A sentence can have two objects - IO and DO.

The DO is something which receives the action from the subject.

The IO is someone or something that is affected by the action on the DO.

My dad (S) gave (V) the keys (DO) to (prep) me (IO).
I (S) sent (V) a postcard (DO) to (prep) her (IO).

My dad (S) gave (V) me (IO) the keys (DO).
I (S) sent (V) her (IO) a postcard (DO).

A sentence may have a complement or an adverbial (A).
A complement tells us something about the subject.
An adverbial describes or gives more info about a verb.

He (S) is (V) a lifeguard .
My favourite colour (S) is (V) blue .

She (S) swam (V) yesterday (A).
Pools (S) close (V) at ten o clock (A).

Indefinite adjectives: some and few
Some and any are used with both plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns to talk
about the amount. Any is also used with singular countable nouns.

Some: positive statements and questions we expect people to answer yes to
Any: questions and negative statements and questions

Possessive adjectives: my, your, our, their, his/her/its before a noun/noun phrase
Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, ours, theirs, his/hers without a noun/noun phrase
Indefinite pronouns: somebody, anything

Questions
Who (S) called (V) Wilson (O)?
Who (O) did (Aux) Wilson (S) call (main V)?
What is it like (prep)?





Definite and Indefinite Articles
Apples contain...(things in general)
Sent to prison (place in general)

Look at the strawberries (particular things)
Went to the prison to visit.. (particular place)

Simple Present: habitual actions, adverbs of frequency, true in general, happens
regularly/all the time, future events which are time-enabled (Are you on duty next
weekend?), actions that happen as we speak/write, when we do something by saying it
(I suggest/promise)

Present Continuous: temporary actions and situations that are going on at around the
time of speaking, developing/changing situations (Shes getting slimmer), planned
events in future (I am coming home late tonight/Which countries are we visiting on our
trip?)

be + going + to-infinitive indicates intention, strong probability or speakers certainty

*when have means possess: simple present tense
*when have has a non-state meaning (ie eat, take, hold): having a great time


















Present Perfect is used for an action that has already taken place, but the definite time
of action is not stated. Also for an action or situation which started in he past and
continues until now, and events that were completed in the past but are important in
the present (I have just lost my pen).

Used after It/That/This is the first/only/best,...

Past Continuous is used to emphasize the continuity of an action in a particular period
of time in the past. Also to indicate that sth important happened when a longer action
was going on in the past, and a temporary situation in the past.

Past Perfect is used to talk about something that happened before a certain past
moment.
When Jodie arrived at the school, no one was there; they had left at 8:30am.
And to talk about the event that happened earlier than another event in the past.
And for unreal events.
If, would rather, wish

S-V rule: singular + plural subjects = Agree with nearer subject.
Either Wilson or his classmates have eaten the pie.

We use either of/neither of before a determiner (the, my, these, those) and a plural
noun/pronoun.

We use a singular verb when a singular noun is followed by an additional phrase.
France, as well as Italy, is my favorite city.

We use a singular verb when a group is seen as a single unit. (My soccer team was
founded in...)
We use a plural verb when the group is seen as a collection of people (My soccer team
are passionate about football/The disabled receive little care.)

We use a singular verb when a quantity expresses distance, money, weight or time
considered as a whole. 300 dpi

Indefinite adverbs of time and frequency are just, already, yet.