
-4
mol
massa HCl = 7,9 . 10
-4
mol x 36,5
= 28,8 . 10
-3
mg
19. Write the chemical equation for the ionization of each of the following weak acids in
water (For any polyprotic acids , write only the equation for the first step in the
ionization).
a. HNO
2

b. H
3
PO
4

c. HAsO
4
2-

d. (CH
3
)
3
NH+
Answer: ) HNO
2aq
+ H
2
O
l
NO
2

aq
+ H
3
O
+
aq

) H
3
PO
4aq
+ H
2
O
l
H
2
PO
4

aq
+H
3
O
+
aq

) HAsO
4(aq)
2
+ H
2
O
l
AsO
4
3
aq
+H
3
O
+
aq

) CH
3

3
NH
(aq)
+
+ H
2
O
l
(CH
3
)
3
N
(aq)
+ H
3
O
+
aq

20. For each of the acids in exercise 18, write the appropriate K
a
expression
Answer :
a. HNO
2
H
+
+ NO
2
-

=

+
[
2

]
[
2
]


b. H
3
PO
4
H
+
+ H
2
PO
4
2-

=

+
[
2

4
2
]
[
3

4
]


c. HAsO
4
2-
H
+
+ AsO
4
3+

=

+
[
4
3+
]
[
4
2
]


d. (CH
3
)
3
NH+ H
+
+ (CH
3
)
3
N
=

+
[
3

3
]
[
3

3
]
+



21. Write the chemical equation for the ionization of each of following weak bases in water.
a. (CH
3
)
3
N
b. AsO
4
3-

c. NO
2
-

d. (CH
3
)
2
N
2
H
2

Answer :
a. (CH
3
)
3
N + H
2
O OH
-
+ (CH
3
)
3
NH
+

b. AsO
4
3-
+ H
2
O OH
-
+ HAsO
4
2-

c. NO
2
-
+ H
2
O OH
-
+ HNO
2

d. (CH
3
)
2
N
2
H
2
+ H
2
O OH
-
+ (CH
3
)
3
N
2
H
3
+

22. For each of the bases in Exercise 20, write the appopriate K
b
expression.
Answer :
a. (CH
3
)
3
N + H
2
O OH
-
+ (CH
3
)
3
NH
+

=

[
3

+
]
[
3

3
]


b. AsO
4
3-
+ H
2
O OH
-
+ HAsO
4
2-

=

[
4
2
]
[
4
3
]

c. NO
2
-
+ H
2
O OH
-
+ HNO
2

=

[
2
]
[
2

]


d. (CH
3
)
2
N
2
H
2
+ H
2
O OH
-
+ (CH
3
)
3
N
2
H
3
+

=

[
3

3
+
]
[
3

3
]
2

2


23. Benzoic acid, C
6
H
5
CO
2
H, is an organic acid whose sodium salt, C
6
H
5
CO
2
Na, has long
been used as a safe foods additive to protect beverages and many foods againts harmful
yeasts and bacteria. The acid is monoprotic. Write the equation for its Ka !
Answer :
C
6
H
5
CO
2
H
(aq)
+ H
2
O
(l)
C
6
H
5
CO
2(aq)

+ H
3
O
(aq)
+

=
[ C
6
H
5
CO
2

][ H
3
O
+
]
[ C
6
H
5
CO
2
H ]

24. Write the equation for the equilibrium that the benzoate ion, C
6
H
5
CO
2
-
(review exercise
22), would produce in water as functions as a Bronsted base. Then write the expression
for the K
b
of the conjugate base of benzoic acid.
Answer :
1. C
6
H
5
CO
2
-
+ H
2
O C
6
H
5
CO
2
H + OH
-

=

[
6

2

6

]
[
6

]

25. The pKa of HCN is 9.21 and that of HF is 3.17. Which is the strong Bronsted base CN

or F

?
Answer :
pKa HCN = 9,21
-log Ka = 9,21
= 10 0,79
= 10 log 6,16
Ka = 6,16 x 10
-10


pKa HF = 3,17
-log Ka = 3,17
= 4 0,83
= 4 log 6,76
Ka = 6,76x 10
-4

Semakin kuat asam, maka semakin kecil basa konjugasinya, maka yang lebih kuat basa
konjugasinya adalah HCN. Asam HCN memiliki Ka lebih rendah dari pada HF sehingga
asam HCN lebih lemah dan basa konjugasinya yaitu CN
-
memiliki sifat kebasaan yang
lebih kuat dari pada F
-
.

26. The K
a
for HF is 6.8 x 10
x
. what is the Kb for F
-
?
Answer :
K
b
=
K
w
K
a

K
b
=
10
14
6,8x10
x

= 1,47 x 10
-15-x

27. The barbiturate ion C
4
HO has Kb = 1,0 x 10
-10
. What is Ka for Barbituric acid ?
Answer :
Ion C
4
HO memiliki Kb = 1,0 x 10
-10
. Nilai Ka untuk asam barbituratnya adalah
Kw = Ka x Kb
10
-14
= Ka x 1,0 x 10
-10
Ka =
10
14
1,0 10
10

Ka = 1,0 x 10
-4


28. Hydrogen peroxide, H
2
O
2
is a week acid with Ka = 1.8 x 10
-12
. What the value of Kb for
the HO
2
ion?
Answer :
K
b
=
K
w
K
a

K
b
=
10
14
1,8x10
12

= 5,55 x 10
-3

29. Methylamine, CH
3
NH
2
resambles ammonia in odor and basicity. Its K
b
is 4.4 x 10
-4
.
Calculate the K
a
of its conjugate acid!
Answer :
K
a
=
K
w
K
b

K
a
=
10
14
4,4 x10
4

= 2,27 x 10
-11
30. Lactic acid, HC
3
H
5
O
3
, is responsible for the sour taste of sour milk. At 25
o
C its Ka = 1.4
x 10
-4
. What is the Kb of its conjugate base, tha lactate ion, C
3
H
5
O
3
-
?
Answer :
Kw = Ka x Kb
10
-14
= 1,4 x 10
-4
x Kb
Kb =
10
14
1,4 10
4

Kb = 0,714 x 10
-10


31. Iodic acid, HIO
3
has a pKa of 0.77
a. What is the formula an the Kb of its conjugate base?
b. Its is conjugate base a stronger or a weaker base than the acetate ion?
Answer :
a. HIO
3
IO
3
-
+ H
+
HIO
3
+ H
2
O IO
3
-
+ H
3
O
+
K
a
=
[IO
3

]+ [H
3
O
+
]
[HIO
3
]

IO
3
-
+ H
2
O HIO
3
+ OH
-
K
b
=
[HIO
3
]+ [OH

]
[IO
3

]

b. pK
a
= -log K
a
0,77 = -log K
a
K
a
= 1,698 . 10
-1
untuk HIO
3

K
a
ion asetat = 1,75 x 10
-5
K
a
HIO
3
> K
a
ion asetat maka HIO
3
basa konjugasinya merupakan basa lemah.
Jika harga K
a
semakin besar maka semakin kuat asam dan semakin lemah basa
konjugasinya. Karena HIO
3
yang bersifat asam kuat di dalam air. Di dalam air
praktis tidak terdapat lagi molekul HIO
3
, semuanya terion membentuk IO
3
-
dimana
ion ini merupakan basa lemah.

32. Periodic acid,HIO
4
,is an important oxidizing agent and a moderately strong acid. In a
0.10 M solution , [H
+
] = 3.8 x 10
-2
mol L
-1
. Calculate the Ka and pKa for periodic acid!
Answer :
[H
+
] =
3,8 x 10
-2
=

0,1
(3,8 x 10
-2
)
2
= Ka x 0,1
14,44 x 10
-4
= Ka x 0,1
Ka = 14,44 x 10
-3

pKa = - log 14,44 x 10
-3
pKa = 3 log 14,44
pKa = 3 1,16
pKa = 1,84

33. Choloacetic acid, HC
2
H
2
ClO
2
, is a stronger monoprotic acid than acetic acid. In a 0,10 M
solution, this acid is 11 % ionized. Calculate the K
a
and pK
a
for Choloacetic acid.
Answer :
=

(0, 11)
2
=

0,1

0,0121 x 0,1 = Ka
Ka = 1,21 x 10
-3
pK
a
= -log K
a

= -log 1,21 x 10
-3
= 2,9172

34. Ethylamine, CH
3
CH
2
NH
2
, has a strong, pungent odor similar to that ammonia. Like
ammonia, it is a Bronsted base. A 0.10 M solution has a pH of 11.86. Calculate the Kb
and pKb for ethylamine.
Answer :
= 14 11,86
= 2,14

= 3 0,86
= 3 log 7,24

= 7,24 . 10
3

2
=

.
7,24 . 10
3

2
=

. 0.1
5,24. 10
4
=

= 3,28

35. Hidroxylamine, HONH
2
, like ammonia, is a Bronsted base. A 0.15 M solution has a pH
of 10.12. What are Kb and pKb for Hidroxylamine?
Answer :
= 14 10,12
= 3,88

= 4 0,12
= 4 log 1,138

= 1,138 . 10
4

2
=

.
1,138 . 10
4

2
=

. 0,15
1,158 . 10
7
=

= log

= 6,936
36. Refer to data in the preceding question to calculate the percentage ionization of the base
in 0.15 M HONH
2
.
Answer : =

. 100%
=

1,158 . 10
7
0,15
. 100%
= 0,0878%

37. What is the pH of 0.125 M pyruvic acid ? Its K
a
is 3.2 x 10
-3

Answer :

+
=

.
= 3,2 . 10
3
. 0,125
= 0,02
= log 2 . 10
2

= 1,69
38. What is pH of 0.15 M HN
3
? for HN
3
, Ka = 1.8 x 10
-5
Answer :

+
=

.
= 1,8 . 10
5
. 0,15
= 1,643 . 10
3

= log 1,643 . 10
3

= 2,784

39. What is the pH of a 1.0 M solution of hydrogen peroxide, H
2
O
2
? For this solute, Ka =
1.8 x 10
-2

Answer :

+
=

.
= 1,8. 10
2
. 1
= 1,3416 . 10
1

= log 1,3416 . 10
1

= 0,8723

40. Phenol, also known as carbolic acid, is sometimes used as a disinfectant. What are the
concentrations of all of the substance in a 0.050 M solution of phenol, HC
6
H
5
0? What
percentage of the phenol is ionized? For this acid, K
a
= 1.3 x 10-10
Answer :
=

. 100%
=

1,3. 10
10
0,050
. 100%
= 5, 099 . 10
3
%

41. Codeine, a cough suppressant extracted from crude opium, is a weak base with a pKb of
5.79. What will be the pH of a 0.020 M solution of codeine? (Use Cod as a symbol for
codeine)
Answer :
= 5,79
= 6 0,21

= 6 log 1,62

= 1,62 . 10
6

= 1,8 . 10
4

= 4 1,8
= 3,745
= 10,255

42. Deuteroammonia, ND
3
, is a weak base with a pKb of 4.96 at 25
o
C. What is the pH of a
0.20 M solution of this compound?
Answer :
pKb = 4,96
-log Kb = 5 0,04
-log Kb = 5 log 1,09
Kb = 1,09 x 10
-5


[OH
-
] =
[OH
-
] = 1,09 10
5
0,2
[OH
-
] = 2,18 10
6

[OH
-
] = 1,47 x 10
-3

pOH = - log [OH
-
]
pOH = - log (1,47 x 10
-3
)
pOH = 3 log 1,47
pH = 11 + log 1,47
43. A solution of acetic acid has a pH of 2.54. What is the concentration of acetic acid in this
solution ?
Answer :
pH = 2,54
=3 - 0,46
= 3 log 2,88
[H
+
] = 2,88 x 10
-3
[H
+
] =
[H
+
]
2
= Ka x Ma
8,29 x 10
-6
= 1,8 x 10
-5
x Ma
Ma =
,
,

Ma = 0,46 M
44. Aspirin is acetylsalicyclic acid, a monoprotic acid whose K
a
value is 3,27 x 10
-4
. does a
solution of the sodium salt of aspirin in water test acidic, basic, or neutral ? Explain
Answer :
Aspirin merupakan asam asetilalisiklik
Asam monoprotik merupakan asam yang hanya dapat melepaskan 1 ion H
+
setiap
molekul dalam setiap larutan.

Kb =

Ka > Kb , maka larutan ini bersifat ASAM

=

= 3,058 x 10
-10


45. The K
b
value of the oxalate ion, C
2
O
4
2-
, is 1.9x10
-10
. Is a solution of K
2
C
2
O
4
acidic,
basic, or neutral? Explain.
Answer :
KbC
2
O
4
2-
=1,9x10
-10

Kw = Kb . Ka
10
14
= 1,9 . 10
10
. Ka
Ka = 5,26 . 10
5

Ka > Kb
5,26 . 10
5
> 1,9 . 10
10
(ASAM)

46. Consider the following compounds and suppose that 0.5M solutions are prepared of each
: NaI, KF, (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
, KCN, KC
2
H
3
O
2
, CsNO
3
, and KBr. Write the formulas of those
that have solutions that are
a. Acidic,
b. Basic, and
c. Neutral.
Answer :
Asam : (NH
4
)
2
SO
4

Basa : KF, KCN, KC
2
H
3
O
2

Netral : NaI, KBr, CsNO
3

47. Will an aqueous solution of ALCl
3
turn litmus red or blue ? explain?
Answer :
Larutan AlCl
3
dapat memerahkan lakmus biru, karena Larutan AlCl
3
bersifat asam. Di
dalam air garam ini akan terhidrolisis sebagian (kation dari basa lemah terhidrolisis,
sedangkan anion dari asam kuat tidak). Dalam air, AlCl
3
terionisasi sempurna
membentuk ion Cl
-
dan Al
3+

AlCl
3
Al
3+
+ 3Cl
-


Reaksi Hidrolisisnya adalah

Al
3+
(aq) + 3H
2
O(aq) Al(OH)
3
(aq) + 3H
+
(aq)
Cl-(aq) + H
2
O(l) (tidak ada reaksi)
Adanya sisa H
+
pada reaksi hidrolisis diatas menyebabkan larutan bersifat asam.

48. Explain why the beryllium ion is a more acidic cation than the calcium ion.
Answer :
Pada sistem periodik unsur, semakin kebawah tataletak suatu unsur, maka tingkat ke-
basaan suatun unsur semakin kuat. Sementara semakin keatas letak unsur maka tingkat
keasaman semakin kuat. Be terletak diatas Ca sehingga Be bersifat lebih asam daripada
Ca.

49. Ammonium nitrate is commonly used in fertilizer mixtures as a source of nitrogen for
plant growth. What effect, if any, will this compound have on the acidity of the moisture
in the ground? Explain.
Answer :
NH
4
NO
3
NH
4
+
+ NO
3
-

NH
4
+
tergolong basa lemah, sedangkan NO
3
-
tergolong asam lemah, maka keduanya
mengalami hidrolisis. Hidrolisis NH
4
+
menghasilkan ion H
+
, sedangkan hidrolisis
NO
3
-
menghasilkan OH
-
, maka akan netral. Sehingga tidak berpengaruh terhadap
keasaman tanah.

50. Calculate the pH of 0.20 M NaCN.
Answer :
M = 0,2 M
[OH
-
]

=

.
=
10
14
1,8 10
5
. 2.10
1

= 2. 10
10

[OH
-
] = 1,4. 10
-5
pOH = - log [OH
-
]
pOH = - log ( 1,4 x 10
-5
)

pOH = 5 - log 1,4
pH = 9 + log 1,4


51. Calculate the pH of 0,04 M KNO
2
?
Answer :
M = 0,04 M
[OH
-
]

=

.
=
10
14
1,8 10
5
. 4 10
2

= 2,22. 10
11


[OH
-
] = 4,71 x 10
-6
pOH = - log [OH
-
]
pOH = - log ( 4,71 x 10
-6
)
pOH = 6 - log 4,71
pH = 8 + log 4,71

52. Calculate the pH of 0.15 M CH
3
NH
3
Cl. For CH
3
NH
2
, Kb = 4.4 x 10
-4

Answer :
[H
+
]

=

.
=
10
14
4,4.10
4
. 1,5.10
1

= 3,4 10
10

= 1,8 x 10
-5

pH = - log [H
+
]
pH = - log ( 1.8 x 10
-5
)

pH = 5 log 1,8

53. A weak base B forms the salt BHCl, composed of the ions BH
+
and Cl
-
. A 0.15 M
solution of the salt has a pH of 4.28. What is the value of K
b
for the base B?
Answer :
pH = 4,28
M = 0,15 M
pH = 4,28
-log [H
+
] = 5 0,72
-log [H
+
] = 5 log 5,25
[H
+
]

= 5,25 x 10
-5

[H
+
]

=

.
5,25 x 10
-5
=
10
14

1,5 10
1

(5,25 x 10
-5
)
2
=
10
14

x 1,5 x 10
-1
2,75 x 10
-9
x Kb = 1,5.10
15

Kb = 5,45 10
-7

54. Calculate the number of grams of NH
4
Br that have to be dissolved in 1.00 L of water at
25
o
C to have a solution with a pH of 5.16 !
Answer :
NH
4
Br NH
3
+ HBr
pH = -log [H
+
]
5,16 = - log [H
+
]
(6-0,84) = - log [H
+
]
0,84 . 10
-6
= [H
+
]

Kb NH
3
= 1,8 . 10
-5

[H
+
]

=

. []
0,84 . 10
-6
=
10
14
1,8 .10 5
[]
Masing-masing ruas dikuadratkan
0,7056 . 10
-12
=

, .

x [G]
[G] = 1,27008 .10
-3


n = M.V
= 1,27008 .10
-3
mol/L . 1 L
= 1,27008 .10
-3
mol

n =

m = MM . n
= 98 . 1,27008 .10
-3

= 0,1244678 gram

55. The conjugate acid of a molecular base has a hypohetical formula. BH
+
, and has pKa of
5.00. A solution of salt of this cation, BHY, tests slightly basic. Will the conjugate acid
of Y
-
, HY, have a pKa greater than 5.00 or less than 5.00? explain
Answer :
Pka BH
+
= 5 maka bereaksi dengan HY membentuk BHY (basa). Karena hasil yang dibentuk
bersifat basa maka HY mempunya pKa lebih besar daripada pKa BH
+
.
[BH
+
] [Y
-
] = 10
14

10
5
[Y
-
] = 10
14

[Y
-
] = 10
9

pKa = 9
Jadi pKa lebih dari 5.

56. Many drugs that are natural Bronsted bases are put into aqueous solution as their much
more soluble salt with strong acids. The powerful painkiller morphine, for example, is
very slightly soluble in water, but morphine nitrate is quite soluble. We may represent
morphine by the symbol Mor and its conjugate acid as H-Mor
+
. The pKb of morphine is
6.13. What is the calculated pH of a 0.20 M solution of H-Mor
+
?
Answer :
pK
b
= 6.13
K
b
= 7 log 7.41
K
b
= 7.41 x 10
-7
K
w
= K
a
x K
b

10
-14
= K
a
x 7.41 x 10
-7

K
a
=

K
a
= 0.135 x 10
-7

[H
+
] =


[H
+
] = 0.135 x 10
7
0.2
[H
+
] = 5.2 x 10
-5

pH = - log [H
+
]
= - log 5.2 x 10
-5

pH = 5 - log 5.2
pH = 4.2

57. Quinine, an important drug in treating malaria, is a weak Bronsted base that we may
represent as Qu. To make it more soluble in water, it is put into a solution as its
conjugate acid, which we may represent as H-
+
. What is the calculate pHof a 0,15 M
solution of H-
+
? Its pK
a
is 8,52 at 25
0
C.
Answer :
pK
a
= 8.52
K
a
= 9 log 3.01
K
a
= 3.01 x 10
-9
[H
+
] =


[H
+
] = 3.01 x 10
9
0.15
[H
+
] = 4.5 x 10
-5
pH = - log [H
+
]
= - log 4.5 x 10
-5
pH = 5 - log 4.5
pH = 4.3
58. Generally, under what conditions are we unable to use the initial concentration of an acid
or base as though it were the equilibrium concentration in the mass action expression?
Answer :
Konsentrasi asalm basa berkaitan dengan fase zat tersebut. Pada Kp hanya berlaku fase
gas sedangkan untuk Kc berlaku fase gas dan aquous.

59. What is the percentage ionization in a 0.15 M solution of HF ? What is the pH of the
solution ?
Answer :
HF
(aq)
H
+
(aq)
+ F
-
(aq)

=

=
7.2 10
4
0.15

= 0.069
= 6.9 %
K
a
= 7.2 x 10
-4
[H
+
] =


[H
+
] = 7.2 x 10
4
0.15
[H
+
] = 0.01
pH = - log [H
+
]
pH = - log 10
-2
pH = 2

60. What is the percentage ionization in 0.0010 M acetic acid ? What is the pH of the
solution?
Answer :
=

=
1.8 10
5
0.001

= 0.018
= 1.8 %
K
a
= 1.8 10
5

[H
+
] =


[H
+
] = 1.8 10
5
0.001
[H
+
] = 1.3 x 10
-4

pH = - log [H
+
]
= - log 1.3 x 10
-4

pH = 4 - log 1.3

61. What is the pH of a 1.0 x 10
-7
M solution of HCl ?
Answer :
M HCl = 1,0 x 10
-7

HCl -> H
+
+ Cl
-

Dalam hal ini berlaku ketentuan :
(H
+
) (OH
-
) = Kw
(Cl
-
) = HCl
(H
+
) =(OH
-
) + (Cl
-
), prinsip penetralan muatan sehingga berlaku ;
(H
+
) = (OH
-
) + (HCl)
(H
+
) = Kw / (H
+
) + (HCl)
(H+)2 = Kw + (HCl)(H+)
(H
+
)
2
(HCl) (H
+
) Kw = 0
(H
+
)
2
10
-7
(H
+
) 10
-14
= 0
(H
+
) = 1.62 x 10
-7
M
pH =- log 1.62 x10
-7

= 6.79
62. The hydrogen sulfate ion HSO
4
-
, is a moderately strong Bronsted acid with a Ka of
1.0x10
-2
.
a. Write the chemical equation for the ionization of the acid and give the appropriate
Ka expression.
b. What is the value of [ H
+
] in 0.010 M HSO
4
-
(furnished by the salt, NaHSO
4
) ?
Do NOT make simplifying assumptions; solve the quadratic equation.
c. What is the calculate of [H
+
] in 0.010 M HSO
4
-
, obtained by using the usual
simplifying assumption?
d. How much error is produced by incorrectly using the simplifying assumption?
Answer :
a.
HSO
4
-
H
+
+ SO
4
-
Ka = 1.0x10
-2
=

+
(
4

)
(
4

)

b. b. Dengan menggunakan persamaan kuadrat, dapat memecahkan persamaan
berikut:
x
2
+10
-2
x-10
-4
= 0
Dengan menggunakan rumus kuadrat
x =

2
4
2

=
102 102
2
4.104
2

=
10
2
10
2
2

x
1
= 0 M atau x
2
= - 0,01 M
jawaban secara fisik tidak mungkin, sebab konsentrasi ion yang dihasilkan
sebagai akibat ionisasi tidak mungkin negative. Jadi yang mungkin adalah 0
M.
c. HSO
4
-

H
+
+ SO
4
-

M 0,01 - -
R x +x +x

S (0,001-x) x x
Ka =
H+[SO4]
[HSO 4]
= 1.0x10
-2

2
0,001x
= 1.0x10
-2
Dengan menggunakan pendekatan 0,001-x = 0,001

2
0,001x

2
0,001
= 1.0x10
-2
x
2
= 1,0 x 10
-5

x = 3,162 x 10
-3
M
d. Pemeriksaan terhadap pendekatan :
3,162 x 103
1,0 10
2
x100% = 31,622%
ini menunjukkan bahwa x lebih besar dari 5 persen dari konsentrasi awal
sehingga pendekatan ini tidak sah.

63. Para-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA) is a powerful sunscreening agent whose salt were once
used widely in suntanning...... The parent acid, which we may symbolize as H-Paba, is a
weak acid with a pKa of 4.92 (.....
o
C). What is the [H+] and pH of 0.030 M solution of
this acid?
Answer :
pKa = 4,92
Ka = 1,202 x 10
-5
[H
+
] = Ka x M
= 1,202 x 10
-5
x 3 x 10
-2
= 6,004 x 10
-4
pH = - log [H
+
]
= - log 6,004 x 10
-4
= 4 log 6,004 = 3,222

64. Barbituric acid, HC
4
H
3
N
2
O
3
(which we will abbreviate H-Bar), was discovered by the
Nobel Prize-winning organic chemist Adolph von Baeyer and named after his friend,
Barbara. It is the parent compound of widely sleeping drugs, the barbituretes. Its pKa is
4.01. what is the [H
+
] and pH of a 0.050 M solution of H-Bar?
Answer :
pKa = 4,01
Ka = 9,77 x 10
-5
[H
+
] = Ka x M
= 9,77 x 10
-5
x 5 x 10
-2
= 2,21 x 10
-3
pH = - log [H
+
]
= - log 2,21 x 10
-3
= 3 log 2,21 = 2,656

65. Write ionic equation that illustrate how each pair of compounds can serve as a buffer
pair.
a. H
2
CO
3
and NaHCO
3
(the carbonate buffer in blood)
b. NaH
2
PO
4
and Na
2
HPO
4
(the phosphate buffer in side body cells)
c. NH
4
Cl and NH
3

Answer :
a) H
2
CO
3
+ OH
-
+ Na
+
Na
+
+ HCO
3
-
+ H
2
O
HCO
3
-
+ H
+
H
2
CO
3
b) HPO
4
2-
+ H
+
+ 2Na
+
2Na
+
+ H
2
PO
4
-
H
2
PO
4
-
+ OH
-
+ Na
+
HPO
4
2-
+ Na
+
+ H
2
O
c) NH
3
+ H
+
+ Cl
-
NH
4
+
+ Cl
-

NH
4
+
+ OH
-
+ Cl
-
NH
3
+ Cl
-
+ H
2
O

66. Which buffer would be better able to hold a steady pH on the addition of strong acid,
buffer 1 or buffer 2? Explain.
Buffer 1 is a solution containing 0.10 M NH
4
Cl and 1 M NH
3
.
Buffer 2 is a solution containing 1 M NH
4
Cl and 0.10 M NH
3
.
Answer :
buffer 1
Basa : NH
3
1M
Asam konjugasi : NH
4
Cl

=



= 1,8 10
5

1
0,1

= 1,8 10
4

= 4 1,8
= 4 0,2553
= 3,7447
= 14 3,7447
= 10,2553
2
Basa : NH
3
0,1 M
Asam konjugasi : NH
4
Cl 1 M

= 1,8 10
5
0,1
1

= 1,8 10
6

= 6 1,8
= 5,7447
= 14 5,7447
= 8,2553
Buffer yang dapat lebih mempertahankan pH jika ditambah dengan asam kuat adalah, sesuai
yaitu buffer 1.

67. What is the pH of a solution that contains 0.15 M HC
2
H
3
O
2
and 0.25 M C
2
H
3
O
2
-
?
Use Ka = 1.8 x 10
-5
for HC
2
H
3
O
2
Answer :
dimisalkan volume larutan 1 L.
HC
2
H
3
O
2
H
+
+ C
2
H
3
O
2

(buffer asam)

[H
+
] = Ka
[CH3COOH ]
[CH3COO ]

= 1,8 10
5

0,15
0,25

= 1,8 10
5
0,6
= 1,08 10
5

pH = log [H
+
]
= log 1,08 10
5

= 5 log 1,08
= 5 0,0334
= 4,9666

68. Rework the preceding problem using the Kb for the acetate ion. ( be sure to write the
poper chemical equation and equilibrium law )
Answer :

69. By how much will the pH change if 0.050 mol of HCl is added to 1.00 L off the buffer in
Exercise 66.
Answer :
pH buffer ke I : 10.2553
Mol basa mula-mula = V x M
= 1 L x 1 M
= 1 mol
Reaksi :
NH
3(aq)
+ HCl
(aq)
NH
4
Cl
(aq)

m: 1 mol 0.05 mol 0 mol
r : -0.05mol -0.05 mol +0.05 mol
s : 0.95mol 0 mol 0.05mol

Garam = 0.05 mol + 0.1 mol
= 0.15 mol
Basa = 0.95 mol
[OH
-
] = 1.8 x 10
-5
x
.
.
mol
= 1.14 x 10
-4
pOH = 4-log 1.14
= 3.9431
pH = 14 3.9431
= 10.0569

70. By how much will the pH change if 50.0 mL of 0.10 M NaOH is added to 500mL of the
buffer in Exercise 66.
Answer :
pOH = log Kb x

= - log 1.8 x 10
-5
x

.

= 3.7
pH = 14 pOH
= 14 3.7
= 10.25

NH
4
Cl + NaOH NH
4
OH + NaCl
m : 50 mmol 5 mmol
r : 5 mmol 5 mmol 5 mmol
s : 45 mmol - 5 mmol


pOH = log Kb x

= - log 1.8 x 10
-5
x
0.005
0.045

= 5.69
pH = 14 pOH
= 14 5.69
= 8.31
Perubahan pH = 10.25 8.31
= 1.94
Buffer 2
pOH = log Kb x

= - log 1.8 x 10
-5
x
0.1
1

= 5.74
pH = 14 pOH
= 14 5.74
= 8.25

NH
4
Cl + NaOH NH
4
OH + NaCl
m : 500 mmol 5 mmol
r : 5 mmol 5 mmol 5 mmol
s : 495 mmol - 5 mmol


pOH = log Kb x

= - log 1.8 x 10
-5
x
0.005
0.495

= 6.74
pH = 14 pOH
= 14 8.74
= 7.26
Perubahan pH = 8.25 7.26
= 0.99

71. A buffer is prepared containg 0.25 M NH
3
and 0.14 M NH4+
a. calculate the pH of the buffer using the Kb for NH
3

b. calculate the pH of the buffer using the Ka for NH
4
+

Answer :
.
3
+
2

4
+
+

4
+

3

1.810
5
=
0.14

0.25

= 3.21410
5

= log

= 3.214 10
5

= 5 log 3.214
= 9 +log 3.214
= 9.507
b.

=
110
14
1.810
5

= 5.510
10

+
=

= 5.510
10

0.14
0.25

= 3.0810
10

= log
+

= log 3.08 10
10

= 10 log 3.08
= 9.51

72. By how much will the pH change if 0.020 mL of HCl is added to 1.00 L of the buffer in
Exercise 70?
Answer :

3
+
+

4
+

0.25 0.02 0.14
0.02 0.02 0.02
0.23 0.16

= 1.810
5
0.23
0.16

= 2.587510
5

= 5 log 2.5875
= 4.58
= 14 4.58
= 9.42

73. By how much will the pH change if 75 ml of 0.10 M KOH is added to 200 ml of the
buffer in exercize 70?
Answer :

4
+
+

3
+
2

0.028 0.0075 0.05
0.0075 0.0075 0.0075
0.0205 0.0575

= 1.810
5
0.0575
0.0205

= 2.80410
5

= 5 log 2.804
= 4.55
= 14 4.55
= 9.45

74. How many grams of sodium acetat, NaC
2
H
3
O
2
, would have to be added to 1.0 L of 0.15
M acetic acid (pK
a
4.74) to make the solution a buffer for pH 5.00?
Answer :
Pka = - log Ka
4,74 = - log Ka
5 0,26 = - log Ka
Ka = 5 log 1,82
Ka = 1,82 x 10
-5

Larutan Buffer memiliki pH = 5, maka [H
+
] = 10
-5
[H
+
] = Ka x
.
.

10
-5
= 1,82 x 10
-5
x
0,15
.

n. basa konjugasi = 0,273 mol
n.basa konjugasi = n. Natrium asetat = 0,273 mol.
Massa natrium asetat = 0,273 mol x 82 gram/mol = 22,386 gram

75. How many grams of sodium formate, NaCHO
2
, would have to be added to 1.0 L of 0.12
M formic acid (Pk
a
3.74) to make the solution a buffer for pH 3.80 ?
Answer :
Larutan asam formiat (Pka = 3,74)
Pka = - log Ka
3,74 = - log Ka
4 0,26 = - log Ka
Ka = 4 log 1,82
Ka = 1,82 x 10
-4

Larutan Buffer memiliki pH = 3,8, maka [H
+
] = 1,6 x 10
-4

[H
+
] = Ka x
.
.

1,6 x 10
-4
= 1,82 x 10
-4
x
0,12
.

n. basa konjugasi = 1,365 mol
n.basa konjugasi = n. Natrium formiat = 1,365 mol.
Massa natrium formiat = 1,365 mol x 68 gram/mol = 92,82 gram

76. What mole ratio of NH
4
Cl to NH
3
would buffer a solution at pH 9.25?
Answer :
Perbandingan mol NH4Cl dan NH3 dari larutan penyangga dengan pH =9,25
Maka
pOH =4,75
[OH
-
] = 1,78 x 10
-5

[OH
-
] = Kb x
.
.

1,78 x 10
-5
= 10
-5
x
.3
.4
+


10
5
1,78 10
5
=
. 4
+
.3

Perbandingan NH4
+
dan NH3 adalah 1 : 1,78
77. How many grams of ammonium choride would have to be dissolved in 500 mL of 0.20
M NH
3
to prepare a solution buffered at pH 10.00?
Answer :
NH3 = 0,2 M x 0,5 liter = 0,1 mol
Buffer basa dengan pH = 10, maka pOH = 4
[OH
-
] = 10
-4

[OH
-
] = Kb x
.
.

10
-4
= 1,8 x 10
-5
x
0,1
.

n.asam konjugasi = 1,8 x 10
-2
mol
Massa ammonium klorida = 1,8 x 10
-2
mol x 53,5 gram/mol = 0,963 gram
Maka ammonium klorida yang dibutuhkan sebanyak 0,963 gram.

78. How many grams of ammonium chloride have to be dissolved into 125 mL of 0.10 M
NH
3
to make it a buffer with a pH of 9.15 ?
Answer :
n. NH3 = 0,1 M x 0,125 lter = 0,0125 mol
Buffer basa dengan pH = 9,15, maka pOH = 4,85
[OH
-
] = 1,4 x 10
-5

[OH
-
] = Kb x
.
.

1,4 x 10
-5
= 1,8 x 10
-5
x
0,0125
.

n.asam konjugasi = 0,016 mol
Massa ammonium klorida = 0,016 mol x 53,5 gram/mol = 0,86 gram
Maka ammonium klorida yang dibutuhkan sebanyak 68,48 gram.

79. Suppose 25.00 mL of 0.100 M HCl is added to an acetate buffer prepared by dissolving
0.100 mol of acetic acidand 0.110 of sodium acetate in 500 mL of solution. What are the
initial and final pH value? what would be the pH if the same amount of HCl solution
were added to 125 mL of pure water?
Answer :
a. [H
+
] = K
a
.
a
g

[H
+
] = 1,8x10
5
x
0,1 mol
0,11 mol

= 1,636 x 10
-5
pH
awal
= -log [H
+
]
= -log 1,636 x 10
-5

= 4,786
Penambahan HCl (0,0025 mol) menyebabkan perubahan komposisi penyangga :
CH
3
COO
-
(aq)
+ H
+
(aq)
CH
3
COOH
(aq)

Mula-mula : 0,11 mol 0,0025 mol 0,1 mol
Reaksi : -0,0025 mol -0,0025 mol +0,0025 mol
Sisa : 0,1075 mol - 0,1025 mol
[H
+
] = K
a
.
a
g

[H
+
] = 1,8x10
5
x
0,1025 mol
0,1075 mol

= 1,716 x 10
-5
pH
akhir
= -log [H
+
]
= -log 1,716 x 10
-5

= 4,765
Penambahan HCl (0,0025 mol) menyebabkan perubahan komposisi penyangga :
CH
3
COO
-
(aq)
+ H
2
O
(l)
CH
3
COOH
(aq)
+ OH
-
(aq)


Mula-mula : 0,11 mol 0,15 mol 0,1 mol -
Reaksi : -0,0125 mol -0,0125 mol +0,0125 mol +0,0125
mol
Sisa : 0,0975 mol 0,1375 mol 0,1025 mol 0,0125
mol
[H
+
] = K
a
.
a
g

[H
+
] = 1,8x10
5
x
0,1025 mol
0,0975 mol

= 1,05 x 10
-5
pH = -log [H
+
]
= -log 1,05 x 10
-5

= 4,978


80. How many milliliters of 0.15 M HCl would have to be added to 100 mL of the buffer
described in exercise 78 to make the pH decrease by 0.05 pH unit? How many milliliters
of the same HCl solution would, if added to 100 mL of pure water, make the pH decrease
by 0.05 pH unit?
Answer :
[H
+
] = K
a
.
a
g

[H
+
] = 1,8X10
5
x
0,02 mol
0,022 mol

= 1,636 x 10
-5
pH
awal
= -log [H
+
]
= -log 1,636 x 10
-5

= 4,786
Penambahan HCl (0,15X mol) menyebabkan perubahan komposisi penyangga :
pH = pH
awal
- penurunan pH
= 4,786-0,05
` = 4,736
pH = 4,736
- log [H
+
] = 5 - 0,264
= 5 log 1,836
[H
+
] = 1,836 x 10
-5
CH
3
COO
-
(aq)
+ H
+
(aq)
CH
3
COOH
(aq)

Mula-mula : 0,022 mol 0,15X mol 0,02 mol
Reaksi : -0,15X mol -0,15X mol +0,15X mol
Sisa : 0,022-0,15X mol - 0,02 +0,15X mol
[H
+
] = K
a
.
a
g

1,836 x 10
5
= 1,8X10
5
x
0,02 +0,15X mol
0,022 0,15X mol

X = 8,05 x 10
-3
L = 8,05 mL
Jadi volume HCl adalah 8,05 x 10
-3
mL.

Penambahan HCl (0,15X mol) menyebabkan perubahan komposisi penyangga :
CH
3
COO
-
(aq)
+ H
2
O
(l)
CH
3
COOH
(aq)
+ OH
-
(aq)

Mula-mula :0,022 mol 0,015 + 0,15 X mol 0,02 mol -
Reaksi : -0,015 + 0,15 X mol -0,015 + 0,15 X mol +0,015+0,15Xmol
+0,015 + 0,15 X mol
Sisa : 0,007+ 0,15 X mol - 0,035+0,15Xmol
+0,015 + 0,15 X mol
pH = pH
awal
- penurunan pH
= 4,786-0,05
` = 4,736
pH = 4,736
- log [H
+
] = 5 - 0,264
= 5 log 1,836
[H
+
] = 1,836 x 10
-5
[H
+
] = K
a
.
a
g

[H
+
] = 1,8x10
5
x
0,035 +0,15X mol
0,007 +0,15X mol

1,836 x 10
-5
= 1,8x10
5
x
0,035+0,15X mol
0,007+0,15X mol

X = 8,49 L = 8499,66 mL

81. What can make the titrated solution at the equivalence point in an acid-base titration have
a pH not equal to 7,00 ? Ho w does this possibility affect the choice of an indicator ?
Answer :
pH titik ekivalen dari titrasi ini adalah kurang dari 7, sehingga indikator yang digunakan
adalah etil red dengan trayek pH 4,2 6,3; karena indikator ini mengalami perubahan
warna yang tajam di sekitar titik ekivalen.
pH titik ekivalen dari titrasi ini adalah 7, sehingga indikator yang digunakan adalah PP
dengan trayek pH 8,3 10; karena indikator ini mengalami perubahan warna yang tajam
di sekitar titik ekivalen.

82. Explain why ethyl red is a better indicator than phenolphtalein in the titration of dilute
ammonia by dilute hydrochloric acid?
Answer :
Etil merah merupakan indikator yang lebih baik digunakan daripada indikator fenolftalein
dalam titrasi antara larutan ammonia encer dengan larutan asam klorida encer karena titik
ekivalen lebih kecil daripada 7. Sebab, garam yang terbentuk menghasilkan basa lemah
dan ion H
+
. Nilai pH pada kesetimbangan agak lebih kecil daripada di kasus titrasi asam
kuat dengan basa kuat. Kurvanya curam namun perubahannya cepat di dekat titik
kesetimbangan. Akibatnya titrasi masih mungkin asalkan indikator yang tepat dipilih,
yakni indikator dengan rentang indikator yang sempit yaitu indikator etil merah yang
memiliki trayek pH 4,4 6,2.

83. What is a good indicator for titrating potassium hydroxide with hydrobromic acid?
Explain.
Answer :
Indikator yang paling tepat digunakan untuk mentitrasi Kalium hidroksida dengan Asam
hidrobromat adalah indikator Bromthymol biru yang memiliki trayek pH 6,0-7,6 karena
pada titrasi ini titik ekivalen dicapai pada pH sekitar 7. Apabila trayek pH terlalu jauh dari
7, titik akhir titrasi akan sangat menyimpang titik ekivalen.


84. In the titration of an acid with base,what condition concerning the quantities of reactans
ought to be true at the equivalence point?
Answer :
Kondisi jumlah reaktan yang benar pada titik ekuivalen adalah secara stoikhiometri
dimana konsentrasi asam sama dengan konsentrasi basa atau titik dimana jumlah basa
yang ditambahkan sama dengan jumlah asam yang dinetralkan : [H
+
] = [OH
-
] yang
biasanya ditandai dengan berubahnya warna indikator.

85. When 50 mL of 0.10 M formic acid is titrated with 0.10 M sodium hydroxide, what is the
pH at the equivalence point? (Be sure to take into account the change in volume during
the titration). What is a good indicator for this titration?
Answer :
CH
3
COOH
(aq)
+ NaOH
(aq)
CH
3
COONa
(aq)
+ H
2
O
(l)
Mula-mula : 0,005 mol 0,1X mol - -
Reaksi : 0,1X mol 0,1X mol 0,1X mol 0,1X mol
Sisa : 0,005-0,1X mol - 0,1X mol 0,1X mol
0,005 = 0,1X
X = 0,05 L = 50 mL
Jadi volume NaOH adalah 50 mL.
[OH

] =
K
w
K
a
[M]
[OH

] =
K
w
K
a

mol
V campuran

[OH

] =

10
14
1,8 x 10
5

5 x 10
3
10
1


= 2,77 10
11

= 5,26 x 10
-6
[OH
-
] = -log [OH
-
]
= -log 5,26 x 10
-6

= 5,279
pH = 14 pOH
= 14 - 5,279
= 8,721
Indikator yang paling tepat digunakan adalah indikator fenolftalein yang memiliki trayek
pH 8,3-10. Karena pH larutan di titik ekuivalen lebih besar dari 7. Hal ini disebabkan oleh
garam yang terhidrolisis menghasilkan asam lemah dan ion OH
-
.

86. When 25 mL of 0.10 M aqueous ammonia is titrated with 0.10 M hydrobromic acid,
what is the pH at the equivalence point? What is a good indicator?
Answer :
V NH
3
= 25 mL = 0,025 L
M NH
3
= 0,1 M
M HBr = 0,1 M
K
b
NH
3
= 1,8 x 10
-5
K
w
= 10
-14

a. Mencari PH pada titik ekivalen
M
1
V
1
= M
2
V
2

0.1 M x 25 ml = 0.1M x V
2

V
2
= 25 ml


n NH
4
OH = M V n HBr = M V
= 0.1 M x 25 ml = 0.1 M x 25 ml
= 2.5 mmol = 2.5 mmol
NH
4
OH+ HBr NH
4
Br + H
2
O
m 2.5 mmol 2.5 mmol - -
r 2.5 mmol 2.5 mmol 2.5 mmol 2.5 mmol
s - - 2.5 mmol 2.5 mmol
PH saat ekivalen =

( pKw - pKa - log G )

=

( 14 - 3.745 - log


)
=

( 14 - 3.745 (- 1.301 )
=

( 14 3.745 + 1.301 )
= 5.278
Indikator yang paling tepat digunakan adalah indikator Metil merah yang memiliki trayek
pH 4,4 6,2. Karena titik ekivalen lebih kecil daripada 7. Sebab, garam yang terbentuk
menghasilkan basa lemah dan ion H
+
. Nilai pH pada kesetimbangan agak lebih kecil
daripada di kasus titrasi asam kuat dengan basa kuat. Kurvanya curam namun
perubahannya cepat di dekat titik kesetimbangan.

87. For the titratin of 25.00 mL of 0.1000 M HCl with 0.1000 M NaOH, calculate the pH of
the resulting solution after each of the following quantities of base has been added to the
original solution (you must take into account the change in total volume). Construct a
graph showing the titration curve for this experiment.
a. 0 mL
b. 10.00 mL
c. 24.90 mL
d. 24.99 mL
e. 25.00 mL
f. 25.01 mL
g. 25.10 mL
h. 26.00 mL
i. 50.00 mL
Answer :
V HCl = 25 mL = 2,5 x 10
-2
L
M HCl = 0,1 M
M NaOH = 0,1 M

a. 0 mL
HCl
(aq)
+ NaOH
(aq)
NaCl
(aq)
+ H
2
O
(l)
Mula-mula : 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 0 mol - -
Bereaksi : 0 mol 0 mol 0 mol 0 mol
Sisa : 2,5 x 10
-3
mol - 0 mol 0 mol
M HCl =

=
, .

, .

= 0,1 M
[H
+
] = M x valensi [H
+
]
= 0,1 M x 1
= 0,1
pH = -log [H
+
]
= -log 0,1
= 1
b. 10 mL = 0,01 L
HCl
(aq)
+ NaOH
(aq)
NaCl
(aq)
+ H
2
O
(l)
Mula-mula : 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 10
-3
mol - -
Bereaksi : 10
-3
mol 10
-3
mol 10
-3
mol 10
-3
mol
Sisa : 1,5 x 10
-3
mol - 10
-3
mol 10
-3
mol
M HCl =
mol
V campuran

=
1,5 . 10
3
3,5 .10
2

= 4,2857 x 10
-2
M
[H
+
] = M x valensi [H
+
]
= 4,2857 x 10
-2
M x 1
= 4,2857 x 10
-2

pH = -log [H
+
]
= -log 4,2857 x 10
-2

= 1,3679

c. 24,9 mL = 0,0249 L
HCl
(aq)
+ NaOH
(aq)
NaCl
(aq)
+ H
2
O
(l)
Mula-mula : 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 2,49 x 10
-3
mol - -
Bereaksi : 2,49 x 10
-3
mol 2,49 x 10
-3
mol 2,49x 10
-3
mol 2,49 x 10
-3

mol
Sisa : 10
-5
mol - 2,49x 10
-3
mol 2,49 x 10
-3

mol
M HCl =
mol
V campuran

=
10
5
4,99 .10
2

= 2 x 10
-4
M
[H
+
] = M x valensi [H
+
]
= 2 x 10
-4
M x 1
= 2 x 10
-4

pH = -log [H
+
]
= -log 2 x 10
-4

= 3,69
d. 24,99 mL = 0,02499 L
HCl
(aq)
+ NaOH
(aq)
NaCl
(aq)
+ H
2
O
(l)
Mula-mula : 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 2,499 x 10
-3
mol - -
Bereaksi : 2,499 x 10
-3
mol 2,499 x 10
-3
mol 2,499x10
-3
mol 2,499 x 10
-
3
mol
Sisa : 10
-6
mol - 2,499x10
-3
mol 2,499 x 10
-
3
mol

M HCl =
mol
V campuran

=
10
6
4,99 .10
2

= 2 x 10
-5
M
[H
+
] = M x valensi [H
+
]
= 2 x 10
-5
M x 1
= 2 x 10
-5

pH = -log [H
+
]
= -log 2 x 10
-5

= 4,69

e. 25 mL = 0,025 L
HCl
(aq)
+ NaOH
(aq)
NaCl
(aq)
+ H
2
O
(l)
Mula-mula : 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 2,5 x 10
-3
mol - -
Bereaksi : 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 2,5 x 10
-3

mol
Sisa : - - 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 2,5 x 10
-3

mol
pH = 7 karena larutan HCl dan larutan NaOH habis bereaksi.

f. 25,01 mL = 0,02501 L
HCl
(aq)
+ NaOH
(aq)
NaCl
(aq)
+ H
2
O
(l)
Mula-mula : 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 2,501 x 10
-3
mol - -
Bereaksi : 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 2,5 x 10
-3

mol
Sisa : - 10
-6
mol 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 2,5 x 10
-3

mol

M NaOH =
mol
V campuran

=
10
6
5,001.10
2

= 1,99 x 10
-5
M
[OH
-
] = M x valensi [OH
-
]
= 1,99 x 10
-5
M x 1
=1,99 x 10
-5

pOH = -log [OH
-
]
= -log 1,99 x 10
-5

= 4,701
pH = 14 pOH
= 14 4,701
= 9,299

g. 25,10 mL = 0,0251 L
HCl
(aq)
+ NaOH
(aq)
NaCl
(aq)
+ H
2
O
(l)
Mula-mula : 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 2,51 x 10
-3
mol - -
Bereaksi : 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 2,5 x 10
-3

mol
Sisa : - 10
-5
mol 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 2,5 x 10
-3

mol
M NaOH =
mol
V campuran

=
10
5
5,01.10
2

= 1,99 x 10
-4
M
[OH
-
] = M x valensi [OH
-
]
= 1,99 x 10
-4
M x 1
=1,99 x 10
-4

pOH = -log [OH
-
]
= -log 1,99 x 10
-4

= 3,701
pH = 14 pOH
= 14 3,701
= 10,299

h. 26 mL = 0,026 L
HCl
(aq)
+ NaOH
(aq)
NaCl
(aq)
+ H
2
O
(l)
Mula-mula : 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 2,6 x 10
-3
mol - -
Bereaksi : 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 2,5 x 10
-3

mol
Sisa : - 10
-4
mol 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 2,5 x 10
-3

mol

M NaOH =
mol
V campuran

=
10
4
5,1.10
2

= 1,96 x 10
-3
M
[OH
-
] = M x valensi [OH
-
]
= 1,96 x 10
-3
M x 1
= 1,96 x 10
-3

pOH = -log [OH
-
]
= -log 1,96 x 10
-3

= 2,707
pH = 14 pOH
= 14 2,707
= 11,293

i. 50 mL = 0,05 L
HCl
(aq)
+ NaOH
(aq)
NaCl
(aq)
+ H
2
O
(l)
Mula-mula : 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 5 x 10
-3
mol - -
Bereaksi : 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 2,5 x 10
-3

mol
Sisa : - 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 2,5 x 10
-3
mol
2,5 x 10
-3
mol

M NaOH =
mol
V campuran

=
2,5 . 10
3
7,5.10
2

= 3,33 x 10
-2
M
[OH
-
] = M x valensi [OH
-
]
= 3,33 x 10
-2
M x 1
= 3,33 x 10
-2

pOH = -log [OH
-
]
= -log 3,33 x 10
-2

= 1,477
pH = 14 pOH
= 14 1,477
= 12,523

88. For the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.1000 M acetic acid with 0.1000 M NaOH, calculate the
pH:
a. Before the addition of any NaOH solution,
b. After 10.00 mL of the base has been added,
c. After half of the HC
2
H
3
0
2
has been neutralized, and
d. At the equivalence point.
Answer :
V CH
3
COOH = 25 mL = 0,025 L
M CH
3
COOH = 0,1 M
M NaOH = 0,1 M
K
a
CH
3
COOH = 1,8 x 10
-5
K
w
= 10
-14


a. [H
+
] = K
a .
M
[H
+
] = 1,8 . 10
5 .
10
1

= 1,8 . 10
6

= 1,34 . 10
-3
pH = -log [H
+
]
= -log 1,34 . 10
-3

= 2,87
b.
CH
3
COOH
(aq)
+ NaOH
(aq)
CH
3
COONa
(aq)
+ H
2
O
(l)
Mula-mula : 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 10
-3
mol - -
Reaksi : 10
-3
mol 10
-3
mol 10
-3
mol 10
-3

mol
Sisa : 1,5 x 10
-3
mol - 10
-3
mol 10
-3

mol

[H
+
] = K
a .
a
g

= 1,8 x 10
-5
.

1,5 . 10
3
10
3


= 2,7 x 10
-5
pH = -log [H
+
]
= -log 2,7 x 10
-5

= 4,568
c.
1
2
. M CH
3
COOH . V CH
3
COOH = M NaOH . V NaOH
1
2
. 0,1 M . 2,5 x 10
-2
L = 0,1 M . V NaOH
V NaOH = 1,25 x 10
-2
L
[H
+
] = K
a .
a
g

= 1,8 x 10
-5
.

1,25 . 10
3
1,25 . 10
3


= 1,8 x 10
-5
pH = -log [H
+
]
= -log 1,8 x 10
-5

= 4,74
d.
M CH
3
COOH . V CH
3
COOH = M NaOH . V NaOH
0,1 M . 2,5 x 10
-2
L = 0,1 M . V NaOH
V NaOH = 2,5 x 10
-2
L

CH
3
COOH
(aq)
+ NaOH
(aq)
CH
3
COONa
(aq)
+ H
2
O
(l)
Mula-mula : 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 2,5 x 10
-3
mol - -
Reaksi : 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 2,5 x 10
-3
mol 2,5x10
-3

mol
Sisa : - - 2,5 x10
-3
mol 2,5 x10
-
3
mol

pH = 7 karena [H
+
] = [OH
-
] , dimana larutan CH
3
COOH dan larutan NaOH habis
bereaksi.


89. For the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.1000 M ammonia with 0.1000 M HCl, calculate the pH
a. before the addition of any HCl solution,
b. after 10.00 mL of the acid has been added,
c. after half of the NH
3
has been neutralized, and
d. at the equivalence point
Answer :
a.

.
= 1,8 . 10
5
. 0,1
= 1,3 . 10
3

= log 1,3 . 10
3

= 3 log 1,3
= 2,8860
= 14 2,8860
= 11,1139
b. NH
3
+ HCl NH4Cl
m 2,5mmol 1 mmol -
r 1mmol 1mmol 1mmol
s 1,5 mmol - 1mmol

[OH
-
]= K
b
.
nb
nak

= 1,8 . 10
5
.
1,5
1

=2,7 . 10
-5
= log 2,7 . 10
5

= 5 log 2,7
= 4,5686
= 14 4,5686
= 9,431
a. NH
3
+ HCl NH4Cl
m 2,5 mmol 1 ,25mmol -
r 1,25mmol 1,25mmol 1,25mmol
s 1,25mmol - 1,25mmol

[OH
-
]= K
b
.
nb
nak

= 1,8 . 10
5
.
1,25
1,25

=1,8 . 10
-5
= log 1,8 . 10
5

= 5 log 1,8
= 4,74
= 14 4,74
= 9,26
b. NH
3
+ HCl NH4Cl
m 2,5 mmol 2,5mmol -
r 2,5mmol 2,5mmol 2,5mmol
s - - 2,5mmol


[OH
-
] =

. []
=

10
14
10
5
. [
2,5
50
]
=

10
9
1,8
. [
1
20
]
=

1
36
. 10
9

= 0,0277 . 10
9

= 27,7 . 10
12

= 5,19 . 10
6

= log 5,19. 10
6

= 6 log 5,19
= 5,284
= 14 5,284
= 10,715