BOILERS

What is a boiler?
A vessel that uses water to transfer combustion
heat into working energy
While the water is heated its volume increases
about 1,600 times
Under pressure, the hot water or steam can be
transferred into a process
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BURNER
WATER
SOURCE
BRINE
SOFTENERS
CHEMICAL FEED
FUEL
BLOW DOWN
SEPARATOR
VENT
VENT EXHAUST GAS
STEAM TO
PROCESS
STACK DEAERATOR
PUMPS
Schematic Overview of a Boiler Room
BOILER
ECO-
NOMI-
ZER
What is a Boiler?
As you can see, the boiler system comprises of
a feed water system
a steam system , and
a fuel system
- The water source, or feed water system, is
providing water to the boiler and regulated
automatically to meet the demand for steam.
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What is a Boiler?
- There are two types of feed water:
- First condensate feed water that is condensed steam
that is returned from the processors, and
- Secondly makeup water that is treated raw water that
comes from outside the boiler room and plant
processors.
- To achieve higher boiler efficiencies, the feed
water is preheated by an economizer that uses the
waste heat from the fuel gas.
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What is a Boiler?
- The steam system both collects and controls the
steam that is produced in the boiler.
- The steam is thereafter directed to where it will be used.
- The pressure of the steam is regulated through the
usage of valves and steam pressure gauges.
- The fuel system is needed to generate the heat.
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Fire Tube Boiler
Water Tube Boiler
Packaged Boiler
Fluidized Bed Combustion
(FBC) Boiler
Spreader Stoker Boiler
Chain- or Traveling Grate
Boiler
Atmospheric Fluidized Bed
Combustion
Pressurized Fluidized Bed
Combustion
Atmospheric Circulating
Fluidized Bed Combustion
Pulverized Fuel Boiler
Waste Heat Boiler
Types of Boilers
Fire-Tube Boiler
It is a type of boiler in which hot gases from a fire
pass through one or more tubes running through a
sealed container of water.
The heat of the gases is transferred through the
walls of the tubes by thermal conduction, heating
the water and ultimately creating steam.
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Fire Tube Boiler
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Water-Tube Boiler
A water-tube boiler is a type of bioler in which
water circulates in tubes heated externally by the
fire.
Fuel is burned inside the furnace, creating hot gas
which heats water in the steam-generating tubes.
In smaller boilers, additional generating tubes are
separate in the furnace.
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Water-Tube Boiler
In larger utility boilers rely on the water-filled
tubes that make up the walls of the furnace to
generate steam.
The heated water then rises into the steam drum.
Here, saturated steam is drawn off the top of the
drum.
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Water-Tube Boiler
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Natural water circulation in a water-tube
boiler
Water-Tube Boiler
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Classification of Steam Boilers
Horizontal and Vertical boiler
Fire tube and water tube Boiler
Externally and Internally fired boiler
Forced and Natural Circulation boiler
High, Medium and Low pressure boiler
Stationary and Portable boiler
Single and Multi tube boiler
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VERTICAL BOILER
If the axis of the
boiler is vertical it
is called vertical
boiler. e.g.:-
Cochran boiler
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HORIZONTAL BOILER
If the axis of the boiler is
horizontal, It is called the
Horizontal boiler.
e.g. :- Lancashire boiler,
Locomotive boiler.
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FIRE TUBE BOILER
The boiler in which the hot gases are inside the tubes and water
surrounding the tubes is called fire tube boiler.
e.g. : Lancashire boiler, Locomotive boiler.
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WATER TUBE BOILER
The boiler in which
the water is inside the
tube and the hot gases
surround them is
called water tube
boiler.
e.g.:-Babcock and
Wilcox Boiler.

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Externally and Internally Fired Tube Boilers
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DIFFERENCE
Externally fired boiler
In the boiler if the fired is
outside the shell, that boiler
is known as externally fire
boiler.
e.g.: Babcock and Wilcox
boiler.
Internally fired boiler
In the boiler in which the
furnace is located inside the
boiler shell it is known as
internally fired boiler.
e.g.: Cochran boiler,
Lancashire boiler.
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DIFFERENCE IN CIRCULATION
Forced circulation
boiler:-
In the boilers if the
circulation of water is done
by a pump then they are
known as forced circulation
boiler.
e.g.:-Bension boiler, Lamount
boiler
Natural circulation
boiler:-
In the boiler if the
circulation of water
takes place due to diff.
in density resulting from
diff. in temperature, it is
known as natural
circulation boiler.
e.g.:-Lancashire boiler
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High, Medium and Low pressure Boilers
High pressure steam boiler
It is one in which the working pressure of the boiler is
more than 25 bar.
e.g.:-Babcock and Wilcox boiler.
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Medium pressure boiler
It is that boiler whose working pressure is between 10-25 bar.
e.g.:-Lancashire boiler and Locomotive boiler.
Low pressure steam boiler
It is that boiler whose working pressure is between 3.5-10 bar.
e.g.:-Cochran boiler.
Stationary and Portable boilers
Stationary boilers
The boiler which can not be
transported easily from one
place to another are called
stationary boilers.
e.g.:-Lancashire boiler,
Babcock and Wilcox boiler.
Portable boilers
The boilers which can be
easily transported from one
place to another are called
portable boilers.
e.g.:-Locomotive boiler.
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Single and Multi tube Boiler
Single tube boilers
The boilers having only one
fired tube or water tube are
called single tube boilers.
e.g.:-Cornish boiler.
Multi tube Boilers
The boilers having two or
more fire or water tubes for
the circulation of hot gases
or water are called multi
tube boiler.
e.g.:-Lancashire boiler,
Babcock and Wilcox boiler.
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Boiler Auxiliaries
Boiler Auxiliaries are used for efficient running
of the boiler
Superheater
Air preheater
Economizer
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Air Preheater
Used to recover heat from the exhaust
flue gases
Installed in between the economizer and
chimney.
Air required for combustion is passed
through the air pre-heater where its
temperature is raised.
Then hot air is passed to the furnace.
Boiler efficiency increases by about 2%
for each 30-35
oC
rise in air temperature.
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