LedaFlow

Flow Assurance for 21

st
Century Oil & Gas Production
Kongsberg Oil & Gas Technologies
The New Generation Dynamic Multiphase Flow Simulator
The Key to a Step Change in Flow Assurance
Closer to the Actual Physics
Seamless Integration of Dynamic Process and Multiphase Flow Simulation
Kongsberg Oil & Gas Technologies
Intelligent
Improvement
Our Philosophy
We commit to adding value to your oil & gas operations by pro-
viding you with technologies, processes, and people dedicated
to improving results through innovation and effective integrated
operations. Through cycles of boom or bust, we strive to provide
solutions that allow you to achieve much more, with less invest-
ment. Our people are the key to our success and we empower
them to achieve.
Our Mission
Our mission is to develop and provide innovative, reliable
technology and solutions to ensure that oil & gas resources
are discovered, developed, and delivered in the safest, most
efficient and most environmentally friendly way possible.
Our Role as Trusted Advisor
Your oil & gas operations require a unique blend of complex
work processes, advanced technologies, environmental compli-
ance and services from multiple vendors and service companies.
Kongsberg Oil & Gas Technologies is focused on helping you
manage this integration to achieve maximum operational
efficiency.
1
Introduction LedaFlow
Multiphase Flow Solutions for the 21
st
Century
Oil & gas production is changing. Longer and larger diameter flowlines, deeper field
developments and harsher environments are just some of the challenges we face
today. In this context, accurate and powerful simulation tools are needed to assure
the safest and most efficient production.
Kongsberg Oil & Gas Technologies has pioneered the development of integrated
simulator systems, consisting of a dynamic process simulator interfaced with a dynamic
multiphase flow simulator. The next step is the introduction of LedaFlow, which
demonstrates Kongsberg's dedication to overcoming the challenges of 21
st
century
oil & gas production.
LedaFlow is a true next generation solution that meets significant market demand for
a better dynamic multiphase flow simulator. It is the product of a decade of collabora-
tion between Total, ConocoPhillips and SINTEF, and is further developed as a unique
integrated tool for oil & gas engineers by the experts at Kongsberg.
Based on real multiphase flow models, LedaFlow provides a step change in fidelity,
quality, accuracy and flexibility over current generation multiphase flow simulation
technology. It has been validated against the best available, most comprehensive
experimental data.
LedaFlow is an efficient and user-friendly stand-alone tool for transient multiphase
flow analysis and flow assurance design in engineering studies. In addition, LedaFlow
is built to exploit the power of high-performance computing to support decisions in
real-time. It is seamlessly integrated with the K-Spice dynamic process simulation tool
and suite of solutions for digital oil fields and Integrated Operations.
Kongsberg is the only vendor currently able to provide a suite of proprietary tools
including stand-alone transient multiphase simulations as well as integrated facil-
ity simulation systems and services. Support is given through all stages of the asset
lifecycle from feasibility studies to operation and maintenance, with flow assurance
throughout every stage. Kongsberg pioneered the delivery of integrated flow assur-
ance systems and is market leader in supplying robust, accurate, field-proven systems
80 solutions have so far been implemented world wide.
Illustration: StatoilHydro
2
Integrated simulator solutions from well to oil & gas export
Kongsberg's Unique integrated simulator solutions are based on a dynamic model
with K-Spice process and control and LedaFlow flowlines. It allows modeling of the
complete field: wells, flowlines, subsea processing, risers, onshore & offshore process-
ing, oil & gas export. This model forms the basis for a range of integrated simulator
solutions, for both online and offline use.
3
4
Value proposition
Creating Value
Transient multiphase flow simulations are critical in the design of oil and gas pro-
duction systems. Kongsberg solutions are here to support you through all project
phases, from feasibility through detailed engineering and into operation.
Right level of investment

Choice of optimal flowline diameter:
- limit pressure losses at high rates
- limit slugging at reduced rates

Choice of hydrate control method:
- thermal insulation design
- chemical inhibitors tracking

Slug catcher sizing
Enhance Return-On-Investment

Shorten commissioning time

Optimize well start-up and shutdown

Minimize use of chemicals and
inhibitors

Ensure optimal well allocation

Reduce number of multiphase
flow meters

Allocate revenue to wells
5
Reduce risk

Manage and avoid slugs

Avoid hydrate, wax and asphaltene

formation

Detect and locate leaks

Avoid erosion and corrosion

Improve performance
Model

Intuitive, easy to use and quick

to learn engineering tool

Support for best-of-breed work

practices enforces consistent
engineering design principles

Graphical configuration of flowline

systems ensures short learning curve
for new users

Import of existing multiphase models

to leverage existing engineering

Text-based configuration files for

power users

Powerful visualization tools

Design

Model flowlines and subsea processing

simultaneously

Model reception facilities and

flowlines simultaneously

Design and validate control and

instrumentation using high-fidelity
models

Set up and manage design cases

using scripting

Integrate with engineering databases

Develop and validate operating

procedures
Training

Train engineers in routine and emer-

gency operations: Start-up, shut-
down, ramp up/down, scraper opera
tions, leakage, blockage, dead-oil
circulation, chemical management

Train engineers in flow assurance

Commission

Use integrated model for checking

control system

Try out commissioning operations,

identify problems, implement solu-
tions and verify on the simulator
Operate

Monitor well and flowline performance

Estimate flowline hold-up and profiles

Detect sensor failures and leaks

Predict effect of operator actions

Manage inhibitors and chemicals

Optimize gas lift for both wells and

risers

Generate production reports

Calculate cool-down time

6
The Key to a Step Change in Flow Assurance
How LedaFlow is closer to the actual physics
LedaFlow is based on a rigorous representation of the fundamental physical and
compositional properties of 3-phase flow. LedaFlow is close to actual physics in
both steady-state and fully transient conditions, and thus offers improved quality
of results.

The LedaFlow 9+ field approach includes detailed modeling of water and oil
dispersions and gas bubbles in liquid phase. It also allows for modeling of 3-phase
flows with solid particles such as sand and hydrates.

LedaFlow has a multi-temperature approach for gas, oil and water as opposed
to the conventional mixture temperature approach. This leads to more accurate
temperature and heat loss predictions.

LedaFlow has separate momentum equations for gas, oil and water, whereas
conventional tools use only two momentum equations. This leads to an improved
calculation of the oil-water momentum exchange and resulting slip.

The non-equilibrium modeling concept inherent in all LedaFlow modules is

superior to existing models assuming equilibrium or near-equilibrium flow.
This is crucial for simulation of fluid flow in wells (including intelligent wells),
well start-up and well stability issues.

LedaFlow handles various compositions either through PVT tables or through full
compositional modeling. The internal PVT server allows for definition of hydro-
carbon components as well as inhibitors and other compounds.
Unique 2D and Q3D capabilities
A unique formulation has been developed which enables simulation and visualiza-
tion of waves, slugs, droplets and bubbles in a multiphase pipeline flow. This for-
mulation has been implemented in the Quasi 3D (Q3D) and cross section profile
modules.

The profile model (2D) gives information of the velocity profile in the cross section
of the pipe. The Q3D model resolves the dynamics of the flow and distribution of
phases in multiple dimensions based on a consistent CFD formulation.

LedaFlow technology
LedaFlow slug flow prediction is
very close to reality
3 continuous phases + 6 dispersed
phases (oil in gas and in water,
gas in oil and in water, water in oil
and in gas) = 9 fields

7
LedaFlows Q3D capabilities

Resolving oil and water droplet fields in multiphase transportation

Providing crucial information on top-line wetting (i.e corrosion inhibitor coverage)

Accurate modeling of flow in critical regions

Accurate modeling of inception, development and evolution of slugs

Enhancing the understanding of stability, pressure drop and flow assurance in wells
In general, the multi-dimensional capabilities of LedaFlow are superior for modeling
complex flow situations. They also form a unique platform for later extensions towards
the modeling of e.g. sand erosion. Addressing such phenomena in a consistent manner
requires a fundamental representation of the physical development of the flow. These
issues cannot be adequately represented by present correlation-based systems.
Coupling the models
LedaFlow supports a seamless integration of all its models: Steady-state, 1D transient,
Profile model and Q3D. This allows the user to couple the models and to use them
according to the requested information:

the Steady-state is used for the initialization of the 1D transient calculations

the 1D model will give a fast transient solution for long pipes

the Profile model can use the values from a 1D simulation as input for its
calcula tion of the phase velocities and volume fractions across the pipe diameter

the Quasi 3D model will be used to get detailed information in the critical pipe seg
ments of the production system (looking-glass)
A new platform
The LedaFlow platform is based on the latest Information Technology standards
and tools. This offers important advantages for the user:

A fully implicit network solver developed to ensure a robust solution

Robust and accurate numerical methods

Multiprocessor calculations to increase the simulation speed

A powerful 3D visualization engine

A powerful database platform for collaborating on cases and sharing

results across an engineering team
The LedaFlow platform has a modular system architecture designed to facilitate:

Easy development of specialised versions

Interconnectivity with other applications end users proprietary flow assurance

models (e.g. hydrate or wax deposition) can be coupled to or interact with LedaFlow.
The more advanced users can choose to give their input using scripts rather than
the graphical user interface: the script engine gives rapid and efficient access to all
LedaFlow functionality for parametric studies, probabilistic analyses, or risk
assessment.
LedaFlow complementary models:
1D model for long pipes
Q3D for critical pipe segments
(looking-glass).
Fully implicit coupling of 1D and
Q3D within a pipe network.
LedaFlow models are complementary
Q3D model
8
Product summary
LedaFlow Multiphase Flow Simulator
Product line
LedaFlow is a flexible, modular dynamic multiphase flow simulator for single phase,
2-phase and 3-phase applications.
LedaFlow Engineering 1D stand-alone engineering tool including the steady-
state preprocessor and the 1D transient code
LedaFlow Steady-state Steady-state plug-in available for steady-state
simulators
LedaFlow Q3D Q3D module which can be used as a stand-alone tool or
in combination with LedaFlow Engineering
LedaFlow Profile 2D resolution of flow profiles that can be added to
LedaFlow Engineering or act as a self-standing module
LedaFlow Integrated LedaFlow fully integrated with the K-Spice dynamic
process simulator
LedaFlow Online LedaFlow running online with the process as a stand-
alone tool or fully integrated in K-Spice online systems
LedaFlow Engineering

Single, two and three phase flow

Steady-state point model

Steady-state pre-processor

Fully transient model

Thermal and compositional models

Temperature, enthalpy and mass transfer modeled in each phase

Flow transitions between separated and dispersed phases

Fully compressible solution

Slug capturing integrated in solver

Gas lift for wells and risers, valves, controllers

9
LedaFlow Q3D module

Mass, momentum, enthalpy and turbulence equations solved for all phases

Spatial distribution of all phase mass fractions

Spatial distribution of droplet and bubble sizes

Wall film model (mass, momentum, deposition and re-entrainment)

Transition between separated and dispersed flows

Straight and curved pipes (horizontal and inclined)

Full thermal modeling

LedaFlow Profile

Profile of the phase velocities and volume fractions across the pipe diameter
10
Validation
Photo: SINTEF
11
Experimental Campaigns
Access to experimental data is the key to model improvements.
Extensive campaigns have been carried out in the industrial-scale Multiphase Flow
Laboratory at SINTEF in Trondheim, Norway, to provide new high quality data to
support the development of the LedaFlow models. The experimental campaigns
were designed to provide new data on geometries and system configurations where
no or limited data existed and where the new data would be crucial for reliable
design and operation of deepwater pipelines.
This comes in addition to the 10,000+ data points already available through the
TILDA database (the database of test data acquired at SINTEFs Multiphase Flow
Laboratory).
The TILDA experiments include:
Up to 12 diameter experiments

Up to 90 bar pressure

Single-phase flow (gas, oil or water)

Two-phase flow (oil/gas, water/gas)

Three-phase flow (oil/water/gas)

Particle (sand) transport in single- and two-phase flow

Furthermore, the development of LedaFlow has benefited from a close collabora-
tion with its industrial partners, who made experimental and field data available to
validate the accuracy of LedaFlow code.
Left: SINTEFs Tiller
large-scale multiphase flow
laboratory.
SINTEF is one of the worlds
leading independent oil &
gas research organizations.
Illustration: SINTEF
Access to experimental data is the key
to model improvements
12
Field Data Validations
ConocoPhillips and TOTAL have validated LedaFlow against a large number
of measured data from fields covering:
- both gas/condensate and oil dominated systems
- a large range of Gas-Oil-Ratio and Water Cut
- pipe diameters ranging from 2 to 38
- a large variation in operational pressures
Some selected examples:
Field type Type Company
Gas/oil 42 km offshore pipeline Pipeline Total
Offshore gas field Pipeline ConocoPhillips
Gas/oil 2 km onshore pipeline Pipeline Total
Onshore gas field Pipeline ConocoPhillips
Gas/condensate 20 km offshore pipeline Pipeline Total
Gas 81 km offshore pipeline Pipeline Total
Oil well with gas lift Well ConocoPhillips
Gas/oil 4 km offshore pipeline Pipeline Total
Gas/oil 16 km pipeline Pipeline Total

Right:
Left: LedaFlow 1D simulation of
liquid hold-up in an S-riser. Good
agreement in amplitude, pressure
drop and frequency.
Below:
LedaFlow 1D simulation of liquid
hold-up in an S-riser. Dynamic visual
representation of liquid hold-up.
Validation
13
Kongsberg a Reliable Partner
Providing Flow Assurance Services with LedaFlow
The LedaFlow Engineering tool can be used by our customers in their flow assur-
ance studies throughout the project phases. Alternatively, Kongsberg offers access
to qualified Flow Assurance engineers and supervisors who can perform advanced
multiphase flow simulations and flow assurance analysis by use of LedaFlow and
other commercially available software.
Typical flow assurance analysis work provided by Kongsberg:
Integrated system with LedaFlow
Kongsberg pioneered the delivery of integrated flow assurance systems and is
market leader in supplying robust, accurate and field proven systems - 80 solutions
have been implemented world wide. As a well established, stable, leading player in
the development of tools for oil & gas professionals, Kongsberg has a proven track
record in delivering complex system integration projects on time and within budget.
Kongsberg has offices in, or nearby all the major oil & gas production hotspots
worldwide, which ensures that we are in a position to provide unparalleled levels of
service and support wherever you are.
Proven track record

Thermohydraulic analysis:
- Flowline sizing
- Thermal insulation
studies

Transient simulations:
- Start-up
- Shutdown
- Ramp-up
- Turndown

Slugcatcher sizing

Inhibitor tracking
14
Proven track record
Integrated Simulator System References
West Delta Deep Marine
Production System Simulator
Client: Rashid Petroleum Company
Location: Egypt
Field: The Scarab/Saffron Field represents the first deep water development to be
undertaken in the Eastern Mediterranean, it lies in the West Delta Deep Marine
concession.
Greater Plutonio
Operator Training Simulator
Client: BP
Location: Angola
Field: The Greater Plutonio development field, Block 18, is located at the west
coast of Angola. The Greater Plutonio accumulation lies in 1,200 m to 1,500 m of
water. The fields Galio, Cromio, Paladio, Plutonio, Cobalto and Platina form the
Greater Plutonio development and are all located within 20 km of each other. The
subsea system includes 160 km of risers and flowlines and nine manifolds.
Longhorn
Production Management System
Client: Eni
Location: US Gulf of Mexico
Field: The Longhorn gas field is located in the Gulf of Mexico approximately 200
km southeast of New Orleans at a depth of 700 m. The Longhorn development
currently consists of four subsea wells tied back approximately 30 km to the Crystal
platform.
Snhvit
Dynamic Production Model
Client: StatoilHydro
Location: Norway
Field: Snhvit is the first offshore development in the Barents Sea. Without surface
installations, this project involves bringing natural gas to land for liquefaction and
export from the first plant of its kind in Europe and the worlds northernmost lique-
fied natural gas facility.
Photo: Eiliv Leren / StatoilHydro
15
Ormen Lange
Life Cycle Simulator
Client: StatoilHydro/Shell
Location: Norway
Field: Ormen Lange is the second largest gas field on the Norwegian continental
shelf. The gas field is located approximately 120 km northwest of Kristiansund (Nor-
way), almost 3000 m below seabed. Gas and condensate are transported through
pipelines to onshore recieving facilities. At the onshore gas plant, gas and conden-
sate are separated.
Bohai
Operator Training Simulator
Client: Emerson Process Simulation
Location: China
Field: The Bohai Bay is located in the northeastern part of China, approximately
200 km east of Beijing. The PL19-3 oil field (Bohai Phase II Penglai), discovered by
Phillips in 1999 is situated in Bohai Bay, which is the largest discovery made offshore
China to date. The second phase of Bohai Bay development includes five wellhead
platforms, central processing facilities and a new, larger FPSO vessel.
Frade
Subsea Operator Training Simulator
Client: Chevron
Location: Brazil
Field: The Frade development, which is located in the Campos Basin in a water depth
of 1000 m, approximately 120 km northeast of Rio de Janeiro, consists of horizontal
production wells along with vertical water injection wells to maintain reservoir pressure.
16
LedaFlow 1D Module

Steady-state point model and pre-processor

Single, two and three phase flow

Fully transient flow

Mass transfer model for each field

Enthalpy and temperature model for each phase

Thermal and compositional models

Flow transitions between separated and dispersed phases

Fully compressible solution

Slug detection and analysis

Gas lift for wells and risers

LedaFlow Q3D Module

Mass, momentum, enthalpy, turbulence, particle size for all phases

Spatial distribution of all phase mass fractions and of droplet and bubble sizes

Wall film model (mass, momentum, deposition and re-entrainment)

Transition between separated and dispersed flows and vice versa

Compressible flow solver

Straight and curved pipes (horizontal and inclined)

Full thermal modeling

LedaFlow Profile

Phase velocities and volume fractions profiles across the pipe diameter
LedaFlow Platform

Multi CPU calculations for fast simulations

Input given by scripts or through the graphical user interface

2D and 3D plotting with transient visualization and animations

Flexible database platform allowing for collaboration on cases and sharing of results

Interconnectivity with other applications

Integrated Simulation Solutions

Lifecycle simulation from design to operation

Process and control system design and validation

Control system check-out

Seamless interface between K-Spice and LedaFlow

Simple communication with control systems, information management systems and

digital oil field systems

Training simulator

Field simulator A detailed dynamic model of wells, flowlines and production facilities
allowing for effective process design, control system check-out and training

Production Management System Real-time online flow assurance and monitoring

system for managing operations of multiphase subsea production facilities and long
pipeline networks

Production Reconciliation System Real-time online solution for calculating and

reconciling flow rates throughout the field
Solution summary
Illustration: N.N./ StatoilHydro
Support
We are There, Whenever You Need Us
The Kongsberg Oil & Gas Technologies customer services organi-
zation is committed to providing easy access to service and
support, and to responding promptly to your needs. Activities
are supervised from our headquarters in Norway, with centers
at strategic locations around the globe where you are and
the action is. As part of our commitment to total customer satis-
faction, we offer a wide variety of services to meet our custom-
ers' specific operational needs. We can adapt to the level
of support required by offering service agreements and fast
on-site response arrangements.
Global and local support
Service and support work is carried out
under the supervision of your personal
account manager, who will ensure that
you receive high-quality service and
support where and when you need
it. Your account manager will ensure
continuity and work closely with your
staff to improve and optimize system
availability and performance. Under
the direction of your account manager,
our well-qualified field service engi-
neers will be able to help you quickly
and effectively, wherever you are and
regardless of the levels of support
required.

Norway
Kongsberg Oil & Gas Technologies AS
Hamangskogen 60
N-1338 Sandvika
Norway
Phone: +47 67 80 48 00
kogt.sales.so@kongsberg.com
USA
Kongsberg Oil & Gas Technologies, Inc.
11000 Richmond Avenue, Suite 400
Houston, TX 77042
USA
Phone: +1 713 808 6800
kogt.sales.so@kongsberg.com

United Kingdom
Kongsberg Process Simulation Ltd.
Waterberry Drive
PO7 7YH Hants
Waterlooville, UK
Phone: +44 2392 247 800
kogt.sales.so@kongsberg.com
India
Kongsberg Process Simulation Pvt. Ltd.
6th floor, Plot no - 29-32, 36-37,
Pudhari Bhavan, Sector - 30A,
Vashi, Navi Mumbai - 400 705.
Phone +91 22 2660 3666
kogt.sales.so@kongsberg.com
www.kongsberg.com/kogt
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