The word image should be understood in a more abstract sense here. 11/5/2013 2 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) An image can represent a realistic scene from the real world, but graphics like histograms or pie charts as well as the graphical user interface of a software tool are also considered as images.
This section provides a brief overview on typical application fields and facets of computer graphics.
11/5/2013 3 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) Graphical User Interface (GUI) Arts/ advertising (artificial, modified image/s sequences) Visualisations (graphs of functions, bar chart & pie diagrams, temperature distribution on the surface of the earth, visualization of high-dimensional data, etc.) 11/5/2013 4 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) Reconstructing 3D-objects from measured data (3-D scanner, ultrasonic images, etc.) CAD/CAM (Computer Aided Design/ Manufacturing) (Design of objects like cars, building, etc) Simulation and animation (flight simulators, computer games, movies, etc) 11/5/2013 5 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) Interactive TV (free choice of the viewers position, computation of image based on information from a small number of cameras.) Virtual reality (realistic 3D view + free movement + acoustics) Augmented reality (auxiliary information superimposed to the real world by a semi-transparent glasses.) 11/5/2013 6 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 11/5/2013 7 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 11/5/2013 8 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 11/5/2013 9 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 11/5/2013 10 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 11/5/2013 11 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 11/5/2013 12 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 11/5/2013 13 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 11/5/2013 14 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) Dimensional (2D Drawing / 3D Modeling)
11/5/2013 15 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) Type of Interaction (of control over the object and its image, Virtual or Real etc.)
11/5/2013 16 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) Cases where the graphics generated is the end product itself. E.g. Animation Sequence, Cartography, raster Painting etc. Cases like CAD where the Graphics generated are merely the intermediate stage of the final product development or representative model of the actual objects.
11/5/2013 17 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) The user may deal with only one picture at a time (typical in plotting) or user may deal with a time varying sequence of related picture (as in motion or update dynamics) or with a structured collection of objects as in many CAD applications that contain hierarchies of assembly and sub assembly drawing.
11/5/2013 18 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) REAL SCENE whose details/ objects have to be modeled. 11/5/2013 19 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) MODEL OF THE SCENE in which the objects of the real scene are represented by the available modelling techniques (basic geometric objects, transformations, ). The true geometry might only be approximated by the model 11/5/2013 20 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) CHOICE OF A VIEW/PART OF THE VIRTUAL WORLD to be displayed CLIPPING: Computation which objects are within the chosen view VISIBILITY CONSIDERATIONS: objects in the clipping region are visible for the viewer . 11/5/2013 21 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) RESULT: pixel image
11/5/2013 22 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) RENDERING is a whole process of generating a two-dimensional image from a three-dimensional scene. RENDERING PIPELINE is a composition of single rendering steps, depending on the effects to be modelled (illumination, shading, shadows, reflections, ) 11/5/2013 23 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 3 MAIN COMPONENTS (1)APPLICATION SYSTEM (2)GRAPHIC SYSTEM (3)USER
11/5/2013 24 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 11/5/2013 25 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) System consists of HARDWARE & SOFTWARE. 3 COMPONENTS OF SOFTWARE (1) APPLICATION PROGRAM creates, store and retrieves the data/objects to be pictured on the screen from (2) (2) APPLICATION DATA helps in producing images by sending a series of graphics output command in (3)
11/5/2013 26 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) (1)GRAPHICS SYSTEMS interacts between the user and the application program and responsible for producing the picture from the detailed descriptions and for passing the user input to the application program for processing.
11/5/2013 27 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 11/5/2013 28 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 11/5/2013 29 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) The operation of CRT is based on the concept of energizing an electron beam that strikes the phosphor coated screen at a very high speed. The energy transfer from the electrons to the phosphor due to the impact causes it to illuminate and glow. The negatively charged cathode is heated until electrons generated in a diverging clouds (as electrons repel each other) and then they are focused into a beam via the focusing unit.
11/5/2013 30 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) The graphics (line segments) can be generated any where randomly on screen as per the choice of user input and software by not scanning in particular order
11/5/2013 31 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) The screen is scanned from left to right, top to bottom all the time to generate graphics
11/5/2013 32 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) Screen must be refreshed or redrawn minimum 30 to 60 times per second (30 to 60Hz) to maintain flicker free image
11/5/2013 33 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) The complex picture could be drawn without flicker at high resolution as it is stored in phosphor mesh located behind the screens surface. The old picture has to be erased completely for new one to be drawn. The new picture can be displayed rapidly if the erasing is faster. However, due to lack of selective erasure, the DVST cannot provide colors, animation and use of light pen as an input device.
11/5/2013 34 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 11/5/2013 35 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) A raster graphic device can be considered as a matrix of cells. Each of which can be made bright that are called pixels, that are smallest addressable area on screen. Frame buffer is a memory area in which picture in the form of pixel is stored. A 512 512 i.e. 2 9 2 9 , elements square raster require 2 18 or 262144 memory bits in single bit plane 11/5/2013 36 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) The picture is built up in the frame buffer one bit at a time (either 0 or 1) causing black or white (monochrome) display.
DAC Digital to Analog Converter 11/5/2013 37 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) Intensity level between 0 (dark) and 2 N 1 (full intensity)
11/5/2013 38 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) Lookup tables contains 2 N entries for N bit planes and with W width. Each entry will now have 2 W values
11/5/2013 39 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) Color frame buffer contains three bit planes for each primary color i.e. red (R), green (G) and blue (B) Each bit plane drives an individual color gun for each of the primary color used in color video Table on the right plane shows a sample color table Figure in the next slide demonstrates Simple Color Frame Buffer
Red Green Blue Black 0 0 0 Red 1 0 0 Green 0 1 0 Blue 0 0 1 Yellow 1 1 0 Cyan 0 1 1 Magenta 1 0 1 White 1 1 1 11/5/2013 40 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 11/5/2013 41 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) (Increases number of shades of each color (2 8 ) 3 = 2 24 = 16,777,216 possible colors ) 11/5/2013 42 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 11/5/2013 43 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) Mouse rollers with sphere 11/5/2013 44 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 11/5/2013 45 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 11/5/2013 46 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 11/5/2013 47 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 11/5/2013 48 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 11/5/2013 49 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 11/5/2013 50 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 11/5/2013 51 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 11/5/2013 52 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 11/5/2013 53 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 11/5/2013 54 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 11/5/2013 55 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 11/5/2013 56 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 11/5/2013 57 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 11/5/2013 58 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 2.1 Compute the following: a) Size of 800 x 600 image at 240 pixels per inch b) Resolution of 2 x 2 inch image that has 512 x 512 pixels c) Height of the resized image 1024 x 768 to one that is 640 pixels wide with the same aspect ratio d) Width of an image having height of 5 inches and aspect ratio 1.5 11/5/2013 59 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 2.2 Find the number of colours a frame buffer of 8 bit planes each of red, green and blue, and 10 bit wide lookup table can produce. 2.3 Find the amount of memory required by an 8 plane frame buffer each of red, green and blue, having 1024 x 768 resolution. 11/5/2013 60 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 2.4 Find the refresh rate of a 512 x 512 frame buffer, if the access time for each pixel is 200 nanoseconds (ns). 11/5/2013 61 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) (1) Find the amount of memory required by a 3 plane frame buffer each of red, green and blue of 800 x 600 screen resolution. (2) Find the refresh rate of a 1024 x 1024 frame buffer, if it can access 32 pixels in a group of simultaneously, in an access time of 200 ns. (3) Find the number of colors that is possible on a 512 x 512 raster screen with 3 plane buffer each for red, green and blue.
11/5/2013 Acula, D (ICS 8, UST-Eng'g) 62 4. Based on the given application fields, identify existing software that is now being used. Give at least one for each field. Describe shortly the identified software.
5. Assume you want to develop application software in monitoring stock market. Give a particular scenario wherein the computer graphics will show the trend of the monitored stock market.