Technology and Solutions

Protection and Substation Automation

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Topic:
END FAULT
PROTECTION
APPLICATION
BASICS
BASICS
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Topic Objectives
r Definition Protection Zone - Physical Zone
r Definition End- Fault Condition
r Fault clearance without EFP
r Fault evaluation
r EFP application
r Fault clearance with EFP
r End- Fault Condition in a bus- coupler
r CB auxiliary circuits
r Modern protection systems
r BBP - additional CB functionality on feeders
r Future standards
Objectives
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1 CT
Definition Protection Zone - Physical Zone
2 CTs
(overlapped
protection zones)
busbar zone
(physical)
line zone
(physical)
protection
zone
protection
zone
protection
zone
protection
zone
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Definition End- Fault Condition
1 CT
2 CTs
(overlapped
protection zones)
End - Zone
End - Zone
End - Fault
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Busbar Configurations
CT
line side
CT
bus side
CT
overlapped
Selectivity
Speed
Selectivity
Speed
single or multiple
busbar
1 1/2 breaker
busbar
How will an End- Fault condition
be cleared in different busbar
configurations (without any End-
Fault Protection) ???
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Fault clearance (without EFP)
I. Multiple BB, CT line side
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Fault clearance (without EFP)
I. Multiple BB, CT line side
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Fault clearance (without EFP)
II. Multiple BB, CT bus side
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OC Back- up
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Fault clearance (without EFP)
II. Multiple BB, CT bus side
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B
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Fault clearance (without EFP)
III. Multiple BB, CT overlapped
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G
Fault clearance (without EFP)
III. Multiple BB, CT overlapped
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Line Distance
OC Back- up
OC Back- up
Fault clearance (without EFP)
IV. 1 1/2 CB BB, CT line side
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OC Back- up
OC Back- up
Fault clearance (without EFP)
V. 1 1/2 CB BB, CT bus side
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Fault clearance (without EFP)
VI. 1 1/2 CB BB, CT overlapped
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CT
line side
CT
bus side
CT
overlapped
single or multiple
busbar
1 1/2 breaker
busbar
Fault Evaluation
++ very good
+ acceptable
- critical
Selectivity
Selectivity
Speed
Speed
++
++
++
++
++
+
-
-
- -
-
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Fault Evaluation
Conclusion:
An additional protection function is
required in CT bus side and 1 1/2 circuit
breaker configuration without
overlapped CTs
!!!
End- Fault Protection Function
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logic depending on the
switchgear configuration
(CT bus side, Line side;
1 1/2 CB)
feeder
current
End- Fault Protection Function
EFP
&
I >
remote
tripping
intertripping
t = EFP pick up time (higher than the highest possible
arc extinguish time + safety time
CB open
t
~120 ms
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Fault clearance (with EFP)
How will an End- Fault
condition be cleared in
different busbar configurations
(with End- Fault Protection)
???
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Fault clearance (with EFP)
II. Multiple BB, CT bus side
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G
Fault clearance (with EFP)
II. Multiple BB, CT bus side
EFP
Intertripping
Fault cleared selectively
!!!(~250ms)
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Fault clearance (with EFP)
IV. 1 1/2 CB BB, CT line side
EFP
Intertripping
Remote trip
Fault cleared selectively
!!!(~250ms)
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Fault clearance (with EFP)
V. 1 1/2 CB BB, CT bus side
EFP
Fault cleared selectively
!!!(~250ms)
Intertripping
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How will an End- Fault
condition be cleared in a
bus- coupler (without any
EFP)
???
End- Fault Condition in a Bus- Coupler
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BB1
BB2
End- Fault Condition in a Bus- Coupler
~ ~
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End- Fault Condition in a Bus- Coupler
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by the coupler
function of the
BUSBAR protection
End- Fault Condition in a Bus- Coupler
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r a bus- coupler
End Fault Protection application
r multiple BB configuration with CT bus side
r 1 1/2 circuit breaker configuration without
overlapped CTs
Summery:
An EFP function in strictly required in:
It is not required in:
r configuration with overlapped CTs
It will reduce the tripping time in:
r multiple BB configuration with CT line side
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CB auxiliary circuits
What problem will
occur in case on a switch
onto fault situation
???
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CB auxiliary circuits
CB open !!!
CB closing
command
flash over before CB
indicates closed
EFP will trip the BB wrongly
EFP enabled
I>
CT bus side
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CB auxiliary circuits
CB open !!!
CB closing
command
flash over before CB
indicates closed
EFP will trip the line remote end wrongly
EFP enabled
I>
CT line side
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in case on a switch onto fault
situation the EFP will generate a
tripping signal before the closed
indication appears
(flash- over in the circuit breaker)
CB auxiliary circuits
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CB auxiliary circuits
How can this be avoided
???
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the protection system must be
informed in advance that the CB is
going to be closed
by the (manual) close command
of the CB
CB auxiliary circuits
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logic depending on the
switchgear configuration
(CT bus side, Line side;
1 1/2 CB)
feeder
current
End- Fault Protection Function
EFP
&
I >
remote
tripping
intertripping
t = EFP pick up time (higher than the highest possible
arc extinguish time + safety time
CB open
t
~120 ms
CB (manual)
close command
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Phase
R S T
CB / isolator auxiliary circuits
CB open
CB closed
+
+
protection
system
NC aux.
contacts
Phase
R
S
T
NC aux.
contacts
+
CB closing
coil
CB (manual)
close command
CB close
order
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Modern Protection Systems
The Busbar Protection and End Fault
Protection Function could be
combined in one modern protection
systems (e.g. REB500 / REB500sys)
How is it possible to reach additional
SELECTIVITY in a CT line side
configuration at an End- Fault
condition with an already OPEN CB
???
ABB

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B
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b
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CT line side configuration
G
Modern Protection Systems
ABB

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by deactivating of the
busbar protection function
current measurement in case
of an open CB
(only applicable in a
CT line side configuration)
Modern Protection Systems
ABB

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Busbar Protection - additional CB functionality
BBP will not trip because the current will not be measured
CB open !!!
EFP enabled
current not measured
in the BBP !!!
EFP will trip the remote end
f
o
r

B
B
P
o
n
l
y

a
p
p
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b
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i
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a

C
T

l
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s
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c
o
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f
i
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u
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a
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i
o
n
ABB

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What is very important if
such a additional CB
functionality is used
???
Busbar Protection - additional CB functionality
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the (manual) close command of the
CB has to be installed / commissioned
absolutely correctly
Busbar Protection - additional CB functionality
if not, there is a high risk of
maloperation of the BUSBAR
PROTECTION in case of switch onto
fault condition !!!
ABB

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Switch onto Fault with missing CB close command
BBP will trip wrongly because the out-flowing current is not measured
CB open !!!
EFP enabled
current not measured
in the BBP !!!
EFP will trip wrongly because the current is measured
and the CB indicates open
CB closing
command
flash over before
CB indicates closed
ABB

A
B
B

S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d

L
t
d
.
-
4
3
E
F
P
_
b
a
s
i
c
s

/

2
0
0
3
-
0
4
-
0
1

/

R
W