UNIT FIVE:

Topic: Astronomy and the Solar System

(pp.1351!"#

1
SE$UEN%E &NE : 'ISTEN AN( %&NSI(E) (pp.13!1"1#
'istenin* Script : ( A+o,t satellites - p../! #
A 0ettin* started: p 13!
1# Pictures 1and 2 represent satellites.
.# The represented objects are similar in the sense that they both orbit the Earth. .
3# They are different in a way that one of them is a natural satellite and the other is an artificial
satellite.
"# Satellites are used for a variety of things- depending on their basic categories. Astronomical
satellites are used as a platform to view other planets while communications satellites are
used for telecommunications.
Other uses include navigation and weather. Fixed satellite services handle hundreds of
millions of voice data and video transmission tas!s across all continents between fi"ed
points on the earth#s surface. Mobile satellite systems help connect remote regions vehicles
ships and aircraft to other parts of the world and$or other mobile or stationary
communications units in addition to serving as navigation systems. Scientific research
satellites provide us with meteorological information land survey data %e.g. remote sensing&
and other different scientific research applications such as earth science marine science and
atmospheric research .
5# 'es (lgeria has a satellite of its own. )t is called *Alsat+ .
1 'et2s hear it: p.133
Exercise 1, p.137 : ( )eorderin* Sentences #
&rder 1 . 3 " 5 !
Sentences % E 1 A F (
Exercise 2, p.137 : ( %omprehension $,estions #
A. The ,ubble Telescope is -1. !ms away from the Earth.
1. The satellite which carries the ,ubble Telescope is roughly cylindrical in shape.
%. The satellite is 1/ m long.
(. )t weighs more than 11 tons.
2
% Aro,nd the te4t: (pp.1331"#
0rammar E4plorer I (p.133#
5hat is it 6or7 8 ,sed 6or..8 ,sed to..
( See Grammar refrence , p.222 )
Examples : 1# 0hat are satellites used for1
.# They are used for sendin* computer data.
3# The are used to survey the earth and ma!e weather forecasts.
A. *Used to+ and *Used for+ e"press purpose $ function of objects.
1. The verbs which follow them either are in the in6initi9e or have the :in* form.
2 3 used 6or sendin* 3 % 4ing form &
2 3used to survey 3 %infinitive&
%. )n the interrogative form % 5uestion & we use only the preposition *6or;.
Exercise 1, p.138 : ( <atchin* #
uestions 1 2 / 6 7 -
!"rases#$ns%er
s
8 9 : ( ; E

1# 0hat is it 1 = Optical instrument.
.# 0hat does it do 1 = <agnifies pictures of faint and distant objects.
3# 0hat is its shape 1 = 9ylindrical.
"# 0hat does it consist of 1 = 9ase $ eyepiece lens $ object lens.
5# 0hat is it made of 1 = <etal and glass.
!# 0hat is it used for 1 = Observing the stars.
Exercise 2, p.138: ( (escri+in* a telescope #
( telescope is an optical instrument which magnifies pictures of faint and
distant objects. )t is cylindrical in shape and %it& consists of case eyepiece
lens and object lens. )t is made of metal and glass and used for observing the
stars.
/
0rammar E4plorer II (p.13>#
&easurements ' (imensions ) Si*e ) (istance ) +ei,"t-
Exercise 1, p.138 :
A# The 5uestion word % interrogative pronoun & used to as! about dimensions si=e distance 3
is *.o%+ > % ,ow far 1 4 ,ow long 1 4 ,ow much 1 &
1# Position of the agjectives>

1# )t is roughly c/lindrical in shape. 2 %before a preposition phrase&
.# )t is 1/ m lon,. 2 %after a noun$ measurement&
&ther possi+ilities> a# )t has a c/lindrica l shape .
+# )ts shape is c/lindrica l.
Exercise 2, p.138 : ( As?in* @,estions ,sin* AhoB; #
A# .o% muc" does Sputni0 1#Sputni0 2 weigh1 2 % Adverb &
1# .o% far is the moon from the Earth1 2 % Adjective &
%# .o% lon, does it ta!e our planet to ma!e one revolution round the sun1 2 % Adverb &
(# .o% "i," is <ount Everest1 2 % Adjective &
E# .o% tall was 'uri ?arin1 2 % Adjective &
F# .o% lon, are the valleys3 .o% %ide are they3 .o% deep are they31 2% Adjectives &
0# .o% fast does light travel1 2 % Adverb &
N.1. Some of the words in the bo" can function both as adjectives and adverbs.
@ .o% lon, does it ta!e our planet to 31 2 % Adverb &
@ .o% lon, are the valleys31 2 % Adjective &

)U1)I% : Voca+,lary E4plorer ( pp. 13C1"/ #
Exercise 1, p.132 :
Ver+s No,ns AdDecti9es
weigh
ta!es
travel
height A weight A length A depth
4distance A speed 4!ilometres A metres A
hours A minutes 4 seconds
high A tall A heavy A
long A wide 4 deep
Exercise 2, p.132 : ( <atchin* %ate*ories #
%ate*ory 1 2 / 6 7
Associated 5ords 8 ( 9 E :
1# Temperature B hot 4 heat 4 high 4 low 4 cold 4 warm 4 9elsius scale 4 ;ahrenheit scale
.# :istance B miles 4 !ilometres 4 !nots % nautical miles &
3# (rea B s5uare 4 foot 4 s5uare metre 4 s5uare !ilometre 4 acre
"# Colume B litres 4 centilitres 4 millilitres 4 cubic litres 4 cubic metres
6
5# <easurements $ Si=e % humans & B feet 4 inches 4 metres 4 centimetres 4 tall 4 short
Exercise 3, p.134: ( 0ap6illin* #
Ver+ No,n
prove
believe
proof%s&
belief %s&
Eara*raph :

)n olden times people 5elie6ed that the sun revolved round
the Earth.This 5elief came from the fact that they saw the sun
rise in the east every morning and set in the west every evening.
(nd until now many people suppose that it was ?alileo who
pro6ed that it was the Earth that revolved round the sun though
9opernicus had published the theory 2. years before ?alileo#s
birth. The real proof of the Earth#s orbiting the sun came from
the :anish astronomer Tycho 8rahe % 176- A 1-.1 &.
0alileo

Tycho 1rahe
%opernic,s

)U1)I% > Eron,nciation and Spellin* ( pp 1"/1"1 #
Exercises 1 7 2, p.134 : ( Ehonetic Transcription and Stress #
8er5 9ranscription 8er5 9ranscription
1# rotate
.# believe
3# transmit
$ rDE#teFt $
$ bF#li:9 $
$ trGn=#mFt $
"# begin
5# occur
!# revolve
$ bF#*Fn $
$ D#?G: $
$ rF#9 l9 $
2 Stress usually falls on the second syllable for verbs and on the first syllable for nouns.
Exercise 3, 134 : ( Stress Shi6t #
Ver+ No,n
inc)EASE
re%&)(
preSENT
proHE%T
pro(U%E
IN%rease
)Ecord
E)Esent
E)&ject
E)&duce
2Stress s"ift> The stress pattern of the verbs and nouns are different. )n 6er5s it falls on the
second s/lla5le whereas in nouns it falls on the first s/lla5le. )n addition the letter n is
pronounced differently.
7
Exercise 3, p.134'131 : ( %orrecti9e Stress #

(ialo*,e 1:
A: )s the Earth round and red when seen from the s!y 1
1: 0ell 3 (ctually it is round and +l,e. I,ri 0a*arin
(ialo*,e .:
A: So it was the (merican astronault Heil (lden (rmstrong who was the first to orbit the Earth.
1: 0ell 3 )n actual fact it was the ),ssian astronault 'uri ?agarin who did it.

2 8lue %corrective stress&
2 Iussian %corrective stress&

)U1)I%> Thin?- pair- share ( p 1"1 #
Tas?> ( E4pository 5ritin* #
Topic: 9lass presentation about the moon.
Sample:
The <oon
The <oon is an earth satellite orbiting our planet from a distance
of /J6...!ms on average and its orbit is in a west4to4east direction.
)ts surface gravity is only ..1- that of the Earth %one si"th& and it
does not seem to have life on it since it has neither atmosphere nor
water. <inimum and ma"imum temperatures on it are wide apart with K11.L9 on the
sunlit side and A1M.L9 in lunar nights. The geology of this satellite is roc! only and
its age is about 6- billion years.
Plans to reach the <oon on space crafts have been on scientists# minds since
early 2.th century. 8ut they became more concrete when the Iussians launched space
crafts Sputni! 1 and Sputni! 2 in 1N7M the second one carrying dog Oai!a. )n 1N-1
'uri ?agarin orbited the Earth followed by the (merican astronaut Pohn ?lenn in
1N-2. ;inally (merica won the honour of reaching the <oon before Iussia when
Heil (rmstrong set foot on it on Puly 21st 1N-N.
There are at present plans to build a space base on the <oon to set a giant
telescope and launch space ships from there to distant planets and perhaps to other
solar systems.
-
SE$UEN%E &NE: )EA( AN( %&NSI(E) (p.1".#
Eassa*e: The Solar System - pp.1"31"".
A 0ettin* sarted: p 1".
1# !luto is no longer considered a planet. (ccording to e"perts it#s just a member of an asteroid
belt beyond Heptune along with 12 newly discovered mini4worlds.

.# )t ta!es the Earth :ne /ear (3;< and 1#3 da/s ) to ma!e one complete revolution around the
sun.
3# Astronomy is a science whereas astrology is a pseudo4science. The former studies the sun the
moon stars and planets to get information about them whereas the latter observes them with
the belief that their positions will tell about man#s destiny.
1 Ta?in* a closer loo?: p.1".
Exercise 1, p 132: ( Names o6 the Elanets Startin* 6rom +ottom to le6t #
Sun 21.<ercury 2.Cenus /. Earth %<oon in the blac! bo"& 6.<ars 7. Pupiter
-. Saturn M. Qranus J. Heptune N. Pluto is no longer considered a planet.
Exercise 2, p 132: ( %omprehension $,estions #
A. The various heavenly bodies that constitute the solar system are > meteors4 comets4 asteriods4
satellites$moons4 planets and stars .
1. The moon orbits the earth whereas the planets orbits the sun.
%. The heavenly bodies# speed is 12 miles per second.
(. The heat energy and light energy ma!e life possible on Earth.
E. The planets are li!ened to huge mirrors because they reflect the light from the sun.
Exercise 3, p 132: ( %on9ertin* temperat,res 6rom Fahrenheit into %elsi,s #
The Scales >
%elsi,s Fahrenheit
9B%;4/2&"7$N ;B%9"N$7&K/2
1# 1.... A/2 R 7$N B 33333S9 .# 2M...... A/2 R 7$N B 33333.S;
M
% Aro,nd the te4t: pp. 1"51">
0rammar E4plorer I (p.1"5#
=omparati6es of $d>ecti6es

( ?e6ise 2$S 5oo0, pp. 123'12< )
1# %omparati9es o6 e@,ality: ( J # K ( L as M adD M as L #
'our house is as big as your neighbour#s.
%short adjective&
'our house is as e"pensive as your neighbour#s.
%long adjective&
2 Ho difference in structure > % as K short $ long adj. K as &
.# %omparati9es o6 s,periority: ( N # K ( L adD M er M than L # 8 ( more M adD M than #
They are far more remote from us t"an any other heavenly bodies.
%long adjective&
&ore distant planets have larger orbits.
%long adjective& %short adjective&

2 Short (djectives > % adj. K er K t"an &
2 Oond (djectives > % more K adj. K t"an &
3# %omparati9es o6 in6eriority: ( O # K ( L adD M er M than L # 8 ( less M adD M than #
<oving around some of the planets are smaller balls 3 T % short adj. &
'ou might also catch a glimpse of swarms of even smaller particles3 T % short adj. &
Their light is less intense than that of the sun. T % long adj. &
"# %omparati9es o6 ad9er+s:
&ore distant planets have larg er orbits and travel far more sloBly.
&ther e4amples:
&ore distant planets have larg er orbits and travel less @,ic?ly.
&ore distant planets have larger orbits and don#t travel as @,ic?ly as the ones which are
close to the sun.
Tas? . (p.1"5#: ( %ommentin* Fi*,res From Ta+le #
1# The Earth is more remote $distant from the sun than <ercury.
.# <ercury is closer $nearer to the sun than the Earth.
J
3# Heptune travels more slowly than Cenus.
"# <ercury travels more 6ast than the Earth.
5# Heptune travels less @,ic?ly than Cenus.
)eminder: ( %&<EA)IS&NS #
A# E@,ality> % As K (dj K As &
a# (hmed is 1.J.. +# 'oucef is 1.J.. = % They have the same height &
2 (hmed is as tall as 'oucef .
a# (hmed is intelligent +# 'oucef is intelligent. = % They are e@ual in intelligence &
2 (hmed is as intelli,ent as 'oucef.
1# %omparati9es> % 3 er than & T Short adjectives $ % 3 more3 than & T Oong adj.
a# (hmed is 1.J.. +# (li is 1.-..
2 (hmed is taller than (li. = % Short (djective B 1 or 2 syllables &
2 (li is smaller than (hmed. = % Short (djective B 1 or 2 syllables &

a# The car costs 6...... (:. +# The bicycle costs J... (:.
2 The car is more expensi6e than the bicycle. = % Oong (djective B K than 2 syllables &
2 The bicycle is less expensi6e than the car.
%# S,perlati9es>
a# (hmed is 1.J.. +# (li is 1.-.. c# Uaddour is 1.7..
2 (hmed is the tallest. = % Short (djective &
2 Uaddour is the smallest. = % Short (djective &
a# The car costs 6...... (:. +# The bicycle costs J... (:. c# The toy costs 6.. (:.
2 The car is the most e"pensive. = % Oong (dj. &
2 The toy is the least e"pensive. = % Oong (dj. &
E4ceptions: % )rregular (djectives &
These adjectives have completely irregular comparative and superlative forms>
AdDecti9e %omparati9e S,perlati9e
good bette than
the best
bad worse than the worst
little less than the least
much more than the most
far farther$further than the farthest$furthest
N
0,inness 5orld )ecords
Bao Xishun, left,!"#and $eonid Stadni% ,righ t ,&!'#, ()odoliantsi, *%rain+

9"e lon,est nails in t"e %orld, 3< inc"es, Aee ?edmond ) US$
0rammar E4plorer II (p.1"!#
Expressin, Similarities and (ifferences
( See 0rammar )e6erence - pp. ..!..3 #
9as0 1 (p.13;): ( %omparison 8 %ontrast #
A# Similarities:
@ 3 % the other planets & all travelling in the same direction 3 %P 1&
@ 3 millions of stars in our gala"y V li0e the rest 3 % P 6 &
1# (i66erences:
P =ompared %it" the other stars the sun is of average si=e but it is a giant in comparison
with even the largest planets. % P6 &
@ The planets of the solar system are different from the distant stars. % P- &
@ *nli%e stars which shine with their own light the planets give off no light of their own.%P-&
@ Pupiter for e"ample ta!es more than eleventh Earth years to ma!e one complete revolution
around the sun %"ile Earth ma!es its path around the just in just /-7 W days3. % P- &
9as0 2, p. 13;:
A# %omparin*8contrastin* terms to ,se Bithin a cla,se >
1# ( and 8 are the same , ali0e # similar # compara5le.
.# Bot" ( and 8 are 3 $Ceit"er ( nor 8 is 3
3# ( and 8 are different , unli%e , disimilar.
"# ( is t"e same as # similar to # li0e # resem5les 8.
5# ( is as - as 8.
!# ( differs # is different from 8.
1# 'in? Bords to ,se +etBeen cla,ses- sentences and para*raphs:
%ate*ory %oordinators S,+ordinators Transition Bords
Similarit/ and li!ewise similarly also too
(ifference but yet while whereas however in contrast conversely
on the other hand contrary to 3
0rammar E4plorer III (p.1"!#
Expressin, =ondition and Supposition#./pot"esis
1.
@ 1f you were out in space 3 you would see the Earth as a tiny ball 3 % P1 &
@ How suppose you were still in space 3 what would you see1 % P2 &
@ 1f you continued to view them 3 you would see that they were moving together 3 % P/ &
A# The sentences e"press supposition#"/pot"esis.
1# The tenses used in these sentences are > past simple K wouldKverb because the author is
just supposing$imagining things.
%# )ndividual e"amples >
@ Suppose#Supposin, (t"at& the Earth got farther from the sun or nearer we would die
either from cold or from heat
@ Suppose we lived on the moon how would life be li!e there1
@ Supposin, you could drill a hole through the Earth and then drop into it.
,ow long would it ta!e you to pop up on the other side of the Earth1




0rammar E4plorer IV (p.1"!#
Stati6e 8er5s and $ction#(/namic 8er5s

( See Grammar ?eference , p.223 )
Ver+s %ate*ory (escriptions
travel 4 come 4 bring 4 buy 4 get 4
learn 4 listen A watch A eat Adrin! A
go A type A read A write A spea! Asay A
grow A wor! A sleep A coo! 4 tal!
Action verbs
%:ynamic verbs&
2 There is an action %
movement & within a
period of time.
2 They can be simple and
continuous % 4ing form &.
Unow A are A see 3
S,+cate*ories:
a# ;eelings> li!e A love A hate A detest

+# Thin!ing$8elieving> thin! A
understand A remember A !now 3
c# Perception> see A hear A smell A
touch A taste 3
d# 0ants> want A prefer 3
e# 8eing$,aving> seem A own A be A
belong A appear A
possess A have 3
Stati9e verbs
2 There is no action and
dynamism. They describe
a state.
2 They are usually used in
the simple form only.
11
9as0 (p.137) : ( %orrectin* 0rammatical <ista?es in a (ialo*,e #
<ista?e %orrection E4planation
1# 3 now ) am understanding 3
.# ) don#t 3what you are meaning.
3# Oh ) am seeing that 3
"# 'ou are !nowing3
5# 3 it is belonging to me.
!# ) am still remembering the day...
1# 3) understand 3
.# 3 what you mean.
3# 3 ) see 3
"# 'ou !now3
5# 3 it belongs to me .
!# ) still remember the day 3
Stative verbs
2% no Aing form &
)U1)I%: Voca+,lary E4plorer (p.1"3#
Exercise 1, p.137 : ( (e6initions #
A# tiny %P1&B very small.
1# recogni=e %P1&B identify again somebody or something that one has seen before.
%# streaming %P2& B move continuously and smoothly in one direction.
(# catch a glimpse %P2&B have a 5uic! imperfect view of somebody or something.
E# radiating %P6& B giving out light when heated.
F# twin!ling %P7 B shining with a light that gleams unsteadily.
0# give off %P-& B send emit.
Q# huge%P-& B very big.
I# speeding %P-& B moving very 5uic!ly.
Exercise 2, p.138 : ( S,66i4es: ist and er #
5ord NeB 5ord 5ord NeB 5ord
(strology %n &
(stronomy %n&
(strophysics %n&
(strologist %n&
(stronomer %n&
(strophysicist %n&
Observe %v&
Science %n&
Psychology %n&
Observers %n&
Scientist %n&
Psychologist %n&
)U1)I% : Eron,nciation and Spellin* ( p.1"> #
A# Formation o6 El,rals:
Exercise 1, p.138 : ( ),les 8 E4amples #
12
NR ),le Sin*,lar El,ral
1 Singular K s
cat
seed
camera
cats
seeds
cameras
. Houns ending in % o A s A " A ch A sh & K es
potato
bus
bo4
match
bush
potatoes
buses
bo4es
matches
bushes
3 ( change in some vowels
man
woman
foot
crisis
emphasis
basis
dat,m
stimul,s
men
women
feet
crises
emphases
bases
data
stimuli
" ;inal * 6 * of some nouns becomes * 9 * K es
li6e
wi6e
lea6
shea6
loa6
li9es
wi9es
lea9es
shea9es
loa9es
5 ;inal * 6 * of some nouns does not change K s
chie6
belie6
proo6
chie6s
belie6s
proo6s
Exercise 2, p.138 :
Sin*,lar El,al Sin*,lar El,ral
Theory
9ategory
Thesis
Theories
9ategories
Theses
8elie6
<ystery
;act
8elie6s
<ysteries
;acts
1/
<an
0oman
<en
women
Origin
hypothesi
s
Origins
hypotheses
1# Eron,nciation o6 The Final A S A :
8 S 8 8 S 8 8 IS 8
;acts
(strophysicists
8eliefs
(stronomers
Theories
mysteries
Theses
,ypotheses

)U1)I% : Thin?- pair- share (p.1"C#
Topic> %onse@,ences o6 a comet collision Bith the Earth.
E"panding notes>

.m/act on the 0arth 1 cause crater 1 volcanic eru/tion1
climate change 1 flooding 1 2sunami 1 earth3ua%e 1
alteration of the 0arth orbit 1 great free4e 1 extinction
of human %ind -

Sample 5ritin*:
) sometimes thin! with awe about the possible conse5uences for life on earth if a
comet collided with our planet. ) can imagine it hurtling through the atmosphere before it
ma!es its terrible impact on some part of a continent. Scientists do say that a similar
incident too! place many thousand years ago and provo!ed the e"tinction of many giant
animal species including dinosaurs.
(n enormous crater would form and possibly cause a volcanic eruption which
would send a heavy layer of particles and ash high up in the s!y to stop the sun rays from
reaching the Earth. Our planet would then be in the dar! for many years and
conse5uently the temperatures would drop considerably.
( change in the climate could indeed occur rainfalls and snowfalls would be
fre5uent heavy and long lasting and floods would result from themV the sea level would
probably rise and cause some flat regions of the Earth to be totally immersed.
(nother possible conse5uence of the impact would be a gigantic earth5ua!e which
would destroy many inhabited areas and !ill a huge number of people. )f the impact were
near an ocean a tsunami could develop and flood vast areas of flat land causing many
people to die or become homeless.
;acts in the past have shown that a disaster li!e an impact of a heavenly body on
Earth could destroy life or at least alter living conditions dramatically. The same could
be repeated if another collision occured. This is why scientists are thin!ing up space
16
programmes to find ways of preventing another accident of this !ind.
)U1)I%: TATE A 1)EAT (p.15/#

1diomatic Expressions

Tas? 1 - p15/> ( 0ap6illin* 8 %orrect Tense #
A# Eara*raph:
(s a result of being hit on the head by a ball the footballer saB stars and cried for
pain. ,e thought that he was +orn ,nder an ,nl,c?y star . 8ut the referee came to
comfort him and advised him to than? his l,c?y star for having escaped from a
worse accident.
1# Sentences:
14 How that you#ve passed you e"am you should be o9er the moon ) suppose.
24 Stop moonin* o9er me and find youself something else to do X
/4 ) go to the theatre only once in a +l,e moon. )#ve got no time anymore.
64 'ou#re a very la=y student. 'ou can#t get your baccalaureate e"am. That#s cryin*
6or the moon X
K I6 yo, are cryin* 6or the moon yo, are lon*in* 6or Bhat is +eyond yo,r reach.
K To +e o9er the moon J to +e e4tremely happy
17
)U1)I%: )ESEA)%Q AN( )EE&)T (p.151#
$ssi,nment 1 , p.1<1: ( The Identity %ard o6 Al1attani #
Name J (bY (bd (llZh <uammad ibn PZbir ibn SinZn al4Ia55[ al4
arrZn[ alAZbi al48attZn[
'atiniUed Name J (lbategnius (lbategni or (lbatenius.
(ate and Elace o6 1irth J J7/ ,arran near Qrfa <esopotamia which is
now in Tur!ey .
(ate and Elace o6 (eath J N2N \asr al4Piss near Samarra )ra5.
)ace J (rab
)eli*ion J ,is epithet as4Sabi suggests that among his ancestry were members of the Sabian
sect who worshipped the starsV however his full name affirms that he was <uslim.
Field o6 Interest J (stronomy 4 (strology 4 <athematics
Achie9ements
A stronomy :

@ the determination of the solar year as being /-7 days 7 hours 6- minutes
and 26 seconds.
@ was able to correct some of Ptolemy]s results and compiled new tables of
the Sun and <oon
@ discovered the movement of the Sun]s apogee
@ treated the division of the celestial sphere
@ introduced the 7th century )ndian astronomer (ryabhata
@ the use of sines in calculation and partially that of tangents
@ formed the basis of modern trigonometry
@ calculated the values for the precession of the e5uino"es %76.7^ per
year or 1S in -- years& and the inclination of Earth]s a"is %2/S /7]&
@ used a uniform rate for precession in his tables choosing not to adopt
the theory of trepidation attributed to his colleague Thabit ibn \urra.
@ set of astronomical tables !nown as al-Zj al-Sb with 7M chapters which by
way of Oatin translation as 5e Motu Stellarum by Plato Tiburtinus %Plato of
Tivoli& in 111- had great influence on European astronomy. The =ij is based
on Ptolemy]s theory showing little )ndian influence. ( reprint appeared at
8ologna in 1-67. Plato]s original manuscript is
1-
preserved at the CaticanV and the Escorial Oibrary possesses in manuscript a
treatise by (l 8attani on astronomical chronology.
@ discovered that the direction of the Sun]s eccentric was changing which in
modern astronomy is e5uivalent to the Earth moving in an elliptical orbit around
the Sun.
<athematics :
@ produced a number of trigonometrical relationships>
@ solved the e5uation sin x B a cos x discovering the formula>
@ used al4<arwa=i]s idea of tangents %^shadows^& to develop e5uations for
calculating tangents and cotangents compiling tables of them.
@ discovered the reciprocal functions of secant and cosecant and produced
the first table of cosecants which he referred to as a ^table of shadows^
%in reference to the shadow of a gnomon & f or each degree from 1S to N.S.
_
Qono ,rs :
@ The crater (lbategnius on the <oon is named after him.
@ )n the fictional Star Tre! universe the E"celsior4class starship *SS Al6
Batani 788 69:""' mentioned on Star 2re%: ;oyager as Uathryn
Paneway]s first deep space assignment was named for him.
$ssi,nment 2 , p.1<1 :

Solar and Aunar Eclipse
Eclipse> passage of an astronomical body through the shadow of another. The
term is usually used for solar and lunar eclipses which may be either partial or
total but may also refer to other bodies for e"ample to an eclipse of Pupiter#s
satellites by Pupiter itself. (n
eclipse of a star by a body in the Solar System is also called an occultation.
( solar eclipse occurs when the <oon passes in front of the Sun as seen from Earth and
can happen only at new <oon. :uring a total eclipse the Sun#s corona can be seen. ( total solar
eclipse can last up to M.7 minutes. 0hen the <oon is at its farthest from the Earth it does not
completely cover the face of the Sun leaving a ring of sunlight visible. This is an annular
eclipse. 8etween two and five solar eclipses occur each year but each is visible only from a
specific area. ( lunar eclipse occurs when the <oon passes into the shadow of the Earth
becoming dim until emerging from the shadow. Ounar eclipses may be partial or total and they
can happen only at full <oon. Total lunar eclipses last up to 1.. minutesV the ma"imum number
each year is three.
( total solar eclipse visible from southwestern England too! place on 11 (ugust 1NNN and
lasted for two minutes. This was the first total solar eclipse to be visible from the QU since 1N2M
the ne"t will be in 2.N..

%;rom the .uc"inson Enc/lopedia 2..1 Edition &
1M


SE$UEN%E TQ)EE : 'ISTENIN0 AN( SEEATIN0 (p.15.#
'istenin* Script: (ialo*,e A+o,t Search 6or E4traTerrestrial Intelli*ence ( SETI # -
p../3
A# 1e6ore listenin* : (p.15.#
1# ET stands for E"tra4Terrestrial.
.# Q;O stands for Unidentified Flying &bjects
"# Science4fiction movies % films & B 9lose Encounters Of The Third Uind $ )ndependence :ay
$ Predator $ ?hosts of <ars $ (lien $ Terminator $ ET $
5# Science (nd Science4;iction>
1# As yo, listen: (p.153#
Exercise 1, p.1<3 : ( (ed,cin* 8 In6errin* From Speech #
A# In6erence Statements 1# %l,es
a# <r ,enshaw and his colleagues believe in
the probable e"istance of intelligent beings
in outer space
1# They wor! for the S.E.T.)%Search for E"tra4
terrestrial )ntelligence& laboratory.
+# The <il!y 0ay is a gala"y which is
situated farther than the sun.
.# 8eyond the solar system perhaps even
beyond the <il!y 0ay .
c# 8efore 16N2 people in the Old 0orld
thought that there were no human beings
beyond the (tlantic Ocean.
3# ;or many centuries we were ignorant of
what we call the Hew 0orld today.
d# The SET) % Search for E"traterrestrial "# The S.E.T.) researchers are determined to
The former % science & deals with reality and tries to e"plain it through
e"perimentation and analyses whereas the latter % science'fiction & tries to imagine
and predict what would this present reality be in the future.
Science4fiction describes an imaginary invention or discovery in the natural
sciences. The most serious pieces of this fiction arise from speculation about what
may happen if science ma!es an e"traordinary discovery. The romance is an
attempt to anticipate this discovery and its impact upon society and to foresee how
man!ind may adjust to the new condition.
1J
)ntelligence & researchers are cool4headed. distance themselves from science fiction
and fantasy.
Exercise 2, p.1<3: ( E4pressin* &pinion J A*reement 8 (isa*reement #
Tal!ing about the importance of man#s eventual contact with e"tra4terrestrials <r ,enshaw says
* That would shed light on the origin the nature and the future of the universe as a whole.+
2 ) agree totally with <r ,enshaw because ....
2 ) totally disagree with him because 3



%# A6ter listenin*: (p.15"#

Exercise 1, p.1<3: ( E4pressin* A*reement 8 (isa*reement #

Stati9e Ver+s:
=opin, :
2Stative % Hon4 conclusive & Cerbs are used when we agree or disagree with what is said to us.
2Stative Cerbs are > thin! 4 believe 4 hope 4 guess 4 suppose ...
@ E4ample: a# )dea$Suggestion$\uestion > 0ill man live on the moon some day 1
+# (greement > ) %thin! $ believe $ hope $ guess $ suppose ...& K so.
c# :isagreement >
1# Hegative form of the verb > ) don#t %thin! $ believe $ suppose ...& K so .
.# (ffirmative form of the verb > ) %thin! $ believe $ suppose ...& K not .
3# * Suppose + can be either way > % ) don#t suppose so &A% ) suppose not &

(ialo*,e 1: ( A*reement #
A: )s what they are telling us about space laboratories true1
1: ) ,uess so.
A: 0hy1
1: 8ecause Ieuters has recently reported about the largest of the )nternational Space
Station]s laboratories which will be Papan]s *Uibo+ which means ^hope.^ )t is about
the si=e of a double4dec!er bus. )ts areas of research include materials sciences fluid
physics and biomedicine. it will host cultural activities such as art and orbital dance
in addition to serving as a wor!place for science. Papan spent 2. years and more than
`2.6 billion developing the comple".
1N
(ialo*,e . : ( (isa*reement #

A: (re we really capable of settling permanently on another planet 1
1: ) donDt t"in0 so % ) guess not & .
A: 0hy 1
1: ) thin! because there is no O"ygen in the outer4space.
Exercise 1, p.1<3: ( )ecyclin* A i6 ; and A s,ppose ; M simple past #
(ialo*,e 1 : ( <artian In9asion #

A: Suppose ( Supposin, ) 1ma,ine & that we %ere in6aded by <artians what %ould you
do then 1
1: 0ell if the Earth %ere attac0ed by <artian invaders ) %ould 5e the *interpreter+ ha ha ...
(ialo*,e . : ( Settlin* on another planet #
A: Suppose ( Supposin, ) 1ma,ine & that we %ere about to move to settle on another planet
what %ould you ta0e with you1
1: 0ell if 1 %ere to choose ) %ould ta0e my * <P/ + ha ha ha ..
)U1)I%: Sayin* it in 5ritin* (p.155#
Topic: To ma?e a speech in de6ence o6 the ,se6,lness o6 astronomy.
Type o6 disco,rse: (rgumentative $ Persuasive
Notes to e4pand:
@ )mportance of astronomy>
a predicting catastrophes ..
a weather forecasting
a solving misteries of universe ..
a improving telecommunication ..
a !eeping time ..

Sample Speech :
Oadies and gentlemen
) thin! that astronomy is one of the most useful sciences today. ;or one thing it#s
than!s to astronomy that we can predict such catastrophes as tsunamis and hurricanes.
Iight now as ) bm spea!ing to you there are satellites hovering above us in the s!ies
watching for any hurricane that may hit us so that we would be able to ta!e the necessary
measures to reduce its effect at least. How and than!s to astronomy we can predict any
volcanic eruption and any earth5ua!e. Today and through the immense services the
satellites are offering us we can !now in advance the weather changes days and wee!s
before this day.(stronomy is solving misteries of the universe. )t becomes a common
2.
!nowledge that the 8ig 8ang is the very beginning of the creation of the universe and
Pluto is no more a planet as it has been thought over centuries. Through satellites the
whole world has become a tiny village because astronomical technology has improved
telecommunication in a way that we can reach any point in the world at any moment we
want. (nd by mentioning moment ) don#t forget to mention also that astronomy helps
us in !eeping time and !nowing its e"act changes throughout the globe.
Oadies and gentlemen
The benefits of astronomical research are immense and numerous in our everyday
life< (stronomy helps us find out about the Qniverse and our place within it. 0e also
train people in modern technologyV many who don]t eventually become astronomers go
out into the ^real world^ and contribute to mainstream industry and the economy.
(stronomical research also has important implications for other branches of science. ;or
instance we use stars as remote ^laboratories^ in which we can study matter under
conditions that we just couldn]t achieve on Earth. This helps us refine our !nowledge of
fields such as atomic physics which is vital in many fields with practical applications in
everyday life. 0e have developed sensitive "4ray detectors for astronomical research
and these detectors are currently being adapted for use in medical applications.
Oadies and gentlemen
(stronomy is deeply rooted in the history of almost every culture as a result of its
practical applications and its philosophical implications. )t still has everyday
applications to time!eeping seasons navigation and climate and long4term applications
to climate change and biological e"tinctions. )t not only contributes to the advancement
of physics and the other sciences but it is an e"citing and rapidly4changing science in its
own right. )t deals with the origin of stars planets and life itself. )t shows our place in
time and space and our !inship with other peoples and species on Earth 444 and perhaps
elsewhere. )t promotes environmental wareness through images of the earth from space
and through the reali=ation that we may be alone in the
universe. )t reveals a universe which is vast varied and beautiful and promotes
curiosity imagination and a sense of shared e"ploration and discovery. )t provides an
enjoyable hobby for millions of people. )t can attract young people to the sciences and
promote public interest and awareness in science 4 important considerations in an age
when science is so important to our economy and our everyday life... Than! you for your
attention .
21
SE$UEN%E F&U) : )EA(IN0 AN( 5)ITIN0 (p.15!#
)eadin* Eassa*e: ( (eep Impact - pp.15!15315> #
A# 1e6ore readin* : (p.15!#

Exercise 1, p.1<; : % Eredictin* so,rce o6
para*raph #
@ The paragraph in ta!en from >
A a science4fiction boo!
1 a scientific report
% a newspaper article V
( a letter of complaint.

2 8ecause the paragraph in 5uestion is a lead4in. )ts purpose is to entice the reader to read the
whole article or news story. )t is signed by a journalist by the name :avid ?rinspoon.
Exercise 2, p1<; : ( Eredictin* position o6 para*raph #
@ The paragraph fits in the beginning of the te"t because *why+ indicates that a rhetorical
5uestion is as!ed and we e"pect that it will be answered in what comes ne"t.
1# As yo, read: (p.153#

Exercise 2, p1<8 : ( %omprehension $,estions #
A# The H(S( fired a copper e"plosive barrel in the path of Tempel 1 in order to learn about the
impact that a collision with comets might have on our planet.
&r : ... in order to learn about the life secrets that lie within the hole of the comet.
1# The name given to the H(S( mission is *:eep )mpact+.
%# Paragraph 7 indicates that the author believes that the origin of life on Earth can be e"plained
through a better !nowledge of space.
(# (ccording to the author the dinosaurs would not have disappeared if they had !nown how to
divert the course of comets. The space programme is vital because it can help avoid the !ind
of collision that caused the disappearance of dinosaurs.
22
Exercises 373, pp.1<8'1<2 : ( (ed,cin* meanin*s o6 di66ic,lt Bords 6rom conte4t #
=opin,:
0ithout refering to a dictionary we can guess % deduce infer & the meaning of a
difficult word in a te"t through>
1# its class and category > % verb noun adj adv &
.# synonyms antonyms % opposites &
3# paraphrasing % e"plaining &
"# affi"es % suffi"es prefi"es &
5# lin! words that help identify relationships % however besides finally ... &

Eara*raph 5ord (ed,cin* 8 In6erin*
1 crater hole %relation of synonymy&
. <i"ed
reactions
not complelety positive$good. The three sentences give clues
in three different ways> not really fine %not good&V analogy
and a rhetorical 5uestion.
3 ,urt
%word coming in topic sentence& B doing harm %idiomatic
e"pression in the concluding sentence& The parallel that the
author draws between the mission and digging for sand
specimens in a beach provides another clue for
understanding the meaning of the word.
" :emolish destroy %relation of synonymy&
5 )ce crust fro=en roc! %synonymy&
! Oac!ed
The meaning of lac! can be guessed either from the conte"t
of the sentence *The dinosaurs disappeared because they
lac!ed a space programme.+ )t can also be guessed from the
concluding sentence of the paragraph * 3 because we have
!nowledge3.+ &.
%# A6ter readin*: (p.15C#
Exercise 1, p. 1<2 : ( In6erin* Thro,*h %onte4t &
1# The decision to shoot at the comet is unreasonable$too 5uic! and can have bad conse5uences.
.# There is no need to be worried about the shooting at the comet because it is as harmless as
pic!ing up a few sand specimen for study.
&r: the mission is totally harmless because 3
3# ,uman life can#t be destroyed by the collision of our planet with a comet because we !now
how to divert their course.
2/

Exercise 2, p. 1<2 : ( Feat,res o6 ar*,mentati9e te4ts #
=opin,:
% (rgumentative Te"ts &
1# They defend ideas % points of view & .
.# They have two functions >
a# polemical function > dismissing someone#s viewpoint
+# persuasive function > changing someone#s viewpoint .
3# They are classified under three categories of reasoning >
a# deductive reasoning > drawing conclusions with every new idea
+# concessive reasoning > critici=ing others# arguments
c# analogous reasoning > consolidating your argument by comparing situations.
A# Type of discourse> (rgumentative.
1# ;unction> Persuading the reader about the importance of a space programme.
%# 9ategory of reasoning> )t is mainly a reasoning based on analogy.
)U1)I%: 5ritin* (e9elopment (pp.1!/ :1!1#
Topic : Importance o6 space pro*ramme.
Type o6 disco,rse : (rgumentative $ Persuasive.
Notes to e4pand : % See s!eleton on page 1-. &

<odal NeBspaper Article:
'ou often hear people say bThe budget devoted to space programmes is wasted
money.# <any people support this statement by saying that these huge amounts can be
invested in projects to combat diseases. Oi!ewise many other people consider that space
e"ploration is a wild dream and that the money spent on these e"plorations is needed to
relieve poverty in (frica. Though ) understand that there is an urgency to fight diseases
and relieve poverty in our continent ) don#t thin! it is right to abandon investment in
space e"plorations. 0hy1
)n the first place many of the advances made in medicine are indirectly the result of
space e"ploration. ;or instance image processing used in 9(T Scanners and <I)
technology in hospitals worldwide came from technology developed to computer4
enhanced pictures of the <oon for the (pollo programs. 9(T scanner searches the
human body for tumors or other abnormalities. Uidney dialysis machines were
developed as a result of a H(S(4developed chemical process that could remove to"ic
waste from used dialysis fluid. and insulin pumps were based on technology used on the
<ars Ci!ing spacecraft. Surgical probes used to treat brain tumors in children resulted
from special lighting technology developed for plant growth e"periments on Space
26
Shuttle missions. ( cardiovascular conditioner developed for astronauts in space led to
the development of a physical therapy and athletic development machine used by
football teams sports clinics and medical rehabilitation centers. ( hospital food service
system employs a coo!$chill concept for serving food. The system allows staff to prepare
food well in advance maintain heat visual appeal and nutritional value while reducing
operating costs.
The above e"amples are only a drop in an ocean. Every day in a variety of ways
people#s lives are touched by space technology. Since 1NM- about 16.. documented
H(S( inventions have benefited the world#s industry improved the 5uality of life and
created jobs for fol!s. The (pollo program has helped change the way of life in the
whole world especially in health care and the budget spent for such a noble purpose is
actually minimun compared with the one spent by women for their ma!e4up.

Assessment (p.1!3#

Te4t 5: The <artians are comin*- p. 3!
A# %&<E)EQENSI&N
I. )ead the te4t care6,lly and ansBer Bith Tr,e or False: (3 pts#

a# The radio programme was broadcast on ,alloween day.
+# The news announcers were real actors.
c# (n announcement was made before the show began that the programme was unreal.
d# Everybody was trying to leave the town by car.
e# The (mericans !illed the <artians with poisonous gas.
6# The programme was about Oondon in the 1JN.s.
%AnsBers: a;bTcT d;e;f;&
II. 5hat is the main idea o6 this te4t7 H,sti6y yo,r choice. ( 1.5pts#
a# ,alloween eve is a good night to scare people.
+# People are ready to believe anything that seems realistic to them.
c# ( <artian invasion could cause much panic among people.
%AnsBer: b&. a and c are also acceptable provided the choice is justified.
III. 5hat do these Bords re6er to in the te4t7 (. pts#
a# One %a good one& c1
+# it %seem& c1
c# their %suitcases& c/
27
d# others %tried& c/
%AnsBers: a> story b> the show c> people d> people&
1# USE &F EN0'ISQ:
A8 Find in the te4t a synonym 6or each o6 the 6olloBin* Bords: (3pts#
a# scenery c1
+# frightening c1
c# tried c /
d# intruders %from outer space& c /
%AnsBers: a>setting b>scary$terrifying c> attempted d> aliens&
18 %omplete these sentences Bith Bords or e4pressions 6rom the +o4 +eloB. Use each Bord
or e4pression at least once : (3-5pts#
Should V don#t have to V didn#t have toV must V have to V had toV mustn#t
a# 'ou33333..do your homewor! now if you don#t want to.
+# ) really 3333.remember to send my brother a birthday card.
c# <y parents say ) 3333..be home by J o#cloc! at the latest.
d# 'ou333333buy a monolingual dictionary. 'ou can refer to it every time you are
unsure of what a word means.
e# 'ou33333.come into my room without !noc!ing.
6# ) didn#t come to your birthday because ) 333333stay at home with my mother
who was ill.
%AnsBers: a> don#t have to b> must c> have to d> should e> mustn#t f> had to&
%8 %omplete the second sentence so that it has the same meanin* as the 6irst sentence. Use
the passi9e 9oice. Io, m,st ,se +etBeen tBo and 6i9e Bords: (1pt#
a# 0elles made some changes in the original story
2 Some changes333333.by 0elles in the original story
+# Somebody had eaten all the food by the time we arrives
2 (ll the food333333..by the time we arrived
c# Our teacher gave us some good advice to help us pass the Baccalaur=at e"am
2 0e3333333some good advice by our teacher to help us pass the Baccalaur=at e"am
d# 0hen we wo!e up we discovered that the wind had blown down a large tree during the
Hight.
2 0hen we wo!e up we discovered that a large tree33333.
%AnsBers: a> were made b> had been eaten c> were given d> had been blown down&
2-
(8 Find the correspondin* 9er+ or no,n to the 6olloBin* Bords: (1 pt#
N&UN VE)1 A(HE%TIVE
(daptation
)nvasion
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
decided
1
smell
interrupted

described
scary

fictional
%AnsBers: a> adapt b> invade c> decision d> scare e> smell f> interruption g> fiction h>
description&
%# 5ritin*:
5rite a tBentyline essay on &NE o6 the 6olloBin* topics: (5 pts#
A8 )magine the <artians invaded the planet Earth. 0hat do you thin! would surprise them
about our lives and what would they change1
18 Some people say that reading science fiction stories helps to imagine new worlds and create
new ways of life. :o you agree with this statement1
2M