A REPORT ON

“FODDER SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

&
MARKET SCENARIO OF GREEN FODDER IN INDIA”
INDIA”
IN
PARK DAIRY ADVENTURES LTD.
(DAVE)

A Report submitted towards partial fulfillment of the requirement

for the award of the Post Graduate Diploma in Information
Technology Management in Agriculture
By
Gurjeet Singh
ITMA-0806

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

DR .S. RAMALINGA RAJU,
ADVISOR
PARK DAIRY ADVENTURES LTD.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CONTENTS
- TITLE PAGE
- STUDENT DECLARATION
- SUMMER TRAINING CERTIFICATE
- PREFACE
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- TABLE OF CONTENT
- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

CHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION TO THE SUBJECT

1.1 THEORETICAL FOUNDATION
1.1.1 Dairy industry profile
1.1.2 Milk production in India and dairy statistics
1.1.3 Livestock industry of India
1.1.4 Feed and fodder requirement for milk production in India
1.1.5 Scenario of feed and fodder requirement & availability
1.1.6 Status of feed and fodder in India
1.1.7 Demand and supply situation
1.1.8 Limitations
1.1.9 Importance of green fodder feeding for economic milk production
1.1.10 Grassland wealth of India
1.1.11 Sources of Fodder
1.1.12 Role of cultivated fodders
1.1.13 Nutritive Importance of Different Fodder
1.1.14 Common Fodder crops in India& Crop statistics
CHAPTER-2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY & RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

2.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
2.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.3.1 Sources of Data
2.3.2 Research approach
2.3.3 Sampling area
2.3.4 Methodology and presentation of data
2.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

CHAPTER-3 DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION

3.1 INTERPRETATION OF QUESTIONNAIRE

CHAPTER-4 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1 FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

4.1.1 Cost of Cultivation and Cost of Production of Fodder Crops
4.2 CONCLUSIONS
4.3BIBLOGRAPHY
 STUDENT DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project report entitled, “Fodder Supply chain Management and
Market Scenario of Green Fodder in India” submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements Post graduate diploma in IT management in Agriculture to Administration to
National Academy of Agricultural Research and management Hyderabad., is my original work
and not submitted for the award of any other degree, diploma, fellowship, or any other similar
title or prizes.

Place: Hyderabad
(Gurjeet Singh)
PGD-ITMA0806
NAARM
 SUMMER TRAINING CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled, “Fodder Supply chain Management and
Market Scenario of Green Fodder in India” submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements Post graduate diploma in IT management in Agriculture to Administration to
National Academy of Agricultural Research and management Hyderabad.
Gurjeet Singh has worked under my supervision and guidance and that no part of this report has
been submitted for the award of any other degree, diploma, fellowship or other similar titles or
prizes and that the work has not been published in any journal or magazine.

Project Guide
Dr. S. Ramalinga Raju
Advisor
Park Dairy Adventures Ltd.
 PREFACE

This project is the result of two months training at PARK DAIRY ADVENTURES
LTD.GURGAON .Summer training is an integral part of “PG DIPLOMA IN I T
MANAGEMENT IN AGRICULTURE” course and it aims at providing a firsthand experience
of industry to students. This practical experience helps the students to view the real Business
World closely.

I was really fortunate of getting an opportunity to pursue my Summer Training in,

professionally managed organization like PARK DAIRY ADVENTURES LTD. (DAVE)

Project assigned. Fodder Supply chain Management and Market Scenario of Green
Fodder in India .Required a lot of extensive study, as I did a lot of study of fodder Production,
and Dairy farms

at various places of Western UP. It gave me a great deal of exposure and practical experience.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

An individual cannot do project of this scale. I take this opportunity to express my

acknowledgement and deep sense of gratitude to the individuals for rendering valuable assistance
and gratitude to me. Their inputs have played a vital role in success of this project.

I am grateful to Mr. Kalyan Chakravarthy, who provided me an opportunity to undertake a

project, which enabled me to interact with dairy Farmers, & Farmers to have better
understanding, practical exposure of industry.

I express my sincere thanks to my project guide Dr S. Ramalinga Raju, Advisor of park Dairy
Adventures Ltd. for his generous support, constant direction and mentoring at all stages of
training.

I take this opportunity to thank all Dairy Farmers and Farmer who spared their precious time to
provide me with valuable inputs for project without which it would have not been possible.

I firmly believe that there is always a scope of improvement. I welcome any suggestions for
further enriching the quality of this report.
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The object of this management training of Studying imparted is to provide us an insight into the
methods, both culture and the ground realities of an industry. I undertook my training at the
PARK DAIRY ADVENTURES LTD. GURGAON from 24th Aug, 2009 up to 5November, 2009
for a period of 2 months. I was allotted the duty to survey rural area in order to know supply
chain management of green fodder for Cattle and Market scenario of green Fodder .And I was
allotted the duty to survey rural area in order to know farmers view points towards Fodder
Management and Market condition. This report is the reflection of what I have assimilated
during the training period at Park Dairy Adventure Ltd. I have studied about all the Management
aspects and all other expenses of the company. The first few pages talk about the introduction of
the subject and also of the organization. This is followed by literature review followed by the
objectives of the study and research methodology. Then comes real part of the study in which I
have written all what I had learnt there in the bank about the various components of Green
Fodder Management and Market scenario. The last part consists of findings, recommendations,
limitations, conclusion and bibliography.

The objectives of the study, which I undertook in PARK, were to know Status of green fodder
requirement and availability in India, to know existing fodder management system for dairy
farms and supply chain system of green fodder in India and to find out solution for availability of
green fodder for large integrated dairy farm. For this visited many institutions and field and for
this I have made structure questionnaire and interpretation for the same has been done and also in
order to make it more effective I have used tables and pie charts. I went to various farmers
personally and I am able to know about views and their opinion about Fodder Management
system and fodder market.

. I hope that my experience at PARK DAIRY will not only help me in my future in management
field but also in my current studies.
 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION TO

SUBJECT
I.I THEROTICAL FOUNDATION

1.1.1 Dairy Industry Profile

Dairy enterprise is an important occupation of the farmer In India nearly 70% of the people
depends on agriculture. It is the backbone of India. It is mainly a rural occupation closely
associated with agriculture. More than 2,445 million people economically active in agriculture in
the world, probably 2/3 or even more 3/4 of them are wholly or partly dependent on livestock
farming. India is endowed with rich flora & fauna & continues to be vital avenue for
employment and income generation, especially in rural areas. The dairy sector in the India has
shown remarkable development in the past decade and India has now become one of the largest
producers of milk and value-added milk products in the world. The dairy sector has developed
through co-operatives in many parts of the country.

Status of dairy industry

Largest population of livestock (20%) and its contribution to Ag GDP is @ 24%

Largest producer of milk in the world (104.8 MT)

1.1.2 Milk Production in India and Dairy Statistic

India is the world’s largest milk producer with 104.8million tonnes milk production per year.
Milk production in India is growing at 4% per year, and at present India contributes 15% of the
total global milk production. Out of this, 55% is contributed by buffalo. Though per capita
availability of milk in India has increased from 120 grams in 1960 to 241 grams per day in 2005-
2006, demand for milk is increasing day by day owing to increase in population and individual
income. In 2008 it was 104.8 million tonnes which has already been achieved. The projected
milk demand in India by 2010, 2015 and 2020 will be 120, 140 and 170 million tonnes.
Production of Milk in India
(1990-1991 to 2007-2008)

Production of Milk in India

(1990-1991 to 2007-2008)

(' 000 tonne)

Year Cow Milk Buffalo Milk Goat Milk Total

1990-91 22240 28675 2381 53296

1991-92 23038 29600 2348 55686

1992-93 24291 30846 2515 57962

1993-94 25351 32527 2663 60607

1994-95 26122 35637 2749 63805

1995-96 26715 35870 2783 66197

1996-97 27916 37541 2898 69145

1997-98 29128 38708 3041 72128

1998-99 30454 40413 3236 75424

1999-00 32636 42268 3337 78241

2000-01 32967 43428 3266 80607

2001-02 34516 45402 3501 84406

2002-03 34612 46512 3636 86159

2003-04 34973 47979 3708 88082

2004-05 37344 50178 3537 92484

2005-06 39759 52070 3790 97066

2006-07 100.9* - - -

2007-08 104.8* - - -

Note: *: Figures are Million Tonnes.

Source: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation &
Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India. (10517)
Production/Per Capita Availability of Milk in India (1950-1951, 1955-1956, 1960-1961,
1968-1969, 1970-1971,
1973-1974, 1979-1980 to 2006-2007)

Production/Per Capita Availability of Milk in

India (1950-1951, 1955-1956, 1960-1961, 1968-1969, 1970-
1971,
1973-1974, 1979-1980 to 2006-2007)

Milk Production Per Capita Availability

Year
(Million Tonne) (gm./day)

1950-51 17.0 124

1955-56 19.0 124

1960-61 20.0 124

1968-69 21.2 112

1970-71 22.0 112

1973-74 23.2 112

1979-80 30.4 127

1980-81 31.6 128

1981-82 34.3 136

1982-83 35.8 139

1983-84 38.8 147

1984-85 41.5 154

1985-86 44.0 160

1986-87 46.1 164

1987-88 46.7 163

1988-89 48.4 166

1989-90 51.4 173

 1990-91 53.9 176

1991-92 55.7 178

1992-93 58.0 182

1993-94 60.6 187

1994-95 63.8 194

1995-96 66.2 197

1996-97 69.1 202

1997-98 72.1 207

1998-99 75.4 213

1999-00 78.3 217

2000-01 80.6 220

2001-02 84.4 225

2002-03 86.2 230

2003-04 88.1 231

2004-05 92.5 233

2005-06 97.1 241

2006-07** 100.0 245

Note: From 2004-05 onwards, Population projected by Census India is taken

and approximated for a midpoint of March to February period by
linear method.
**: Anticipated Achievements
Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India.
State-wise Milk Production in India
(2006-2007)

State-wise Milk Production in India

(2006-2007)

( ' 000 Tonne)

States/Uts Production

Andhra Pradesh 7939

Arunachal Pradesh 49#

Assam 751

Bihar 5450

Chhattisgarh 849

Goa 57

Gujarat 7533

Haryana 5367

Himachal Pradesh 872

Jammu & Kashmir 1400#

Jharkhand 1401

Karnataka 4124

Kerala 2119

Madhya Pradesh 6375

Maharashtra 6978

Manipur 77

Meghalaya 75

Mizoram 16

Nagaland 67#

Orissa 1431

Punjab 9168

Rajasthan 9375

Sikkim 49

Tamil Nadu 5560

Tripura 89
 Uttar Pradesh 18095

Uttarakhand 1213

West Bengal 3982

Andaman & Nicobar Islands 23

Chandigarh 46

Dadar & Nagar Haveli 5#

Daman & Diu 1#

Delhi 289

Lakshadweep 2

Pondicherry 45

India 100869

Note: #: Provisional.
Compiled from the statistics released by : Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 742,
dated on 03.03.2008.

Export of Dairy Products from India (2003-2004 to 2007-2008)

Export of Dairy Products from India

(2003-2004 to 2007-2008)

(Qty. in MTs; Value : Rs. in Lakh)

Dairy
Year Qty./Value
Products

Qty. 8918.38
2003-04*
Value 87.11

Qty. 42160.06
2004-05
Value 35869

Qty. 75551.39
2005-06
Value 67668.25

Qty. 45371.84
2006-07
Value 43457.8

Qty. 69415.44
2007-08
Value 86656.36

Note: *: Rs. in Crore.

Source: Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Govt. of India. (10696)
State-wise Share of Milk Production by Cows, Buffaloes and Goats in India
(2005-2006)

State-wise Share of Milk Production by Cows, Buffaloes and Goats in India

(2005-2006)

(In ' 000 Tonnes)

Cow
States/Uts Buffalo Goat Total
CB ND Total

Andhra Pradesh 1051 837 1889 5735 - 7624

Arunachal Pradesh 3 4 7 - - 48

Assam 159 468 627 93 27 747

Bihar 749 1626 2375 2473 212 5060

Chhattisgarh 54 458 512 285 42 839

Goa 23 10 33 23 0 56

Gujarat 516 1742 2258 4445 257 6960

Haryana 474 291 765 4491 43 5299

Himachal Pradesh 296 210 506 335 28 869

Jammu & Kashmir* - - - - - 1400

Jharkhand 114 632 746 484 105 1335

Karnataka 1489 1148 2637 1346 39 4022

Kerala 1839 108 1948 36 79 2063

Madhya Pradesh 222 2151 2373 3402 508 6283

Maharashtra 2420 1041 3461 3027 282 6769

Manipur 38 24 63 14 - 77

Meghalaya 45 27 72 2 - 73

Mizoram 12 2 14 1 - 15

Nagaland 59 10 70 3 2 74

Orissa 570 561 1131 208 3 1342

Punjab 2253 107 2360 6511 37 8909

Rajasthan 257 2287 2544 5188 981 8713

Sikkim 38 10 48 0.12 - 48

Tamil Nadu 3890 813 4703 771 - 5474

Tripura 27 55 83 2 2 87

Uttar Pradesh 1344 3109 4453 11884 1019 17356

Uttaranchal 189 272 461 744 0 1206

West Bengal 1091 2377 3469 302 121 3891

Andaman and Nicobar Islands 5 9 14 4 2 20

Chandigarh 14 1 15 31 - 46

Dadra and Nagar Haveli* - - - - - 5

Daman & Diu 0.01 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 1

Delhi 61 22 83 227 - 310

Lakshadweep * - - - - - 2

Pondicherry 39 1 41 2 - 43

India 19344 20415 39759 52070 3790 97066

Abbr.: CB: Crossbred.

ND: Non-descript.
Note: - : denotes no production data reported.
*: Breakup not available.
0: negligible.
Compiled from the statistics released by : Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India.
Demand Projections of Livestock Products in India
(1993, 2000, 2010 & 2020)

Demand Projections of Livestock Products in India

(1993, 2000, 2010 & 2020)

Per cent Annual

Product 1993 2000 2010 2020
Growth Rate (1999-2000)

Milk 46.18 60.77 94.30 147.21 4.77

Mutton and goat meat 0.83 1.36 3.81 12.72 13.25

Beef and buffalo meat 0.49 0.61 0.84 1.15 3.39

Chicken 0.25 0.33 0.52 0.81 4.67

Eggs 9.62 13.88 24.90 44.06 6.02

Note: All Products in million tonne except eggs (billion no.).

Compiled from the statistics released by : Annual Report 2001-2002, Department
of Agricultural, Research and
Education, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India.

Year: Period of fiscal year in India is April to March, e.g. year shown as
1990-91 relates to April 1990 to March 1991.
Units: (a) 1 Lakh (or Lac) = 100000.
(b) 1 Crore (or Cr.) = 10000000.
Some part of the footnotes/units may not be applicable for this table
Selected State-wise Fund Released/Utilized under Intensive
Dairy Development Programme in India
(2005-2006 to 2008-2009)

Selected State-wise Fund Released/Utilised under Intensive

Dairy Development Programme in India
(2005-2006 to 2008-2009)

(Rs. in Lakh)

Funds Released during the Year

States/Uts
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 *

Andaman & Nicobar Islands 0.00 0.00 11.34 0.00 -

Andhra Pradesh 135.00 288.45 298.33 334.53 100.00

Arunachal Pradesh 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -

Assam 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -

Bihar 100.00 237.55 0.00. 119.39 -

Jharkhand 146.89 20.00 107.64 0.00 -

Gujarat 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -

Haryana 153.83 657.35 200 400.00 200.00

Himachal Pradesh 0.00 39.00 340.05 0.00 -

Jammu & Kashmir 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -

Kerala 329.44 240.00 465.25 524.76 -

Karnataka 0.00 72.00 0.00 0.00 -

Madhya Pradesh 369.21 100.59 285.00 132.00 -

Chhattisgarh 0.00 50.00 100.00 40.00 -

Maharashtra 500.10 72.00 200.00 0.00 -

Manipur 0.00 160.00 200.00 24.61 -

Meghalaya 65.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 -

Mizoram 74.29 90.00 139.70 50.00 -

Nagaland 256.21 162.70 35.00 0.00 -

Orissa 817.68 104.61 302.56 345.17 -

Rajasthan 322.55 0.00 310.00 284.52 -

Sikkim 350.61 140.21 75.30 274.89 -

 Tamil Nadu 0.00 356.47 125.00 273.59 275.00

Tripura 0.00 40.00 90.00 120.44 -

Uttar Pradesh 166.32 19.00 100.00 95.00 -

Uttaranchal 201.12 467.98 0.00 128.96 -

West Bengal 0.00 0.00 70.83 0.00 -

India 3988.30 3347.91 3456.00 3147.86 575.00

Note: *: Up to 23.07.2009.
Source: Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 365, dated 20.10.2008.
Integrated Dairy Development Projects Approved Outlays in India (2000-2001)

Integrated Dairy Development Projects Approved Outlays

in India (2000-2001)

(Amount in Lakh)

Approved Outlays
States/Uts Year of the Sanction
Amount

Andaman & Nicobar Islands 1995-96 239.41

Andhra Pradesh - I 1995-96 447.32

Andhra Pradesh - II 15.11.2000 934.28

Arunachal Pradesh 1993-94 458.50

Assam 1994-95 1260.76

Bihar –I 1994-95 158.61

Bihar –II 1995-96 729.00

Bihar-III (Kaimur) 1997-98 67.25

Bihar -IV (Madhuban) 1997-98 66.30

Bihar -V (Nalnanda) 15.11.2000 447.73

Gujarat 1993-94 679.95

Haryana 1995-96 203.75

Himachal Pradesh 1997-98 805.95

Jammu & Kashmir -Jammu 1995-96 635.12

Jammu & Kashmir -Kashmir 1995-96 608.17

Madhya Pradesh -I, II & III 1993-94 781.06

Madhya Pradesh -IV 1995-96 599.85

Maharashtra –I 1995-96 1985.24

Maharashtra –II 1997-98 1941.55

Manipur 1993-94 224.10

Meghalaya –I 1994-95 141.29

Meghalaya –II 15.11.2000 472.52

Mizoram –I 1993-94 367.99

Mizoram –II 1995-96 349.19

Nagaland –I 1993-94 668.22

 Nagaland –II 1998-99 347.49

Orissa –I 1993-94 631.00

Orissa –II 1994-95 443.21

Orissa –III 1998-99 621.84

Sikkim-I & II 1993-94 678.47

Tamil Nadu 1995-96 336.63

Tripura –I 1993-94 304.90

Tripura –II 1994-95 319.51

Uttar Pradesh -I, II & III 1993-94 1242.89

Uttar Pradesh –IV 15.11.2000 758.44

West Bengal –I 1994-95 498.88

West Bengal –II 1998-99 140.83

India 21597.20

Source: Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No.1643, dated 7.3.2001.

Year: Period of fiscal year in India is April to March, e.g. year shown as
1990-91 relates to April 1990 to March 1991.
Units: (a) 1 Lakh (or Lac) = 100000.
(b) 1 Crore (or Cr.) = 10000000.
Some part of the footnotes/units may not be applicable for this table.
1.1.3 THE LIVESTOCK INDUSTRY OF INDIA
India's animal wealth is quite large in terms of its populations of cattle, poultry, sheep and goats,
camels, horses and pets. Recently, aquaculture has also been growing in importance in India.

Livestock type Population

(millions)

Cattle 204.5

Buffaloes 84.2

Sheep 50.8

Goats 115.3

Pigs 12.8

Horses/ponies 0.8

Mules 0.2

Donkeys 0.9

Camels 1.0

Yaks 0.06

Mithuns 0.15

Total livestock 470.86

TABLE 1

Dairy cattle

Worldwide, India is number one in milk production, at 104.8 million tonnes per annum, and the
dairy industry is spread across the whole country. India has one of the largest populations of
cattle and buffalo in the world. In a total of 288 million head, there are 10 million crossbred
cows, 15 million good milk cows of local varieties and 36 million buffaloes of good milk
varieties. The remainder of the cattle population is of a non-descript variety and a sizeable
proportion consists of bullocks.

TABLE 2

Cattle indicators

Dairy

Cross-bred cows (millions) 10.0

Improved cows (millions) 15.0

Improved buffaloes (millions) 36.0

Milk production (million tonnes) 104.8

Per capita consumption (g/day) 245

Annual growth

Dairy industry 5%
The crossbred population is either Jersey or Holstein-Friesian, crossed with local cows.
Crossbreeding was a natural solution to upgrading the milk yield in the absence of high-value
imported varieties of purebred animals. The buffalo breeds are unique to India, and produce milk
with a fat content of 7 to 8 percent.

Milk is seen as a health drink and a variety of Indian sweets are prepared from milk. The ice-
cream market is growing.

Farms are located on the outskirts of cities and within cities. Almost all villages have a number
of cattle, but there are only a few organized dairy farms. In India, dairy is not so much an
industry as a smallholder farming activity.

Growth in the milk sector has occurred mainly through cooperative efforts. Cooperatives started
by supplying milk collection centre, where milk was collected from villagers in quantities as
small as 1 liter, and gradually started to provide other services to farmers, including education,
artificial insemination, veterinary health support and feeding. The small farmers became
prosperous, loan facilities were made available through banks, and member farmers started to
share the profits from cooperatives. Cooperatives also set up their own modern computerized
feed plants. They have modern milk processing plants from which they produce and market
pasteurized milk, butter, butter oil, chocolate, ice-cream and milk sweets, which are very popular
with Indian consumers. Today, the feed production from cooperatives is about 0.6 million tones
per year.

The National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), which has excellent facilities for research on
breeding, nutrition and health care, has played a pivotal role in setting up cooperatives. Without
NDDB and several of the existing dairy cooperatives, the milk sector in India would have
suffered.

The dairy industry in India is expected to grow, but growth will be restricted to individual small
farmers. It is unlikely that India will see the advent of large, organized dairy farming in the near
future.
1.1.4 Feed &fodder Requirement for milk production in India

Livestock production is backbone of Indian Agriculture and source of employment in

rural areas for centuries. This sector has been the primary source of energy for
agriculture operation and major source of animal protein for the masses. Therefore India
has been house to major draught, milk and dual-purpose breeds of cattle. Our whole
system of rural economy has revolved around livestock production.

However, there has been a rapid change in the way agriculture operations are carried out like;

- Agriculture production i.e. cropping system, water resources, diversification of crops,

intensification of agriculture

- Increasing use of mechanical power V/S bullock power

- Transformation from sustenance farming to market oriented farming

- Changing food habits

All this has its impact on animal husbandry practices including breed character requirements of
Indian farmer and thus their feeding. India is house to 15% world cattle population and 16% of
human population to be sustained and Progressed on 2% of total geographical areas. Due to ever
increasing population pressure of human, arable land is mainly used for food and cash crops,
thus there is little chance of having good quality arable land available for fodder production until
milk production is remunerative to the farmer as compared to other crops.
1.1.5 Scenario of feed and fodder requirement & availability

There is tremendous pressure of livestock on available feed and fodder, as land available for
fodder production has been decreasing. Scenario of feed and fodder availability till 2025 is as
below: -

(In million tons)

Deficit as % of demand

Year Supply Demand (actual demands)

Green Dry Green Dry Green Dry
1995 379.3 421 947 526 59.95 (568) 19.95 (105)
2000 384.5 428 988 549 61.10 (604) 21.93 (121)
2005 389.9 443 1025 569 61.96 (635) 22.08 (126)
2010 395.2 451 1061 589 62.76 (666) 23.46 (138)
2015 400.6 466 1097 609 63.50 (696) 23.56 (143)
2020 405.9 473 1134 630 64.21 (728) 24.81 (157)
2025 411.3 488 1170 650 64.87 (759) 24.92 (162)

Source: Draft report of the working group on animal husbandry and dairying for five-year
plan (2002-2007, Govt. of India, Planning Commission, August – 2001).
1.1.6 Status of feed and fodder in India

Feed and fodder are major important input covering 50-75% of the total production costs of milk,
meat and other livestock products feed resource availability has been estimated by several
workers. National institute of animal nutrition and physiology Bangalore in its report (2005)
identified status of feed and fodder (DM basis) in India

Status of feed and fodder (DM basis) in India

Feeds Available Required Deficit (%)

(MT) (MT)

Dry fodder 365 412 11

Concentrate 34 47 28

Green fodder 126 193 35

Total 526 652 19

NIANP (2005)

And area under permanent pasture and other grazing land was 3.3%as against the
recommendation of 8% of total cultivable area. On the other hand, grazing lands are under
continuous degradation due to exploitative stress but are shrinking due to competing demand of
food and forage under the increasing population pressure, urbanization and industrialization.
Meeting the demand of quality forages of our livestock is a gigantic and challenging task.
 It is not possible to increase are under fodder production in India due to the increasing demand
for food and commercial crops. In the light of this it is very much important to increase fodder
production by efficiently and effectively utilizing the available resources of land and water as
well as feed and fodder to increase the milk and meat production for the food security of huge
population of the country.

Realizing this fact the country has established seven regional stations in different agro climatic
regions with the objective of quick transfer of technology on all aspects of fodder production,
conservation and utilization and to assist the state agencies in the conduct of their extension
programmes. A significant breakthrough has been achieved in the production of pasture legume
seeds for use in grassland development. Improved varieties of fodder seeds are being multiplied
at the central fodder seed production farm, Nasserghatta. Because growing food and cash crops
are more profitable, major Lands have been diverted toward cultivation of such crops resulting in
inadequate production of green fodder. The cultivated fodder crops occupy only 6.91 million
hectares, which is less than 5 percent of the area under cultivation in the country. It is only in a
few states like the Punjab, where the percentage of area under irrigated cultivated fodder is
around 10 percent. If proper steps are not taken the future of India’s live stock cannot be
satisfactory. More areas are required to be brought under fodder crops for more production of
green fodder to maintain health of the cattle as well as to increase the milk production. It may be
noted that the economics of livestock production based on cultivated fodder production is much
better than feeding of low quality roughage’s / crop residues supplemented with concentrates. To
augment milk production, it is therefore imperative to regenerate the existing grazing areas by
adopting better management practices and also to increase the area under cultivated fodder crops
and establishment of pasture wherever possible.
1.1.7 Demand and supply situation
• There is a deficit of approx. 35% of green fodder and 11 % of dry fodder.

• In absolute terms, shortage is 635 million tonnes of green fodder and 126 million tonnes
of dry fodder

• The deficit situation becomes worse in the event of drought, floods, cyclones etc.

1.1.8 Limitations
• Despite urgent need, cultivation of fodder crops , grasses, etc. not being given due
attention on account of stress on more remunerative agricultural crops like grains,
oilseeds, pulses, Sugarcane etc.

• Pressures on grazing areas are increasing on account of increase in population,

encroachments of pasture areas.

• Tendency of farmer to keep large herds due to low productivity.

• Non-remunerative prices for fodder and fodder like produces.

1.1.9 Importance of green fodder feeding for economic milk production

a) Green forage is essential in the feeding of -dairy cattle for economic Milk production.

b) Green fodder feeding practice maintains the normal health and Reproduction of all herbivores.

c) The longevity and production are adversely affected when cattle are reared without green
forage, even though they may be provided with best quality of concentrates. Such animals
usually give birth to weak, stunted or blind calves.
d) Green forages are also praised for their overall cooling effect on the body due to the nature of
being easily digestible, more palatable, being slightly laxative in action and above all provide
fresh nutrients in most natural form resulting in efficient utilization of these feed without any
strain on the body organs.

e) Dairy cattle yielding as high as 5-6 liters of milk can easily be maintained solely on green
fodder without any complaint. This reduces the feed costs by 20 % over normal dry roughage
(straw) and a concentrate mixture.

1.1.10 Grassland wealth of India

According to the land-utilization statistics, the area under permanent pastures and grasslands is
13 million hectares. In addition, there are another 15 million hectares classified as cultivable
wasteland, and still another 7-8 million hectares under the saline and alkaline soils. This large
area, comprising areas affected by soil acidity, salinity and alkalinity, droughts, floods and
ravines, can be utilized for the growing of various fodder species.

The grasslands of our country are essentially the monsoon grasslands and the grasses in them
show their best biological potential for a period of about four months, after which owing to
moisture stress and the advent of winter, the grasses enter dormancy till the next monsoon.

The grasslands normally considered to be the cheapest source of animal feed are in a degraded
and denuded state because of overgrazing and faulty management over the ages. Thus the
amelioration of the natural grasslands and pastures deserve special and careful attention and
priority in our drive for increasing forage production. The Grassland Survey carried out by the
Indian Council of Agricultural Research has led to the recognition of four distinct grass covers in
the plains and the lower hills and one at high altitudes

1.1.11 Sources of Fodder

Three main sources of fodder are:
-Cultivated fodder
-Agriculture/crop residues
 -Grass lands, pastures, forests etc.

Cultivated Fodder Crops:

Leguminous and non- leguminous fodder consists of stem and leaves of a group of plants
belonging to “Leguminosae”. These plants by virtue of bacteria of Rhizobium group in their root
nodules fix nitrogen from atmosphere and make it available to themselves, other plants, animal
and man. Legumes contain 2-3% DCP and 10% TPN on fresh basis.
E.g. : CowPea, (Vigna Sinesis) Berseem (Trifolium Alexandriurn) Lucerne (Medicago Sativa)
Sun hump (Crotalaria Juncia).
Legumes always have higher nitrogen content and can form a major source of protein to animals.
For cattle and buffaloes, if legumes are fed liberally, there is no need for any additional supply of
protein. The disadvantage of leguminous fodder is production of gas in the rumen i.e. Bloat, if
large quantities of legumes are fed legumes are low in phosphorus. Non leguminous fodders
contain lower percentage of nitrogen. 0.5 to 1.0% DCP and 11-15°, % TDN: Non Leguminous
fodders consists of many cereal crops, cultivated grasses, indigenous grasses and introduced
grasses.

Cereal Crops Maize (Zea mays) Sorghum (sorghum Vulgare)

Bajra (Pennisetum typhoides)
Permanent Cultivated

Paragrass (Brachiaria Mutica Guine grass

(Panicum maximum) Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum)

Indigenous grasses Anjan Grass (cenchrus ciliaris) Dhub grass

(Cynodon dactylon)
Introduced Grass
Orchard grass (Dactylis alomQratr)) Signal
Grass (Brachiaia brizantha)
1.1.12 Role of cultivated fodders
• Feed & fodder cost constitute about 60-70% of cost of milk production thus cultivated
fodder has an important role in meeting requirement of various nutrients & roughage in
our country to produce milk most economically as compared to concentrates
• It needs feed, which not only meet nutrient requirement but also fills the rumen to satisfy
the animal.
• In view of microbial digestion system, feeds have to meet requirement of cattle
maintenance, production and requirement of microbes to promote digestion.

• Cultivation of fodder is important not only for augmenting feed availability but for
maintaining the natural resources base through soil stabilization, preventing soil erosion,
and contributing to soil fertility through microbial nitrogen fixation and organic matter
addition.

1.1.13Nutritive Importance of different green fodder

Fodder crops provide all the critical elements like highly digestible protein,
carbohydrates, fats and minerals. Green fodders are a very good source of B-carotene
(precursor of vitamin A).

• Common cereal fodder crops like Maize, Sorghum and Oats are rich in energy and the
leguminous crops like Lucerne, Berseem & Cowpea are rich in proteins.

• Leguminous crops, like Berseem, Lucerne & Cowpea, are a good source of major
&micro minerals, so critical for rumen microbes as well as animal system

• Fodder cultivation has been traditional in most parts of the country since farmers feel that
the fodder crops have some factor, which keeps the animal healthy and productive. And
hence since generations farmers have marked out certain varieties and crops for fodder
production and cultivate these, depending on availability of land and water.
• The green fodder crops are known to be cheaper source of nutrients as compared to
concentrates and hence useful in bringing down the cost of feeding and reduce the need
for purchase of feeds/ concentrates from the market.

• The stage of harvest of crop has profound effect on the nutrient contents of the fodder
crop. The moisture and nutrient contents of the crop decreases and fiber content increases
with maturity and hence harvesting at proper stage is crucial.

• Fodder production program should aim at selecting crops and varieties, which
produce highest quantities of ' Nutrients per unit of land and time period' and hence a
continuous search for improved varieties is crucial.

• Grasses like Hybrid Napier and Guinea grass are known for high yields and their new
varieties produce good quality fodder. These grasses being perennial and high yielding
are useful.

• Shrubs and small trees (like Gliricidia, Desman thus, Luciana, Sesbania spp.) are very
good and cheap source of protein and minerals and can be introduced between farm plots
and have multipurpose utility.
1.1.14 Common Fodder crops in India and Crop Statistics
Various fodder crops are grown in India but fodder crops that are commonly grown & use in
India for livestock feeding are listed below
Annual or seasonal non-legumes
1) Maize or corn
2) Jowar or sorghum
3) Bajra or pearl millet
4) Ragi or finger millet

Winter or Rabi cereals

1) Oats
2) Barley
3) Rye

Perennial non legumes

1) Hybrid Napier
2) Sudan grass

Annual or seasonal legume

1) Cow pea
2) Berseem and Egyptian clover
3) French bean or cluster bean or Guar

Perennial legumes
1) Lucerne
Area under Crops in India (1950-1951 to 2006-2007)

Area under Crops in India - Part I

(1950-1951 to 2006-2007)

( ' 000 Hectare)

Year Rice Jowar Bajra Maize Ragi Wheat Barley

1950-51 31056 15554 9744 3250 2254 10010 3198

1951-52 30434 15960 10083 3435 2229 9624 3384

1952-53 29991 18023 11489 3721 2315 9938 3346

1953-54 31186 17876 12727 3877 2423 10745 3547

1954-55 30660 17273 11436 3928 2407 11344 3401

1955-56 31633 17447 10972 3811 2333 12704 3405

1956-57 32365 16663 11301 3834 2292 13625 3518

1957-58 32292 17298 11185 4146 2355 11758 3072

1958-59 33195 17935 11405 4259 2454 12616 3314

1959-60 33888 17715 10852 4348 2472 13384 3379

1960-61 34056 18426 11470 4401 2478 12931 3140

1961-62 34656 18220 11275 4501 2459 13565 3309

1962-63 35734 18402 10961 4646 2426 13589 3021

1963-64 35745 18370 11103 4586 2420 13519 2774

1964-65 36359 18023 11916 4617 2410 13453 2675

1965-66 35338 17623 11959 4794 2408 12539 2638

1966-67 35060 18117 12787 5119 2419 12775 2859

1967-68 36108 17900 12798 5612 2417 14926 3377

1968-69 35864 17633 12447 5590 2411 15612 2828

1969-70 37141 16985 12570 5717 2545 16782 2780

1970-71 37381 16871 13391 5856 2474 18293 2556

1971-72 37843 16489 11961 5588 2452 19095 2456

1972-73 36894 16705 12287 5807 2385 18684 2453

1973-74 38215 17059 14132 6011 2344 18641 2656

1974-75 37804 16238 11468 5815 2428 17940 2889

1975-76 39372 16062 11598 5912 2632 20339 2810

1976-77 38477 15740 10806 5978 2502 20876 2244

1977-78 40280 16100 11006 5712 2682 21277 2003

1978-79 40511 16052 11400 5784 2682 22540 1837

1979-80 39542 16618 10798 5754 2603 22098 1771

1980-81 40237 16412 11658 6032 2504 22225 1799

1981-82 40778 16817 11826 5916 2555 21992 1728

1982-83 38424 16343 11155 5720 2345 23523 1493

1983-84 41485 16608 11796 5837 2561 24545 1383

1984-85 41167 16179 10659 5821 2379 23488 1247

1985-86 41220 16338 10854 5797 2372 23179 1361

1986-87 41154 16184 11497 5955 2394 23196 1224

1987-88 38866 16116 9171 5645 2242 23213 1139

1988-89 41756 14499 12156 5894 2275 24065 1087

1989-90 42178 14602 11056 5946 2299 23461 1001

1990-91 42687 14358 10477 5904 2171 24167 962

1991-92 42661 12481 10268 5878 2109 23378 964

1992-93 41896 13222 10856 6086 2040 24642 924

1993-94 42653 12942 9738 6098 2018 25202 810

1994-95 42814 11514 10223 6136 1764 25700 891

1995-96 42837 11326 9319 5979 1774 25011 824

1996-97 43433 11431 9980 6260 1784 25887 757

1997-98 43446 10801 9668 6321 1657 26696 858

1998-99 44802 9794 9297 6204 1758 27523 793

1999-00 45162 10251 8897 6422 1634 27486 725

2000-01 44712 9856 9829 6611 1759 25731 778

2001-02 44904 9795 9529 6582 1647 26345 660

2002-03 41176 9300 7740 6635 1415 25196 702

2003-04 42593 9331 10612 7343 1666 26595 657

2004-05 41907 9092 9233 7430 1553 26383 617

2005-06 43660 8667 9581 7588 - 26484 -

2006-07(P) 43814 8473 9508 7894 - 27995 -

 Percentage Distribution of Gross Cropped Area under Different Crops in India
(1995-1996 to 2005-2006)

Percentage Distribution of Gross Cropped Area under Different Crops in India

(1995-1996 to 2005-2006)

% Share of Area to Gross Cropped Area

Crops
1995- 1996- 1997- 1998- 1999- 2000- 2001- 2002- 2003- 2004- 2005-
96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06

Rice 22.81 22.94 22.87 23.26 23.88 24.03 23.60 23.79 22.39 22.11 22.71

Wheat 13.77 13.69 14.02 14.29 14.50 13.84 13.79 14.26 13.95 13.88 13.79

Jowar 6.30 6.07 5.72 5.11 5.43 5.32 5.16 5.29 4.90 4.76 4.49

Bajra 5.49 5.41 5.16 4.93 4.79 5.38 5.11 4.49 5.63 4.86 5.01

Maize 3.25 3.37 3.36 3.27 3.45 3.65 3.55 3.83 3.92 3.96 4.00

Ragi 1.01 0.97 0.91 0.95 0.91 0.99 0.91 0.86 0.92 0.85 0.85

Barley 0.48 0.40 0.46 0.42 0.39 0.42 0.39 0.40 0.35 0.33 0.33

Other Cereals
0.96 0.86 0.85 0.83 0.77 0.80 0.71 0.72 0.63 0.58 0.54
& Millets

Coarse
17.49 17.09 16.46 15.52 15.75 16.55 15.83 15.58 16.34 15.34 15.22
Cereals

Total
54.06 53.72 53.35 53.00 54.13 54.43 53.22 53.62 52.69 51.33 51.72
Cereals

Gram 3.99 3.74 3.92 4.42 3.32 2.79 3.39 3.35 3.70 3.52 3.59

Tur 1.75 1.85 1.75 1.75 1.81 1.97 1.76 1.90 1.84 1.84 1.84

Other Pulses 7.18 6.68 6.83 6.45 6.49 6.64 6.99 6.82 7.27 7.07 6.15

Total Pulses 12.91 12.27 12.50 12.62 11.62 11.40 12/15 12.08 12.81 12.43 11.58

Total
66.98 65.99 65.84 65.62 65.74 65.83 65.37 65.70 65.50 63.76 63.31
Foodgrains

Sugarcane 2.27 2.34 2.20 2.26 2.36 2.46 2.46 2.70 2.30 2.10 2.41

Condiments
1.42 1.49 1.57 1.49 1.52 1.50 1.72 1.73 1.66 1.61 1.46
& Spices

Total Fruits 1.61 1.62 1.72 1.74 1.78 1.87 1.61 2.11 1.97 2.05 2.02

Potatoes 0.57 0.66 0.63 0.68 0.70 0.67 0.67 0.78 0.69 0.72 0.75

Onions 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.23 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.11 0.26 0.32 0.34

Total
2.39 2.36 2.38 2.49 2.54 2.52 2.72 2.96 2.79 2.89 2.82
Vegetables

Groundnut 4.24 4.07 3.73 3.87 3.67 3.63 3.34 3.40 3.24 3.52 3.55
Sesamum 1.17 1.12 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.99 0.88 1.02 1.13 1.05

Rapeseed &
3.05 3.27 3.23 3.05 3.16 2.45 2.66 2.44 2.85 3.70 3.81
Mustard

Linseed 0.48 0.41 0.39 0.39 0.37 0.31 0.28 0.25 0.25 0.23 0.22

Other Oil
5.54 6.01 6.34 6.50 9.62 6.21 5.95 6.56 6.43 7.28 7.41
Seeds

Total Oil
14.48 14.88 14.66 14.76 14.10 13.56 13.22 13.54 13.79 15.85 16.04
Seeds

Cotton 3.76 4.83 4.69 4.92 4.74 4.61 4.76 4.36 4.01 4.38 4.47

Jute 0.40 0.48 0.48 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.46 0.50 0.45 0.41 0.40

Mesta 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.08 0.07 0.07

Total Fibres 4.80 5.48 5.32 5.51 5.34 5.22 5.37 5.00 4.59 4.90 4.97

Tobacco 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.26 0.24 0.16 0.20 0.22 0.23 0.19 0.19

Other Crops 5.83 7.14 6.06 5.87 6.83 6.89 7.33 6.04 7.18 6.65 6.78

Gross
Cropped 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Area

Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India.

Abbr. : P : Provisional.
Compiled from the statistics released by: Ministry
State-wise Area under Fodder Crops and Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Lands in
India
(1992-1993 to 1996-1997, 1998-1999 and 1999-2000)

State-wise Area under Fodder Crops and Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing
Lands in India
(1992-1993 to 1996-1997, 1998-1999 and 1999-2000)

( ' 000 Hectare)

Fodder Crops Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land

States/UTs 199 199 199 199 199 199 199

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999
2 3 4 5 6 8 9
-93 -94 -95 -96 -97 -99 -00
-93 -94 -95 -96 -97 -99 -00

Andhra
149 150 156 132 138 124 130 820 779 763 748 763 686 682
Pradesh

Assam 3 12 10 8 8 8 8 184 163 158 158 170 167 167

Bihar 14 14 16 11 14 14 11 126 120 116 114 107 106 105

Goa - - - - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Gujarat 1229 1148 1239 1203 1230 1318 1318 848 849 848 848 849 849 849

Haryana 506 561 568 439 449 511 510 31 29 27 24 24 24 22

Himachal
10 1 10 10 10 10 10 1203 1198 1194 1204 1204 1493 1472
Pradesh

Jammu &
42 43 41 43 42 46 46 125 125 126 126 126 126 126
Kashmir

Karnataka 82 77 71 65 62 50 55 921 899 1048 1028 1017 987 979

Kerala 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 (a)

Madhya
824 801 789 759 757 720 700 2710 2713 2695 2683 2643 2568 2524
Pradesh

Maharashtra 734 707 768 1047 812 1807 1290 1180 1173 1173 1358 1357 1341 1341

Manipur - - - - - - 1 - - -

Mizoram - - - - - 4 4 4 - - 23 23

Orissa - - - - - 663 635 635 514 534 534 534

Punjab 735 796 780 742 742 653 653 4 7 3 6 6 4 4

Rajasthan 2890 2752 2909 2723 2556 2272 3491 1771 1763 1751 1745 1735 1718 1714

Sikkim (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 69 69 69 69 69 69 69

Tamil Nadu 201 180 184 159 186 186 179 121 122 124 125 125 123 123

Uttar
982 1015 1011 977 966 969 969 300 301 291 300 296 296 296
Pradesh

West Bengal 3 3 3 2 2 5 2 7 7 6 7 8 7 5

Andaman &
Nicobar (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 5 5 4 4 4 4 4
Islands

Chandigarh 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - -

Dadra &
3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Nagar Haveli

Daman &
- - - - - (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a)
Diu

Delhi 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a)

Lakshadwee
(a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) - - - - -
p

Pondicherry (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a)

841 826 856 832 798 870 937 1109 1096 1103 1106 1104 1112 1104
India
3 7 2 7 1 0 9 6 6 8 4 0 8 1

Note: (a): Below 500 hectares.

Compiled from the statistics released by : Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India.
State-wise Area under Crops in India – FODDER CROPS
(2000-2001 to 2006-2007)

State-wise Area under Crops in India - Part X

(2000-2001 to 2006-2007)

('000 Hectare)

Total
Area
Area
Green Other Total Sown Net
Fodder Sown
States/UTs/Year Manure Nonfood Nonfood More Area
Crops (Under
Crops Crops Crops than Sown
all
Once
crops)

Andhra Pradesh

2000-01 114 3 85 4250 13545 2431 11115

2001-02 104 5 83 4113 12756 2347 10410

2002-03 100 3 83 3666 11559 1944 9615

2003-04 117 5 78 3938 12366 2248 10118

2004-05 151 9 47 4635 12519 2191 10327

2005-06 207 15 29 4553 13362 2617 10745

2006-07 212 18 28 3827 12811 2664 10147

Arunachal Pradesh

2000-01 - - - 26 245 81 164

2001-02 - - - 28 251 87 164

2002-03 - - - 28 258 94 164

2003-04 - - 6 34 258 57 201

2004-05 - - 5 32 260 59 202

2005-06 - - 11 38 270 65 206

2006-07 - - 3 35 275 66 209

Assam

2000-01 8 4 35 758 4092 1298 2793

2001-02 8 4 35 755 3984 1209 2774

2002-03 8 4 34 743 3958 1205 2753

2003-04 8 4 35 743 3957 1204 2753

2004-05*** 8 4 35 718 3757 1005 2753

2005-06*** 8 4 35 710 3763 1011 2753

2006-07*** 8 4 35 705 3553 801 2753

Bihar

2000-01 11 - 8 356 7992 2330 5663

2001-02 9 - 27 355 7897 2233 5664

2002-03 10 - 11 353 7957 2232 5725

2003-04 13 - 15 362 7882 2170 5712

2004-05 15 - 6 339 7399 1827 5572

2005-06 14 - 5 324 7396 1840 5556

2006-07*** 14 5 324 7582 2026 5556

Chhattisgarh

2000-01 0 - 1 277 5327 564 4763

2001-02 0 - 2 290 5595 796 4800

2002-03 0 - 1 271 5446 692 4754

2003-04 0 - 1 300 5707 928 4779

2004-05 0 - 1 303 5716 946 4770

2005-06 0 - 1 321 5746 982 4764

2006-07 0 1 325 5732 1010 4722

Goa

2000-01 - - - 28 171 30 141

2001-02 - - - 26 168 27 141

2002-03 - - - 28 164 22 141

2003-04 - - - 29 169 27 141

2004-05 - - - 29 169 36 134

2005-06 - - - 29 170 34 137

2006-07 29 172 35 137

Gujarat

2000-01 1095 - 276 6070 10440 1007 9433

2001-02 1103 - 266 6137 10734 1112 9622

2002-03 1049 - 216 6025 10631 1149 9481

2003-04 1081 - 258 6304 11421 1570 9852

2004-05*** 1081 - 258 6422 11009 1158 9852

2005-06*** 1081 - 258 6438 11304 1453 9852

2006-07*** 1081 258 6718 12202 2351 9852

Haryana

2000-01 570 - 15 1565 6115 2589 3526

2001-02 634 - 17 1834 6318 2752 3566

2002-03 647 - 7 1802 6032 2574 3458

2003-04 686 - 11 1864 6388 2854 3534

2004-05 656 - 9 2009 6425 2898 3527

2005-06 658 - 6 1991 6504 2938 3566

2006-07 684 - 5 1843 6394 2838 3556

Himachal Pradesh

2000-01 10 - 0 31 948 393 555

2001-02 10 - 0 32 956 406 550

2002-03 9 - 0 30 945 401 545

2003-04 10 - 0 31 956 415 541

2004-05 10 - 0 32 953 410 543

2005-06*** 10 - 0 31 940 397 543

2006-07*** 10 0 31 947 405 543

Jammu & Kashmir

2000-01 44 - 2 123 1115 367 748

2001-02 45 - 0 127 1106 358 748

2002-03 49 - 0 119 1078 345 733

2003-04 54 - 0 120 1102 355 747

2004-05 52 - 1 121 1102 349 752

2005-06*** 52 - 1 121 1090 338 752

2006-07 55 1 124 1126 385 742

Jharkhand***

2000-01 - - 3 93 2054 285 1769

2001-02 - - 3 93 2088 319 1769

2002-03 - - 3 69 2000 231 1769

2003-04 - - 3 82 2158 389 1769

2004-05 - - 3 77 2065 295 1769

2005-06 - - 3 76 2108 339 1769

2006-07 - - 3 158 2643 874 1769

Karnataka

2000-01 47 2 175 3284 12284 1874 10410

2001-02 46 2 182 3224 11670 1638 10031

2002-03 52 2 174 3282 11532 1694 9838

2003-04 54 1 164 3477 11450 1604 9847

2004-05 53 2 159 4076 12807 2308 10499

2005-06 35 1 151 4143 13027 2517 10509

2006-07 47 2 146 3638 12438 2333 10105

Kerala

2000-01 3 16 109 1673 3022 816 2206

2001-02 3 17 114 1657 2992 802 2191

2002-03 3 18 112 1649 2970 782 2189

2003-04 3 19 114 1657 2954 765 2190

2004-05 4 20 113 1653 2996 841 2155

2005-06 4 20 111 1667 2986 853 2132

2006-07 5 21 136 1677 2918 816 2101

Madhya Pradesh

2000-01 684 - 5 6728 17870 3207 14664

2001-02 666 - 3 6810 19044 4185 14859

2002-03 626 - 3 6341 18078 3560 14518

2003-04 607 0 6 6549 19788 4843 14945

2004-05 582 0 4 7155 20203 5228 14975

2005-06 588 0 5 7259 19608 4637 14971

2006-07 539 0 3 7339 20113 5378 14735

Maharashtra

2000-01 838 11 14 6571 21619 3774 17844

2001-02*** 967 12 16 6908 22382 4763 17619

2002-03*** 1060 20 20 7483 22387 4808 17579

2003-04*** 1051 20 22 7539 22190 4758 17432

2004-05*** 1059 20 22 7532 22368 4878 17490

2005-06*** 1068 20 23 7544 22556 5083 17473

2006-07*** 969 20 23 7749 22571 5096 17475

Manipur

2000-01 - - - 3 209 - 209

2001-02 - - - 1 216 0 216

2002-03 - - - 3 212 0 212

2003-04 - - - 1 217 0 217

2004-05*** - - - 3 238 0 238

2005-06*** - - - 2 225 0 225

2006-07*** - - - 1 224 0 224

Meghalaya

2000-01 - - - 26 277 46 230

2001-02 - - - 27 278 47 230

2002-03 - - - 27 285 55 230

2003-04 - - - 28 272 46 227

2004-05 - - - 27 265 46 219

2005-06 - - - 28 258 46 212

2006-07 - - - 28 265 52 213

Mizoram

2000-01 - - - 8 82 0 82

2001-02 - - - 9 91 0 91

2002-03 - - - 8 92 0 92

2003-04 - - - 8 98 0 98

2004-05 - - - 7 96 0 96

2005-06 - - - 7 97 0 97

2006-07*** - - - 6 92 - 92

Nagaland
2000-01 - - - 49 336 35 301

2001-02 - - - 54 378 45 333

2002-03 - - - 67 370 45 324

2003-04 - - - 69 370 65 305

2004-05 - - - 73 380 71 309

2005-06 - - - 75 387 78 309

2006-07 - - - 76 406 84 322

Orissa

2000-01 - - - 837 7878 2049 5829

2001-02 - - - 1016 8799 2954 5845

2002-03 - - - 723 7853 2173 5680

2003-04 - - - 934 8637 2842 5795

2004-05 - - - 987 8718 2979 5739

2005-06*** - - - 989 8710 2971 5739

2006-07*** - - - 983 8677 2938 5739

Punjab

2000-01 671 - 143 1378 7941 3691 4250

2001-02 715 - 90 1493 7941 3687 4254

2002-03 607 - 153 1318 7773 3571 4201

2003-04 631 - 149 1326 7907 3666 4240

2004-05 575 - 143 1323 7931 3731 4200

2005-06*** 575 - 143 1358 7945 3703 4243

2006-07*** 575 - 143 1397 7983 3741 4243

Rajasthan

2000-01 3982 0 4 7303 19230 3365 15865

2001-02 3387 0 3 7165 20798 4033 16765

2002-03 932 0 2 3945 13218 2410 10807

2003-04 3227 0 3 6967 21664 4270 17394

2004-05 2679 0 4 8438 21062 4514 16549

2005-06 2768 0 3 8685 21699 4863 16836

2006-07 3172 1 4 8277 21534 4770 16764

Sikkim***

2000-01 - - - 10 117 10 106

2001-02 - - - 10 123 11 112

2002-03 - - - 10 119 11 108

2003-04 - - - 10 121 11 110

2004-05 - - - 10 123 11 112

2005-06 - - - 10 123 11 112

2006-07 - - - 10 123 11 112

Tamil Nadu

2000-01 188 8 125 1803 6338 1035 5303

2001-02 200 8 97 1733 6226 1054 5172

2002-03 246 6 79 1491 5191 601 4590

2003-04 224 4 79 1598 5316 627 4689

2004-05 221 2 88 1663 5889 792 5097

2005-06 207 2 87 1634 6033 789 5244

2006-07 188 1 109 1509 5843 717 5126

Tripura***

2000-01 - - - 26 301 21 280

2001-02 - - - 20 299 19 280

2002-03 - - - 21 309 29 280

2003-04 - - - 21 291 11 280

2004-05 - - - 21 297 17 280

2005-06 - - - 22 299 19 280

2006-07 - - - 11 294 14 280

Uttaranchal

2000-01 40 0 2 69 1226 456 770

2001-02 39 0 2 67 1221 445 776

2002-03 36 1 3 67 1212 453 759

2003-04 38 0 0 71 1222 461 761

2004-05 38 0 1 73 1235 468 767

2005-06 37 0 1 73 1212 445 768

2006-07*** 37 0 1 69 1241 473 768

Uttar Pradesh

2000-01 885 24 22 1967 25304 8479 16825

2001-02 878 26 28 1948 25447 8635 16812

2002-03 855 21 20 1868 24311 7714 16597

2003-04 891 23 24 1896 25425 8675 16750

2004-05 888 25 23 2038 25524 8841 16683

2005-06*** 891 23 24 2209 25129 8495 16633

2006-07*** 891 23 24 2372 25800 9167 16633

West Bengal

2000-01 8 - 30 1520 9117 3699 5417

2001-02 8 - 25 1560 9779 4257 5522

2002-03*** 8 - 25 1460 9457 4103 5354

2003-04 4 - 30 1609 9661 4234 5428

2004-05 3 - 26 1542 9523 4149 5374

2005-06 2 - 27 1504 9533 4238 5295

2006-07 7 - 21 1607 9635 4339 5296

Andaman & Nicobar

Islands***

2000-01 - - - 2 15 1 13

2001-02 - - - 2 15 1 13

2002-03 - - - 2 15 1 13

2003-04 - - - 2 15 2 13

2004-05 - - - 2 14 1 13

2005-06 - - - 2 14 1 13

2006-07 - - - 2 14 2 13

Chandigarh

2000-01 - - 1 1 3 1 2

2001-02 - - 1 1 3 1 2

2002-03 - - 1 1 3 1 2

2003-04 - - 1 1 2 1 1
2004-05 - - 1 1 2 1 1

2005-06 - - 1 1 2 1 1

2006-07*** - - 1 1 2 1 1

Dadra & Nagar Haveli

2000-01 1 - - 1 30 7 23

2001-02 1 - - 1 30 7 23

2002-03 1 - - 1 30 7 23

2003-04 1 - - 1 30 7 22

2004-05 1 - - 1 29 6 23

2005-06 1 - - 1 28 6 22

2006-07*** 1 - - 1 28 6 22

Daman & Diu***

2000-01 - - - 0 3 0 3

2001-02 - - - - 3 0 3

2002-03 - - - - 3 0 3

2003-04 - - - - 3 0 3

2004-05 - - - - 3 0 3

2005-06 - - - - 3 0 3

2006-07 - - - - 3 0 3

Delhi

2000-01 1 - - 3 53 19 34

2001-02 1 - - 5 52 23 29

2002-03 1 - - 4 45 15 29

2003-04 1 - - 5 44 18 27

2004-05 1 - - 5 45 18 28

2005-06 1 - - 5 44 16 28

2006-07 1 - - 5 43 20 23

Lakshadweep***

2000-01 - - - 3 3 0 3

2001-02 - - - 3 3 0 3

2002-03 - - - 3 3 0 3
2003-04 - - - 3 3 0 3

2004-05 - - - 3 3 0 3

2005-06 - - - 3 3 0 3

2006-07 - - - 3 3 0 3

Pondicherry

2000-01 0 1 2 7 43 19 24

2001-02 0 1 2 7 39 15 24

2002-03 0 1 1 6 36 15 22

2003-04 0 1 1 6 37 17 21

2004-05 0 1 1 7 39 18 21

2005-06 0 1 1 6 36 16 21

2006-07 0 1 1 5 36 15 20

India

2000-01 9199 69 1057 46847 185344 43980 141365

2001-02 8826 76 996 47510 189680 48268 141412

2002-03 6300 75 950 42916 175530 42939 132591

2003-04 8701 78 1003 47585 190082 49137 140945

2004-05 8078 84 951 51358 191164 50090 141074

2005-06 8210 86 926 51859 192611 50800 141810

2006-07 8498 92 951 50883 193723 53425 140298

Note : *** : Area under Crops : The figures related to total cropped area
are either estimated based on the latest available data
received from state/Uts or are based on advance/forecast
estimates received from the states.
0: means area is less than 500 hectares.
- : denotes no reporting of data from the States/UTs.
2. Figures of 2000-2001 to 2003-2004 are Provisional.
Compiled from the statistics released by : Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of
India.
Area under HYV Crops in Northern States of India
(1998-1999 to 2001-2002 and 2004-2005 to 2006-2007)

Area under HYV Crops in Northern States of India

(1998-1999 to 2001-2002 and 2004-2005 to 2006-2007)

(Lakh ha.)

States Rice Wheat Maize Jowar Bajra

1998-1999

Uttar Pradesh 51.13 90.93 6.05 N.A. 5.02

Punjab 23.84 33.55 1.43 N.A. 0.03

Haryana 6.95 21 0.12 N.A. 4

Rajasthan 0.6 20.6 1.62 0.64 13.88

Himachal Pradesh 0.82 3.78 1.21 - -

Jammu & Kashmir* 1.12 2.45 2.01 - 0.08

1999-2000

Uttar Pradesh 55.88 N.A. 0.80 N.A. N.A.

Punjab 24.79 33.88 1.15 - 0.03

Haryana 6.20 22.77 0.11 - 4.90

Rajasthan 1.12 15.39 1.87 0.73 18.02

Himachal Pradesh 0.82 3.67 1.85 -

Jammu & Kashmir* 1.14 2.52 1.35 - 0.04

2000-2001

Uttar Pradesh N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.

Punjab 25.06 34.08 1.54 - 0.05

Haryana 6.88 22.95 0.08 - 4.62

Rajasthan 1.08 12.81 3.13 0.99 18.56

Himachal Pradesh 0.78 3.67 1.98 - -

Jammu & Kashmir* N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.

2001-2002

Uttar Pradesh N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.

Punjab N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.

Haryana 6.67 23.10 0.09 - 4.70

Rajasthan N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.

Himachal Pradesh 0.74 3.30 2.20 - -

Jammu & Kashmir* 1.04 2.07 1.43 - 0.05

2004-2005

Uttar Pradesh 51.91 89.03 N.A N.A N.A

Punjab 26.47 34.44 1.44 - 0.06

Haryana 7.41 23.15 0.10 - 4.83

Rajasthan 0.55 12.60 3.90 1.18 16.45

Himachal Pradesh 0.75 3.53 2.42 - -

Jammu & Kashmir* 1.07 2.44 1.58 - 0.05

Uttaranchal 1.41 1.78 N.A N.A N.A

2005-2006

Uttar Pradesh 54.53 90.41 N.A N.A N.A

Punjab 26.42 34.68 1.45 N.A 0.05

Haryana 7.85 21.90 0.08 - 5.45

Rajasthan N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

Himachal Pradesh 0.71 3.46 2.73 - -

Jammu & Kashmir# 1.47 0.07 0.90 - N.A

Uttaranchal 1.52 1.80 N.A N.A N.A

2006-2007

Uttar Pradesh 57.96 9.49 N.A N.A N.A

Punjab 26.21 34.67 1.50 N.A N.A

Haryana 7.85 23.00 0.09 - 5.50

Rajasthan N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

Himachal Pradesh 0.72 3.49 2.80 - -

Jammu & Kashmir# 1.08 2.44 1.67 - -

Uttaranchal N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A

 CHAPTER-2

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

&
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 Objectives

• To know Status of green fodder requirement and availability in India.

• To know existing fodder management system for dairy farms and supply chain system of
green fodder in India.

• To better understand the relationships between the various market actors and identify
their constraints and opportunities. Particular attention will be paid to the relationship
between price and nutritive quality of fodder.

• To find out solution for availability of green fodder for large integrated dairy farm

2.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of study was not limited up to one existing Fodder supply chain management system
but it also covers the survey of the sample that represents the whole population. It is done in
order to know the Scenario of fodder crops and fodder market of green fodder.
2.3 RESEARCH METHODOLGY

2.3.1 SOURCES OF DATA

i) Primary data:
Primary data are those, which are collected a fresh and for the first time, and thus
happen to be original in character. It is the backbone of any study. It is obtained from
respondents with the help of widely used and well-known method of survey, through
a well-structured questionnaire.

ii) Secondary data:

Secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone else and
which have already been passed through the statistical process. In this case one is not
confronted with the problems that are usually associated with the collection of
original data. Secondary data either is published data or unpublished data. Secondary
data is collected from govt. publications, journals, magazines, financial records, web
sites and annual publications of the company. In this study secondary source used is
websites.

2.3.2 RESEARCH APPROACH

The research approach was used survey method which is widely used method for data collection
and best suited for descriptive type of research survey includes research instrument like
questionnaire which can be structured and unstructured and survey also includes observation
method of data collection. Target population is well identified and various methods like personal
interviews and telephone interviews are employed.

2.3.3 SAMPLING AREA

Sample is taken from MEERUT & GAZIABAD DISTRICT. These include those farmers who
have diaries are taken to be consideration.
 SAMPLE PLAN
• SAMPLE SIZE: A sample of minimum respondents will be selected from various areas
of MEERUT & GAZIABAD an effort has been made to select respondents evenly. The
survey is carried out on 50 respondents

• SAMPLING UNIT: - It indicates who is to be surveyed. The researcher must define the
target population that will be sampled. In this project sampling unit is all the farmers,
dairy farmers, fodder buyers, etc of Meerut.

• SAMPLING TECHNIQUE: For the purpose of research random sampling is being

used. Randomly we catch the different people from different areas of Meerut &
Ghaziabad District Every respondent has his different viewpoint about the topic and they
fill the questionnaire accordingly. The entire respondents are chosen randomly.

2.3.4 METHODOLOGY & PRESENTATION OF DATA

The data so collected is than coded in the tables to make the things presentable in more effective.
The results of various statistical tools that is CHI SQURE shown through Bar Diagrams and
Charts which helps me out in easy and effective presentation and hence results are being
obtained.
2.4 LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
Carrying the survey was a general learning experience for us but we also faced some problems,
which are listed here:

• The market of Green Fodder is too vast and it is not possible to cover each and every
dealer, dairy farmer and Fodder grower in the available short span of time.

• Generally the respondents were busy in their work and were not interested in responding
rightly.

• Most respondents were not maintaining proper records of their feed & Fodder
consumption, so they were unable to provide exact information.

• Due to human behavior information may be biased.

 CHAPTER-3
DATA ANALYSIS
&
INTERPRETATIONS
3. I NTERPRETATION OF QUESTIONNAIRE
Q1: - How many cattle do you have?
Option No. of selected
A) 0-10 08
B) 10-20 15
C) 20-30 23
D) More than 30 04

4 8

A)1-10
B)10-20
C)20-30
23 15
D) More than 30

Interpretation: - From the above table I come to know that most of the people have
20-30cows
30cows or buffalos, who are engaged in dairy business in the area.

Q2:- What is the source of green fodder for your animals?

Options No. of selected
A) Cultivated green fodder 50
B) Grassland, pastures, forests etc. 0
 0

Cultivated green fodder

Grassland
,pastures,forests

50

Interpretation: - From the above table I come to know that all dairy farmers
are depending on cultivated fodder.

Q3:- Do you have your own land for fodder crops cultivation?
Option No. of Selected
A) Yes 27
B) No 6
C) Leased ( rented land ) 17
 17
Yes
No
27 Leased (Rented)

Interpretation: - The above table shows that there are only 12% dairy farmers who
don’t have their own land to grow fodder crops and 34 % farmers have leased land for
growing fodder. 54% dairy farmers have their own land for fodder production.

Q4:- Do you buy fodder from market?

Option No of Selected
A) Yes 6
B) No 39
C) Partially depend on market 5
 5 6

Yes

No

Partially depend on
market

39

Interpretation: - The above table shows that there are only 12% dairy farmers are
completely depend on market for green fodder and 10% are partially depend on
market for green fodder.

Q5: - How much quantity (kg) of green fodder you are giving per cattle/ day?
Option No. Of Selected
A) 10-20 kg 4
B) 20-30kg 46
C) 30-30kg 0
 10-20 kg
20-30kg
30kg to above

Interpretation: - The above table shows that there most of dairy farmers give 20-30
kg green fodder per day to per cattle.
CHAPTER-4

SUMMARY
&
CONCLUSION
4.1 Finding of the study
• There is no same cropping pattern for fodder production. Every farmer has their own
view about it, but the pattern is similar to each other in this area. Some of cropping
patterns of this area are given below-
A) Jowar(Chari) - Berseem- oat/Wheat
B) Cow pea(Lobia)- Maize/ Jowar (Chari)- Oat
C) Bajra- Maize/Chari –Berseem
Along with these crops some of them also cultivate Napier Grass (perennial) for green
fodder

• Market of green fodder is unstructured and supply of green fodder is depending on

production of fodder crops.
• Growers don`t know exact requirement of green fodder in market and there is no
prediction about prices so they don’t want to go blindly for production of fodder crops.

• There is no surety the fodder quality is good always because it is not necessary the crop is
harvested on right stage of their growth (right stage is when it is having full nutritive
value), and also it may or may not be fresh.
• Price of green fodder is varying season to season and also depends on demand and supply
of green fodder. Generally prices are .75 Rs/ kg to1.50Rs./kg in market.

• Most of the farmers grow fodder crops for their own cattle few farmers grow fodder for
sale in market. And common view of farmers is growing fruits and cash crops are more
profitable. Than growing fodder crops.

• There is difficulty for dairy farmers to quantify the variation in nutritive value of different
varieties/cultivars of fodder crops in relation to market availability and perceptions.
4.1.1 Cost of cultivation and cost of production of green fodder crops for one
year

Calculation includes cost of production and average total production of green fodder on one acre
land. Here I have taken a cropping pattern of fodder crop is- bajra - Chari – barseem and all
values are based upon assumption & field visit, farmer interview, and input shops visit, here I
have used observation method of data collection .
Production and cost of green fodder on one-acre land
Fixed cost for one year-Rent of land@ 15000 Rs/ acre for one year = 15000

Crop- Bajra
Land preparation- 500 Rs
Seed cost- 4-5 kg @25 Rs 125
Manure and fertilizer 800
Others-(include labor and harvesting etc) - 500

Weed control cost- 400

Irrigation cost- 200
Plant protection cost- 200
Total cost- 2725/-
Production - 100-150 Quinta
Average production = 125 quintal
Crop 2 – Berseem
Cost-
Land preparation- 600
Seed cost- 8-10 kg @ 100 1000
Manure and fertilizer- 500
Others-
Application cost- 200
Weed control cost- 400
Irrigation cost- 450
Plant protection cost- 300
Others- 200
Total- 3650/-
Production- 60 -80 quintal
Average production =70 quintal
Crop3 – Chari
Cost-
Land preparation- 600
Seed cost- 18-20 kg @ 30 kg 600
Manure and fertilizer- 1000
Application cost- 400
Weed control cost- 200
Irrigation cost- 400
Plant protection cost- 200
Others- 200
Total- 3600/-
Production- 150-200 quintal
 Average production 175 quintals
Total cost of three-fodder crops production for one year on one acre land
=Rent of land for one year + cost of crop1 (bajra) +cost of crop2 (Bersem) +cost of
crop3 (Chari)
= 15000+2725+3650+3600
= 24975/-
Total Average production of green fodder from one acre land in a year
= Average Production of Crop1 (bajra) + Average Production of Crop2
(Berseem)+ Average Production of Crop3 (Chari)
= 125+75+175
= 375 quintal Green fodder (AVG production of green Fodder from one Acre land.
Market price of 375 Quintal green Fodder @ of Rs 1 per kg Green fodder is =
37500 Rs

Calculation Result
• Average Total Cost of Green Fodder production on one acre land with three
Crop is = 24975 /-
• Average Total production =375 Quintal
• Market price of total Average Production = 37500/-
4.2 CONCLUSION
• Majority of the dairy farmers are maintaining dairies with green fodder produced in
their own lands.
• There is lot of scope for Dairy development in India. People are willing to grow green
fodder and supply on cost if there is assured market, and get reasonable price.
• The climatic conditions of many states are suitable to take up three annual fodder
crops in a year from the same land.
• Good fodder varieties are available to suite to the needs of different states, only
extension methodology and supply of good quality fodder seed is required to
popularize the fodder production.
• Many dairy farmers are of the opinion that sweet sorghum grass is good as a green
fodder and also dry fodder.
4.3 BIBLIOGRAPHY
4.3.1 Referred Books

1. Animal nutrition and feeding practices in India. (Dr. S .K. Ranjhan)

2. Management of dairy enterprises.(Dr .J Ram)
3. Economic and ecological dimensions of livestock economy (Syed. A. Pasha)
4.3.2 Articles
• Improved milk and meat production through increased feed &fodder production and
utilization in India (D. Srinivasa Rao , J .Rainaprasa and Z.Prabhakara Rao )
Department of Animal nutrition, College of veterinary Science, ANGRAU,

• Sustainable Animal production Eds. R.A .Singh, R.P. Singh And A. S. Khanna
SSARM, CCS HAU, Hisar 2001, PP 99-108
4.3.3 Websites
www.krishiworld.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.nianp.res.in
www.love4cow.com
www.igfri.ernet.in
www.naarm.ernet.in
www.indiastat.com