SMART ENERGY METER

AND
APPLICATIONS


SUBMITTED IN THE FULFILLMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING)
BY
CHETAN MEENA
(2K10/EL/18)


DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
DELHI-110042
2010-2014


SMART ENERGY METER
AND
APPLICATIONS


SUBMITTED IN THE FULFILLMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING)
BY
CHETAN MEENA
(2K10/EL/18)


DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
DELHI-110042
2010-2014

Under the guidance of
Prof. Narendra Kumar
Electrical Engineering Department














DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, DELHI




CERTIFICATE


It is certified that Chetan Meena, Roll No 2K10/EL/18, student of B.Tech.,
Electrical And Electronics Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering,
Delhi Technological University, has submitted the dissertation entitled SMART
ENERGY METER AND ITS APLLICATIONS under my guidance towards
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology ( Electrical and Electronics Engineering ).

This dissertation is a bonafide record of project work carried out by him under my
guidance and supervision.
Prof. Narendra Kumar
Electrical Engineering Department
Delhi Technological University









A AC CK KN NO OW WL LE ED DG GE EM ME EN NT T

I express my sinceregratitude and indebtedness to the guide Prof.Narendra
Kumar, Electrical Engineering Department, Delhi Technological
University,for their initiative in this field of research, for their valuable
guidance,encouragement and affection for the successful completion of this
work.Their sincere sympathies and kind attitude always encouraged me to carry out
the present work firmly.
I express my thankfulness to Prof. Madhusudan Singh,Head,
ElectricalEngineering Department, Delhi Technological University, Delhi,
forproviding me with the best facilities in the Department and timely suggestions.




CHETAN MEENA
2K10/EL/18
B.TECH (EEE)












ABSTRACT

The Economic Load Dispatch and Automatic Voltage Regulator plays an
important role in the operation of power system. Several traditional approaches,
like lambda-iteration and gradient method are utilized to find out the optimal
solution of non-linear problem. More recently, the soft computing techniques have
received more attention and were used in a number of successful and practical
applications. The purpose of this work is to find out the advantages of application
of the evolutionary computing techniques (Particle Swarm Optimization and
Genetic Algorithm) in particular to the Economic Load Dispatch and PID
Controller Design for AVR problem.
Here, an attempt has been made to find out the minimum cost by using PSO
and GA using the data of 5 bus IEEE system.
Also it has been tried to optimize parameters of PID controller for an AVR
system so as to improve the performance indices.

In this work, data has been taken from the published work. All the
techniques are implemented in MATLAB environment. When the results are
compared with the traditional technique and GA, PSO seems to give a better result
with better convergence characteristic.







T TA AB BL LE E O OF F C CO ON NT TE EN NT TS S
Page No.
(i) Acknowledgement
(ii) Abstract

1. Introduction
1.1. Overview 1
1.2. Literature Review 4
1.3. Plan Of Thesis 9
2. Intelligent Optimization Techniques
2.1. Meaning Of Optimization 10
2.2. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) 12
2.3. Computational Procedure Of Particle Swarm
Optimization 14
2.4. Genetic Algorithm 17
2.5. Computational Procedure Of Genetic Algorithm 31
3. Solution Of Rosenbrocks Function Using Intelligent
Optimization Techniques
3.1. Rosenbrocks Function 33
3.2. Computational Results
3.2.1. PSO 34
3.2.2. GA 36
3.3. Comparison And Discussion 38

4. Multi-Objective Economic Load Dispatch
4.1. Brief Description Of Economic Load Dispatch 39
4.2. Problem Formulation In 2D Space 41
4.3. Computational Results
4.3.1. PSO 43
4.3.2. GA 46
4.4. Comparison And Discussion 47
5. Design Of PID Controller For AVR System
5.1. Automatic Voltage Regulator 48
5.2. PID Controller 49
5.3. Problem Formulation 53
5.4. Computational Results
5.4.1. PSO 54
5.4.2. GA 56
5.5. Comparison And Discussion 56
6. Conclusion 57
Appendix 58
References 72