Strength of Materials, Vol. 26, No. 1I, November.

1994
ME T HOD OF S I NGUL AR F I NI T E E L E ME NT S I N T WO- DI ME NS I ONAL
P R OB L E MS WI T H S T R E S S R AI S E R S AT T HE I NT E R F AC E S OF
DI S S E VI I L AR MAT E R I AL S
S. M. Bi l i chuk UDC 539.3
A description is pr es ent ed of a singular finite el ement f o r two-dimensional probl ems with stress raisers at t he
interfaces of dissimilar materials. The stress raisers are in the f or m of V-notches with unl oaded edges. The
stress-intensity f act ors o f f i ni t e plates with an inclined edge crack and a V-notch are det ermi ned f or different
geometric and physi cal parameters.
The methods of f r act ur e mechanics are widely used to solve problems concerni ng the strength of bodies wi t h cracks.
Evaluating the strength of st ruct ures with cracks requires knowl edge of the stress-intensity factors and their limiting values.
Here, we evaluate the stress-intensity factors around defects in the f or m of cracks and V-notches at the interface of materials
with different elastic characteristics.
Examples of use of the method of singular finite elements to numerically analyze probl ems involving cracks at
interfaces were present ed in [1, 2], while similar problems were exami ned in [3] by the method of boundary elements. We
will construct a di fferent si ngul ar finite element which empl oys expressions for the displacements that allow for an oscillating
si n~l ar i t y.
We will assume that the body consists of two wedge-shaped plates connect ed to one anot her along one edge. The
plates are made of materials wi t h different elastic characteristics. Zero stresses are assigned on the other edges (Fig. 1), and
an external load acts on the remai ni ng part of the lateral surface. Point O is a singular point. I n accordance with [4], the
expressions for the di spl acement s in the neighborhood of this point can be represented in the form
u x, =A ~ , +BUdl;
uy, = AW2 + B02.
( i )
Here, A and B are arbi t rary constants; the functions q5 i and ~i are defined as follows:
tDi = ai,coM,Och220 + aizsin21Osh2zO ai3cos(2 - Az)Och2zO +
+ ai~siu(2 - 2, )0sMfl;
ql i = bi,sin,l~OchRzO + bi2cosR~Osl'd20 + bi3sin(2 - ,,l~)0cl.lJ.z0 +
+ bucos(2 - 20Osh2z0,
(2)
where aij and bij (j = 1, 4) are constants dependent on the elastic characteristics of the materials (the elastic moduli and
Poi sson' s ratios) and the angles e~ and/3; X = X l + iX 2 is the singularity index, determined from transcendental equation (19)
in [5].
The displacement field of a triangular singular finite el ement with its apex i at a singular point (Fig. 2) cart be written
in the form:
Kishinev Pol yt echni c Institute. Translated from Pr obl emy Proclmosti, No. 11, pp. 75-78, November , 1994. Original
article submitted April 20, 1992.
846 0039-2316/ 94/ 2611-0846512. 50 9 Pl enum Publishing Corporat i on
r ' \
. . . - 1 "
0
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
Fig. 1. Wedges composed of two plates with different elastic characteristics.
Fig. 2. Singular finite element with the apex i at a singular point.
E I , qf
, ? ; 2
~= r I
I
[
t
p
P
I_ ~r - I
I - i
Fig. 3. Plates of two dissimilar materials with a V-notch (a) and an inclined
edge crack (b).
U x R x + / Zx,
s
Uy = U ; "F t r y ,
( 3 )
Here, Ux* and Uy* are continuous functions; UxS and Uy s are singular complements,
,S
u x = c ( * , 2)" (Ux, COS~O - uy, sin~,);
Uy s = c ( r , 2). (ux,sin~o + Uv, COS~O),
(4)
where c(r, X) is a function having no effect on the asymptote and being equal to zero at the points i, j , k.
In accordance with [6], the stiffness matrix of the s i n~l a r finite element is det ermi ned as
[ K] = f [ D I r [ E I [Olds, ( 5 )
$
where [D] is the strain matrix; [E] is the matrix of the elastic constants of the material; s is the area of the triangle. The
stiffness matrix has the f or m
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TABLE 1. Values of the Dimensionless Quantity F = (Kt 2 + K 2 2 ) ' / ' - p ( T r a ) '/2 with 3'
= 0 and Di fferent Values of E1/E 2
EIIE2 F F [31
1.0 2.051 2.1 I0
2.0 2.100 2.117
4.0 2.125 2.130
10.0 2.138 2.146
TABLE 2. Values of the Dimensionless Quantities KI* = K 1 / P ' / T r a and K2* =
K 2 / P ' / ' x a for a V-not ched Plate Made of Di fferent Materials
~,. E~IE2. equal to
deg 1.0 171 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0. 5.0
0 2.113 2.051 2.094 2.104 2.106 2.106
0,000 0,000 0.155 0,235 0, 285. 0,318
30 2,131 2,111 2,303 2,359 2,342 2,312
0.000 0.000 0.163 0.246 0.301 0.339
60 2.248 2.182 2.263 2.376 2.507 2.679
0,000 0,000 0,150 0,239 0.300 0,340
90 2,576 2,301 2,356 2.432 2,502 2,563
0,000 0,000 0,142 0,223 0,276 0,313
120 3,360 3.356 3,384 3,429 3,469 3,505
0.000 0.000 0.061 0.105 0.136 0.160
10.0
2.100
0.394
0.755
0.321
2.405
0.451
2.778
0.367
3.618
9 0.225
100.0
2.076
0.418
2.576
0.557
3.005
0.612
3.467
0.371
3.813
0.325
Not e: Her e and in Table 3, the numerat or shows values of K 1 , the denomi nat or
values of K' 2
TABLE 3. Values of the Dimensionless Quantities Kl * = K 1 / p v / T r a and K2* =
K 2 / P ' C ' ~ r a for a Plate Made of Different Materials and Having an Inclined Edge
Cr ack
e, . Et l Ez. equal to
deg 1:0 210 3.0- 4.0 5.0
0 2.069 2.111 '2.120 2.121 2.120
0.01~ 0.155 0.235 0.284 0.317
30 1.988 2.168 2.268 2.333 2.378
0.389 0.672 . 0.856 0.984 1.075
60 1.444 1.463 1.460 1.453 1.447
0.436 0.581 0.657 0.704 0.735
r
90 0,993 [ 0,984 0,960. 0,939 I 0,922
i
0,510 [ 0,670 0,755 0,807 I 0,842
120 0.507 0.476 0.432 0.393 0.360
0.416 0.567 0.648 0.697 0.731
10.0
2.111
0.392
2.483
1.297
1.428
0.806
0.873
0.921
0.261
0.807
100.0
2.081
0.416
2.612
1.171
1.382
0.778
0.785
0.885
0.084
0.789
[K .I [K ,z] ]
1~ = L I K , 2 ] " [ K 2 2 1 9
(6)
In (6), [Kl l ] is the stiffness mat ri x of the triangular finite element f or two-dimensional problems of the t heory of elasticity;
[K12] and [K22] are the contributions of the singular part to the stiffness matrix.
Since integration over the area of an isosceles triangle has been replaced by integration over the area of a sector with
a radius (Fig. 2) and since UxS and Uy s are represented in the f or m (4), we can per f or m the integration in Eq. (5) in closed
form and avoid havi ng to use formul as of integration that would make the computation more difficult. The elements of the
matrices [ KI : ], [K22] are awkwar d in form and are not presented here.
We will exami ne the following problems as examples: a plate composed of different materials wi t h a V-not ch (Fig.
3a); a plate with an inclined edge crack at the interface (Fig. 3b). The notch and the crack are subjected to uni f or ml y
distributed uniaxial tensile stresses P. Tables 1-3 show the results o f calculations performed for a plate with a plane stress
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state and a/ W = 0. 4, v 1 = u 2 = 0. 3. The mesh of the finite-element grid was 0. 5a in both cases. To compare our results
with the data of other authors, Table 1 shows values of the dimensionless quantity F = (K12 + K22)t/2/pv/ra with 3' = 0
and different values of E J E 2. Col umn 1 in Table 2 shows the results calculated in [7] for identical materials Et / E 2 = 1 and
different values of the di vergence angle 3' of the V-not ch.
As can be seen, the sing-ular finite element constructed here yields satisfactory results even when a coarse grid of
elements is used.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6,
E. P. Chen, "Finite element analysis of a bimaterial interface crack, " Teor. Appl. Fract. Mech. , 3, No. 3, 257-262
(1985).
K. Y. Li n and J. W. Mar, "Finite element analysis of stress-intensity factors f or cracks at a bimaterial interface,"
Int. J. Fract . , 12, No. 4, 521-531 (1976).
R. Yuuki and S. B. Cho, "Efficient boundary element analysis of stress factors for interface cracks in dissimilar
materials," Eng. Fract. Mech. , 34, No. 1, 179-188 (1989).
V. Z. Part on and P. I. Perlin, Methods of the Mathematical Theor y of Elasticity [in Russian], Nauka, Moscow
(1981).
D. B. Body, "Two edge-bonded elastic wedges of different materials and wedge angle tractions," J. Appl. Mech. ,
38, No. 3, 377-386 (1971).
R. Gallagher, Finite-Elements Method [Russian translation], Mir, Moscow (1984).
F. Baratta, "Stress intensity factors for notched configurations," J. Test. Eval. , 13, No. 4, 275-284 (1985).
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