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Chapter 2 Chapter 2
Descriptive Statistics: Descriptive Statistics:
Tabular and raphical !resentations Tabular and raphical !resentations
!art " !art "
#$plorator% Data &nal%sis #$plorator% Data &nal%sis
Crosstabulations and Crosstabulations and
Scatter Dia'rams Scatter Dia'rams
xx
y y
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#$plorator% Data &nal%sis #$plorator% Data &nal%sis
The techni(ues o) The techni(ues o) e$plorator% data anal%sis e$plorator% data anal%sis consist o) consist o)
simple arithmetic and eas% simple arithmetic and eas%- -to to- -dra* pictures that can dra* pictures that can
be used to summari+e data (uic,l%- be used to summari+e data (uic,l%-
.ne such techni(ue is the .ne such techni(ue is the stem stem- -and and- -lea) displa% lea) displa%--
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Stem Stem- -and and- -0ea) Displa% 0ea) Displa%
#ach di'it on a stem is a #ach di'it on a stem is a lea) lea)--
#ach line in the displa% is re)erred to as a #ach line in the displa% is re)erred to as a stem stem--
To the ri'ht o) the vertical line *e record the last To the ri'ht o) the vertical line *e record the last
di'it )or each item in ran, order- di'it )or each item in ran, order-
The )irst di'its o) each data item are arran'ed to the The )irst di'its o) each data item are arran'ed to the
le)t o) a vertical line- le)t o) a vertical line-
1t is 1t is similar to a histo'ram similar to a histo'ramon its side2 but it has the on its side2 but it has the
advanta'e o) sho*in' the actual data values- advanta'e o) sho*in' the actual data values-
& stem & stem- -and and- -lea) displa% sho*s both the lea) displa% sho*s both the ran, order ran, order
and and shape o) the distribution shape o) the distribution o) the data- o) the data-
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#$ample: 4udson &uto 5epair #$ample: 4udson &uto 5epair
The mana'er o) 4udson &uto The mana'er o) 4udson &uto
*ould li,e to have a better *ould li,e to have a better
understandin' o) the cost understandin' o) the cost
o) parts used in the en'ine o) parts used in the en'ine
tune tune- -ups per)ormed in the ups per)ormed in the
shop- She e$amines 50 shop- She e$amines 50
customer invoices )or tune customer invoices )or tune- -ups- The costs o) parts2 ups- The costs o) parts2
rounded to the nearest dollar2 are listed on the ne$t rounded to the nearest dollar2 are listed on the ne$t
slide- slide-
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#$ample: 4udson &uto 5epair #$ample: 4udson &uto 5epair
Sample o) !arts Cost )or 50 Tune Sample o) !arts Cost )or 50 Tune- -ups ups
61 78 6/ 57 75 52 66 80 67 92
71 96 72 86 99 75 76 75 72 79
103 73 92 98 67 105 77 95 80 106
85 67 88 98 8/ 98 71 96 97 73
92 82 68 101 76 105 76 96 92 7/
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Stem Stem- -and and- -0ea) Displa% 0ea) Displa%
55
66
77
88
99
10 10
2 7 2 7
2 2 2 2 5 9 7 8 8 8 6 6 6 2 2 2 2 5 9 7 8 8 8 6 6 6
1 1 2 2 / 3 3 5 5 5 9 7 8 6 6 6 1 1 2 2 / 3 3 5 5 5 9 7 8 6 6 6
0 0 2 / 5 8 6 0 0 2 / 5 8 6
1 / 7 7 7 8 6 1 / 7 7 7 8 6
1 3 5 5 6 1 3 5 5 6
a stem a stem
a lea) a lea)
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Stretched Stem Stretched Stem- -and and- -0ea) Displa% 0ea) Displa%
Whenever a stem value is stated t*ice2 the )irst value Whenever a stem value is stated t*ice2 the )irst value
corresponds to lea) values o) 0 corresponds to lea) values o) 0 32 and the second 32 and the second
value corresponds to lea) values o) 5 value corresponds to lea) values o) 5 6- 6-
1) *e believe the ori'inal stem 1) *e believe the ori'inal stem- -and and- -lea) displa% has lea) displa% has
condensed the data too much2 *e can condensed the data too much2 *e can stretch the stretch the
displa% displa% b% usin' t*o stems )or each leadin' di'it:s;- b% usin' t*o stems )or each leadin' di'it:s;-
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Stretched Stem Stretched Stem- -and and- -0ea) Displa% 0ea) Displa%
5 5 6 5 5 6
1 3 1 3
7 7 7 8 6 7 7 7 8 6
1 / 1 /
5 8 6 5 8 6
0 0 2 / 0 0 2 /
5 5 5 9 7 8 6 6 6 5 5 5 9 7 8 6 6 6
1 1 2 2 / 3 3 1 1 2 2 / 3 3
5 9 7 8 8 8 6 6 6 5 9 7 8 8 8 6 6 6
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
77
22 55
55
66
66
77
77
88
88
99
99
10 10
10 10
5
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Stem Stem- -and and- -0ea) Displa% 0ea) Displa%
0ea) <nits 0ea) <nits
== Where the lea) unit is not sho*n2 it is assumed Where the lea) unit is not sho*n2 it is assumed
to e(ual 1- to e(ual 1-
== 0ea) units ma% be 1002 102 12 0-12 and so on- 0ea) units ma% be 1002 102 12 0-12 and so on-
== 1n the precedin' e$ample2 the lea) unit *as 1- 1n the precedin' e$ample2 the lea) unit *as 1-
== & sin'le di'it is used to de)ine each lea)- & sin'le di'it is used to de)ine each lea)-
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#$ample: 0ea) <nit > 0-1 #$ample: 0ea) <nit > 0-1
1) *e have data *ith values such as 1) *e have data *ith values such as
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66
10 10
11 11
0ea) <nit > 0-1 0ea) <nit > 0-1
9 8 9 8
1 3 1 3
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0 7 0 7
8-9 8-9 11-7 11-7 6-3 6-3 6-1 6-1 10-2 10-2 11-0 11-0 8-8 8-8
a stem a stem- -and and- -lea) displa% o) these data *ill be lea) displa% o) these data *ill be
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#$ample: 0ea) <nit > 10 #$ample: 0ea) <nit > 10
1) *e have data *ith values such as 1) *e have data *ith values such as
19 19
17 17
18 18
16 16
0ea) <nit > 10 0ea) <nit > 10
88
1 6 1 6
0 / 0 /
1 7 1 7
1809 1809 1717 1717 1673 1673 1761 1761 1982 1982 1610 1610 18/8 18/8
a stem a stem- -and and- -lea) displa% o) these data *ill be lea) displa% o) these data *ill be
The 82 in 1982 The 82 in 1982
is rounded do*n is rounded do*n
to 80 and is to 80 and is
represented as an 8- represented as an 8-
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Crosstabulations and Scatter Dia'rams Crosstabulations and Scatter Dia'rams
Crosstabulation Crosstabulation and a and a scatter dia'ram scatter dia'ramare t*o are t*o
methods )or summari+in' the data )or t*o :or more; methods )or summari+in' the data )or t*o :or more;
variables simultaneousl%- variables simultaneousl%-
.)ten a mana'er is interested in tabular and .)ten a mana'er is interested in tabular and
'raphical methods that *ill help understand the 'raphical methods that *ill help understand the
relationship bet*een t*o variables relationship bet*een t*o variables--
Thus )ar *e have )ocused on methods that are used Thus )ar *e have )ocused on methods that are used
to summari+e the data )or to summari+e the data )or one variable at a time one variable at a time--
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Crosstabulation Crosstabulation
The le)t and top mar'in labels de)ine the classes )or The le)t and top mar'in labels de)ine the classes )or
the t*o variables- the t*o variables-
Crosstabulation can be used *hen: Crosstabulation can be used *hen:
== one variable is (ualitative and the other is one variable is (ualitative and the other is
(uantitative2 (uantitative2
== both variables are (ualitative2 or both variables are (ualitative2 or
== both variables are (uantitative- both variables are (uantitative-
& & crosstabulation crosstabulation is a tabular summar% o) data )or is a tabular summar% o) data )or
t*o variables- t*o variables-
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!rice !rice
5an'e 5an'e Colonial 0o' Split & Colonial 0o' Split &- -?rame ?rame Total Total
@@ A662000 A662000
B A662000 B A662000
18 9 16 12 18 9 16 12 55 55
35 35
/0 /0 20 /5 15 20 /5 15 Total Total 100 100
12 13 19 / 12 13 19 /
4ome St%le 4ome St%le
Crosstabulation Crosstabulation
#$ample: ?in'er 0a,es 4omes #$ample: ?in'er 0a,es 4omes
The number o) ?in'er 0a,es homes sold )or each The number o) ?in'er 0a,es homes sold )or each
st%le and price )or the past t*o %ears is sho*n belo*- st%le and price )or the past t*o %ears is sho*n belo*-
(uantitative (uantitative
variable variable
(ualitative (ualitative
variable variable
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Crosstabulation Crosstabulation
1nsi'hts ained )rom !recedin' Crosstabulation 1nsi'hts ained )rom !recedin' Crosstabulation
== .nl% three homes in the sample are an & .nl% three homes in the sample are an &- -?rame ?rame
st%le and priced at more than A662000- st%le and priced at more than A662000-
== The 'reatest number o) homes in the sample :16; The 'reatest number o) homes in the sample :16;
are a split are a split- -level st%le and priced at less than or level st%le and priced at less than or
e(ual to A662000- e(ual to A662000-
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!rice !rice
5an'e 5an'e Colonial 0o' Split & Colonial 0o' Split &- -?rame ?rame Total Total
@@ A662000 A662000
B A662000 B A662000
18 9 16 12 18 9 16 12 55 55
35 35
/0 /0 20 /5 15 20 /5 15 Total Total 100 100
12 13 19 / 12 13 19 /
4ome St%le 4ome St%le
Crosstabulation Crosstabulation
?re(uenc% distribution ?re(uenc% distribution
)or the price variable )or the price variable
?re(uenc% distribution ?re(uenc% distribution
)or the home st%le variable )or the home st%le variable
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Crosstabulation: 5o* or Column !ercenta'es Crosstabulation: 5o* or Column !ercenta'es
Convertin' the entries in the table into ro* Convertin' the entries in the table into ro*
percenta'es or column percenta'es can provide percenta'es or column percenta'es can provide
additional insi'ht about the relationship bet*een additional insi'ht about the relationship bet*een
the t*o variables- the t*o variables-
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!rice !rice
5an'e 5an'e Colonial 0o' Split & Colonial 0o' Split &- -?rame ?rame Total Total
@@ A662000 A662000
B A662000 B A662000
/2-7/ 10-61 /3-55 21-82 /2-7/ 10-61 /3-55 21-82
100 100
100 100
Cote: ro* totals are actuall% 100-01 due to roundin'- Cote: ro* totals are actuall% 100-01 due to roundin'-
29-97 /1-11 /5-59 9-97 29-97 /1-11 /5-59 9-97
4ome St%le 4ome St%le
:Colonial and B A66D;/:&ll BA66D; $ 100 > :12/35; $ 100 :Colonial and B A66D;/:&ll BA66D; $ 100 > :12/35; $ 100
Crosstabulation: 5o* !ercenta'es Crosstabulation: 5o* !ercenta'es
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!rice !rice
5an'e 5an'e Colonial 0o' Split & Colonial 0o' Split &- -?rame ?rame
@@ A662000 A662000
B A662000 B A662000
90-00 /0-00 53-26 80-00 90-00 /0-00 53-26 80-00
30-00 70-00 35-71 20-00 30-00 70-00 35-71 20-00
4ome St%le 4ome St%le
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Total Total
:Colonial and B A66D;/:&ll Colonial; $ 100 > :12//0; $ 100 :Colonial and B A66D;/:&ll Colonial; $ 100 > :12//0; $ 100
Crosstabulation: Column !ercenta'es Crosstabulation: Column !ercenta'es
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Crosstabulation: SimpsonEs !arado$ Crosstabulation: SimpsonEs !arado$
SimpsonE !arado$ SimpsonE !arado$: 1n some cases the conclusions : 1n some cases the conclusions
based upon an a''re'ated crosstabulation can be based upon an a''re'ated crosstabulation can be
completel% reversed i) *e loo, at the una''re'ated completel% reversed i) *e loo, at the una''re'ated
data- su''ests the overall relationship bet*een the data- su''ests the overall relationship bet*een the
variables- variables-
We must be care)ul in dra*in' conclusions about the We must be care)ul in dra*in' conclusions about the
relationship bet*een the t*o variables in the relationship bet*een the t*o variables in the
a''re'ated crosstabulation- a''re'ated crosstabulation-
Data in t*o or more crosstabulations are o)ten Data in t*o or more crosstabulations are o)ten
a''re'ated to produce a summar% crosstabulation- a''re'ated to produce a summar% crosstabulation-
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The 'eneral pattern o) the plotted points su''ests the The 'eneral pattern o) the plotted points su''ests the
overall relationship bet*een the variables- overall relationship bet*een the variables-
.ne variable is sho*n on the hori+ontal a$is and the .ne variable is sho*n on the hori+ontal a$is and the
other variable is sho*n on the vertical a$is- other variable is sho*n on the vertical a$is-
& & scatter dia'ram scatter dia'ramis a 'raphical presentation o) the is a 'raphical presentation o) the
relationship bet*een t*o relationship bet*een t*o (uantitative (uantitative variables- variables-
Scatter Dia'ram and Trendline Scatter Dia'ram and Trendline
& & trendline trendline is an appro$imation o) the relationship- is an appro$imation o) the relationship-
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Scatter Dia'ram Scatter Dia'ram
& !ositive 5elationship & !ositive 5elationship
xx
y y
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Scatter Dia'ram Scatter Dia'ram
& Ce'ative 5elationship & Ce'ative 5elationship
xx
y y
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Scatter Dia'ram Scatter Dia'ram
Co &pparent 5elationship Co &pparent 5elationship
xx
y y
1/
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#$ample: !anthers ?ootball Team #$ample: !anthers ?ootball Team
Scatter Dia'ram Scatter Dia'ram
The !anthers )ootball team is interested The !anthers )ootball team is interested
in investi'atin' the relationship2 i) an%2 in investi'atin' the relationship2 i) an%2
bet*een interceptions made and points scored- bet*een interceptions made and points scored-
11
//
22
11
//
13 13
23 23
18 18
17 17
/0 /0
xx > Cumber o) > Cumber o)
1nterceptions 1nterceptions
yy > Cumber o) > Cumber o)
!oints Scored !oints Scored
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Scatter Dia'ram Scatter Dia'ram
y y
xx
Cumber o) 1nterceptions Cumber o) 1nterceptions
C
u
m
b
e
r

o
)

!
o
i
n
t
s

S
c
o
r
e
d
C
u
m
b
e
r

o
)

!
o
i
n
t
s

S
c
o
r
e
d
55
10 10
15 15
20 20
25 25
/0 /0
00
/5 /5
11 22 // 00 33
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1nsi'hts ained )rom the !recedin' Scatter Dia'ram 1nsi'hts ained )rom the !recedin' Scatter Dia'ram
== The relationship is not per)ectF all plotted points in The relationship is not per)ectF all plotted points in
the scatter dia'ram are not on a strai'ht line- the scatter dia'ram are not on a strai'ht line-
== 4i'her points scored are associated *ith a hi'her 4i'her points scored are associated *ith a hi'her
number o) interceptions- number o) interceptions-
== The scatter dia'ram indicates a positive relationship The scatter dia'ram indicates a positive relationship
bet*een the number o) interceptions and the bet*een the number o) interceptions and the
number o) points scored- number o) points scored-
#$ample: !anthers ?ootball Team #$ample: !anthers ?ootball Team
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Tabular and raphical !rocedures Tabular and raphical !rocedures
Gualitative Data Gualitative Data Guantitative Data Guantitative Data
Tabular Tabular
Hethods Hethods
Tabular Tabular
Hethods Hethods
raphical raphical
Hethods Hethods
raphical raphical
Hethods Hethods
==?re(uenc% ?re(uenc%
Distribution Distribution
==5el- ?re(- Dist- 5el- ?re(- Dist-
==!ercent ?re(- !ercent ?re(-
Distribution Distribution
==Crosstabulation Crosstabulation
=="ar raph "ar raph
==!ie Chart !ie Chart
==?re(uenc% ?re(uenc%
Distribution Distribution
==5el- ?re(- Dist- 5el- ?re(- Dist-
==Cum- ?re(- Dist- Cum- ?re(- Dist-
==Cum- 5el- ?re(- Cum- 5el- ?re(-
Distribution Distribution
==Stem Stem- -and and- -0ea) 0ea)
Displa% Displa%
==Crosstabulation Crosstabulation
==Dot !lot Dot !lot
==4isto'ram 4isto'ram
==.'ive .'ive
==Scatter Scatter
Dia'ram Dia'ram
Data Data
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#nd o) Chapter 22 !art " #nd o) Chapter 22 !art "