1. Transforming Information into Knowledge A firm must expend additional resources to discover patterns, rules, and contexts where the knowledge works. 2. Wisdom Thought to be collective and individual experience of applying knowledge to the solutions of problems. Wisdom involves where, when, and how to apply knowledge. 3. Tacit Knowledge Knowledge residing in the minds of employees that has not been documented 4. Explicit Knowledge Knowledge that has been documented that resides in an e-mail, voice mail, graphics, and unstructured document as well as structured documents. 5. Organizational Learning Organizations that learn then adjust their behavior to reflect that learning by creating new business processes and by change is called organizational learning. 6. Knowledge Management The set of business processes developed in an organization to create, store, transfer, and apply knowledge. It increases the ability of the organization to learn from its environment and to incorporate knowledge into its business processes. 7. Communication of Practice (COPs) Informal social networks of professionals and employees within and outside the firm who have similar work-related activities and interests. 8. Enterprise-Wide Knowledge Management Systems General -purpose firm wide efforts to collect, store, distribute, and apply digital content and knowledge. 9. Knowledge Work Systems (KWS) Specialized systems built for engineers, scientists, and other knowledge workers charged with discovering and creating new knowledge for a company. Printable Flashcard on Management Information Systems: Free Flash cards http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/cardshowall.php?title=management-... 1 of 15 5/23/2014 12:58 AM 10. Intelligent Techniques Data mining, expert systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms, and intelligent agents. 11. Structured Knowledge Explicit knowledge that exists in formal documents, as well as in formal rules that organizations derive by observing experts and their decision-making behaviors. 12. Enterprise Management Systems Help organizations manage both types of information. Have capabilities for knowledge capture, storage, retrieval, distribution, and preservations to help firms improve their business processes and decisions. 13. Taxonomy To organize information into meaningful categories so that it can be easily accessed. 14. Digital Asset Management Systems help companies classify, store, and distribute these digital objects 15. Knowledge Network Systems Address the problem that arises when the appropriate knowledge is not in the form of a digital document but instead resides in the memory of expert individuals in the firm. 16. Social Bookmarking Makes it easier to search for and share information by allowing user to save their bookmarks to Web pages on a public Web site and tags these bookmarks with key words. 17. Folksonomies A user-created taxonomies created for shared bookmarks, delicious and digg are two popular social bookmarking sites. 18. Learning Management Systems (LMS) Provides tools for the management, delivery, tracking, and assessment of various types of employee learning and training. 19. Computer Aided Design (CAD) Automates the creation and revisions of designs, Printable Flashcard on Management Information Systems: Free Flash cards http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/cardshowall.php?title=management-... 2 of 15 5/23/2014 12:58 AM using computers and sophisticated graphics software. 20. Virtual Reality Systems Visualization, rendering, and simulation capabilities that go far beyond those of conventional CAD systems. They use interactive graphics software to create computer-generated simulations that are so close to reality that users almost believe they are participating in real-world situation. 21. Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) A set of specifications for interactive, 3-D modeling on the World Wide Web that can organize multiple media types, including animation, images, and audio to put users in a simulated real-world environment. 22. Investment Workstations Used by the financial industry to leverage the knowledge and time of its brokers, traders, and portfolio managers. 23. Knowledge Discovery Neural networks and data mining are used for it. They can discover underlying patterns, categories, and behaviors in large data sets that could not be discovered by managers alone or simply through experience. 24. Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology, which consists of computer-based systems (both hardware and software) that attempt to emulate human behavior. 25. Expert Systems Are an intelligent technique for capturing tacit knowledge in a very specific and limited domain of human expertise. 26. Knowledge Base Expert systems model human knowledge as a set of rules that collectively are called... 27. Inference Engine Strategy used to search through a knowledge base. 28. Forward Chaining The inference engine that begins with the information entered by the user and searches the rule base to arrive at a conclusion. Printable Flashcard on Management Information Systems: Free Flash cards http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/cardshowall.php?title=management-... 3 of 15 5/23/2014 12:58 AM 29. Backward Chaining The strategy for searching the rule base starts with a hypothesis and proceeds by asking the user questions about selected facts until the hypothesis is either confirmed or disproved. 30. Case-Base Reasoning (CBR) Descriptions of past experiences of human specialists, represented as cases, are stored in a database for later retrieval when the user encounters a new case with similar parameters. 31. Fuzzy Logic Is a rule based technology that can represent such imprecision by creating rules that use approximate or subjective values. 32. Neural Networks Used for solving complex, poorly understood problems for which large amounts of data have been collected. 33. Machine Learning A related AI technology focusing on algorithms and techniques allowing computers to "learn" by extracting information using computations and statistical methods. 34. Genetic Algorithms Useful for finding the optimal solution for a specific problem by examining a very large number of possible solutions for that problem. 35. Hybrid AI systems Genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic, neural networks, and expert systems can be integrated into a single applications to take advantage of the best features of these technologies. 36. Intelligent Agent Software programs that work in the background without direct human intervention to carry out specific, repetitive, and predictable tasks for an individual user, business process, or software application. 37. Agent-Based Modeling Applications that have been developed to model the behavior of consumers, stock markets, and supply chains and to predict the spread of epidemics. Printable Flashcard on Management Information Systems: Free Flash cards http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/cardshowall.php?title=management-... 4 of 15 5/23/2014 12:58 AM 38. Unstructured Decisions Those in which the decision makers must provide judgement, evaluation, and insight to solve the problem. 39. Structured Decisions Repetitive and routine, they involve a definite procedure for handling them so that they do not have to be treated each time as if they were new. 40. Semistructured Only part of the problem has a clear cut answer provided by an accepted procedure. 41. Intelligence Consists of discovering, identifying, and understanding the problems occurring in the organization. Why, where and what effects it is having on the firm. 42. Design Involves identifying and exploring various solutions to the problem. 43. Choice Consists of choosing among solution alternatives 44. Implementation Involves making the chosen alternative work and continuing to monitor how well the solution is working. 45. Classical Model of Management Describes what managers do, was largely unquestioned for the more than 70 years since the 1920s. Henri Fayol 46. Behavioral Models State that the actual behavior of managers appears to be less systematic, more informal, less reflective, more reactive and less well organized than the classical model would have us believe. 47. Managerial Roles Expectations of the activities that managers should perform in an organization. Printable Flashcard on Management Information Systems: Free Flash cards http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/cardshowall.php?title=management-... 5 of 15 5/23/2014 12:58 AM 48. Interpersonal Role Managers acting as leaders, attempting to motivate, counsel, and support subordinates. 49. Informational Role Managers act as nerve centers of their organizations, receiving the most concrete, up-to-date information and redistributing it to those who need to be aware of it. 50. Decisional Role Managers act as entrepreneurs by initiating new kinds of activities, they handle disturbances arising in the organization and they allocate resources to staff members who need them, lastly they negotiate conflicts and mediate between conflicting groups. 51. Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS) Specialized systems that provide a group of electronic environment in which managers and teams are able to collectively make decision and design solutions for unstructured and semistructured problems. 52. Database-Driven DSS Extract useful information that was previously buried in large quantities of data. 53. DSS Database A collections of current or historical data from a number of applications or groups. 54. DSS Software System Contains the software tolls that are used for data analysis. 55. Model An abstract representation that illustrates the components or relationships of a phenomenon. 56. Sensitivity Analysis Models ask what if questions repeatedly to determine the impact on outcomes of changes in one or more factors. 57. Pivot Table A table that displays two or more dimensions of data Printable Flashcard on Management Information Systems: Free Flash cards http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/cardshowall.php?title=management-... 6 of 15 5/23/2014 12:58 AM in a convenient format. 58. Data Visualization Tools that help users see patterns and relationships in large amounts of data that would be difficult to discern if the data were presented as traditional lists of text. 59. Graphic Information Systems (GIS) Special category of DSS that use data visualization technology to analyze and display data for planning and decision making in the form of digitized maps. 60. Customer Decision Support Systems (CDSS) Support the decision-making process of an existing or potential customer. 61. Balance Scorecard Method The leading methodology for understanding the really important information needed by a firm's executive branch. It is a framework for ope-rationalizing a firm's strategic plan by focusing on measurable outcomes on four dimensions of firm performance. 62. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) The measures proposed by senior management for understanding how well the firm is preforming along any given dimension. 63. Drill Down Moving from one piece of summary data to lower and lower levels of details. 64. Rationalization of Procedures A deeper form of organizational change - one that follows quickly from early automation. 65. Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) Business processes are analyzed, simplified, and redesigned. 66. Paradigm Shift Involves rethinking the nature of the business and the nature of the organization. Printable Flashcard on Management Information Systems: Free Flash cards http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/cardshowall.php?title=management-... 7 of 15 5/23/2014 12:58 AM 67. Work Flow management The Process of streamlining business procedures so that documents can be moved easily and efficiently. 68. Business Process Management (BPM) Enables organizations to manage incremental process changes that are required simultaneously in many areas of business. 69. Total Quality Management (TQM) Make quality the responsibility of all people and functions within an organization. Holds that the achievement of quality control is an end in itself. 70. Six Sigma Specific measure of quality, representing 3.4 defects per million opportunities. 71. Benchmarking Consists of setting strict standards for products, services, and other activities, and then measuring performance against those standards. 72. Systems Development The activities that go into producing an information system solution to an organizational problem or opportunity... 73. Systems Analysis The analysis of the problem that the organization will try to solve with an information system. 74. Feasibility Study Systems analysis includes this to determines whether that solutions was feasible, or achievable, from a financial, technical, and organizational standpoint. 75. Information Requirements Involve identifying who needs what information, where, when, and how. 76. Systems Design Systems analysis describes what a system should do to meet information and this system shows how the system will fulfill this objective. Printable Flashcard on Management Information Systems: Free Flash cards http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/cardshowall.php?title=management-... 8 of 15 5/23/2014 12:58 AM 77. Programming System specifications that were prepared during the design stage are translated into software program code. 78. Testing Conducted to ascertain whether the system produces the right results. 79. Unit Testing Consists of testing each program separately in the system. 80. System Testing Tests the functions of the information system as a whole. 81. Acceptance Testing Provides the final certification that the system is ready to be used in a production setting. 82. Conversion The process of changing from the old system to the new system. 83. Parallel Strategy Both the old system and its potential replacement are run together for a time until everyone is assumed that the new one functions correctly. 84. Direct Cut-Over Replaces the old system entirely with the new system on an appointed day. 85. Pilot Study Strategy introduces the new system to only a limited area of the organization, such as single department or operating unit. 86. Phased Approach Introduces the new system in stages, either by functions or by organizational units. Printable Flashcard on Management Information Systems: Free Flash cards http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/cardshowall.php?title=management-... 9 of 15 5/23/2014 12:58 AM 87. Documentation Showing how the system works from both a technical and end-user standpoint is finalizing during conversion. 88. Production Stage Systems are reviewed by both users and technical specialists to determine how well it has met its original objectives and to decide whether any revisions or modifications are in order. 89. Maintenance Changes in hardware, meet requirements, or improve processing efficiency. 90. Structured Refers to the fact that the techniques are step by step, with each step building on the previous one. 91. Data Flow Diagram (DFD) Primary tool for representing a system's component processes and the flow of data between them, it offers a logical graphic model of information flow, partitioning a system into modules that show manageable levels of detail. 92. Process Specifications Describe the transformation occurring within the lowest level of the data flow diagrams. They express the logic for each process. 93. Structure Chart A top-down chart, showing each level of design, its relationship to other levels, and its place in the overall design structure. 94. Object-Oriented Development Uses the object as the basic unit systems analysis and design. 95. Object Combines data and the specific processes that operate on those data. 96. Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) Provides software tools to automate the methodologies we have just described to reduce the amount of repetitive work the developer needs to do. Printable Flashcard on Management Information Systems: Free Flash cards http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/cardshowall.php?title=management-... 10 of 15 5/23/2014 12:58 AM 97. Systems Life Cycle Is the oldest method for building information systems. This methodology is a phased approach to building a system, dividing systems to development into formal stages. 98. Prototype A working version of an information System or part of the system, but it is meant to be only preliminary model. 99. Iterative The process of building a preliminary design, trying it out, refining it, and trying again. 100. End-User Interface Part of the system with which end users interact, which has online display and data-entry screens, reports or web pages. 101. End-User Development Types of information systems that can be developed by end users with little or no formal assistance from technical specialists. 102. Fourth-Generation Languages Software tools that enable end users to create reports or develop software applications with minimal or no technical assistance. 103. Query Languages Software tools that provide immediate online answers to requests for information that are not predefined. 104. Request for Protocol (RFP) A detailed list of questions submitted to packaged- software vendors. 105. Rapid Application Development (RAD) Used to describe this process of creating workable systems in a very short period of time. 106. Joint Application Design (JAD) Used to accelerate the generation of information requirements and to develop the initial systems design. Printable Flashcard on Management Information Systems: Free Flash cards http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/cardshowall.php?title=management-... 11 of 15 5/23/2014 12:58 AM 107. Agile Development Focuses on rapid delivery of working software by breaking large project into a series of small sub-projects that are completed in short periods of time using iterations and continuous feedback. 108. Component-Based Development Enables a system to be build by assembling and integrating existing software components. 109. Project Is a planned series of related activities for achieving a specific business objective. 110. Project Management Refers to the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to achieve specific targets within the specified budget and time constraints. 111. Scope Defines what works is or is not included in a project. 112. Information Systems Plan Supports their overall business plan and in which strategic systems are incorporated into top-level planning. 113. Critical Access Factors (GSFs) The strategic analysis, or critical success factors, approach argues that an organization's information requirements are determined by a small number of... 114. Portfolio Analysis Can be used to evaluate alternative system projects. 115. Scoring Model Is useful for selecting projects where many criteria must be considered. 116. Tangible Benefits Can be quantified and assigned a monetary value. Printable Flashcard on Management Information Systems: Free Flash cards http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/cardshowall.php?title=management-... 12 of 15 5/23/2014 12:58 AM 117. Intangible Benefits Cannot be immediately quantified but may lead to quantifiable gains in the long run. For instance more efficient customer service or enhanced decision making. 118. Capital Budgeting Are one of several techniques used to measure the value of investing in long-term capital investment projects. 119. Real Options Pricing Models (ROPMs) Uses the concept of options valuation borrowed from the financial industry. 120. User-Designer Communications Gap Users and Informations systems specialists tend to have different background, interests, and priorities. 121. Change Management The process of organizational change surrounding system building was not properly addressed, successful system building requires careful..... 122. Implementation Refers to all organizational activities working toward the adoption, management, and routinization of an innovation, such as new information systems. 123. Change Agent The system analyst is... 124. Formal Planning Tools and Formal Control Tools For documenting and monitoring plans 125. Gantt Chart Lists project activities and their corresponding start and completion dates. 126. PERT charts Useful, PERT stands for program evaluation and review technique, a methodology developed by the U.S Navy during the 1950s to manage the Polaris submarine missile program. Printable Flashcard on Management Information Systems: Free Flash cards http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/cardshowall.php?title=management-... 13 of 15 5/23/2014 12:58 AM 127. External Integration Tools Consists of ways to link the work of the implementation team to users to all organizational levels. 128. Ergonomics Refers to the interactions of people and machines in the work environment. 129. Organizational Impact Analysis Explains how a proposed system will affect organizational structure, attitudes, decision making, and operations. 130. Socio-Technical Design One way of addressing human and organizational issues. 131. International Information Systems Architecture Consists of the basic informations systems required by organizations to coordinate worldwide trade and other activities. 132. Global Culture Created by television, the Internet and other globally shared media such as movies now permits different culture and peoples to develop common expectations about right and wrong, desirable and undesirable, heroic and cowardly. 133. Particularism Making judgements and taking action on the basis of narrow or personal characteristics, in all its forms rejects the very concept of a shared global culture and rejects the penetration of domestic markets by foreign good and services 134. Trans-border Data Flow Defined as the movement of informations across international boundaries in any form. 135. Domestic Exporter Strategy is characterized by heavy centralization of corporate activities in the home country of origin. 136. Multinational Strategy concentrates financial management and Printable Flashcard on Management Information Systems: Free Flash cards http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/cardshowall.php?title=management-... 14 of 15 5/23/2014 12:58 AM control out of central home base while decentralizing production, sales, and marketing operations to units in other countries. 137. Franchisers Are an interesting mix of old and new 138. Core Systems Systems that support functions that are absolutely critical to the organizations 139. Legitimacy Defined as the extent to which your authority is accepted on ground of competence, vision or other qualities. 140. Cooptation Defined as bringing the opposition into the process of designing and implementing the solution without giving up control over direction and nature of the change. 141. Software Localization The entire process of converting software to operate in a second language... 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