26.05.

2014
1
Stephan Vinke
Product Manager
Gefen Europe GmbH
Definition of HDMI
The Interface, its mechanics and its properties
The Evolution of HDMI
HDMI 2.0 a new step in Technology
What are the challenges with Extension, Switching and Splitting?
Training Agenda
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Definition of HDMI
Standardized Interface for digital, uncompressed transmission of audio-, video- and control data
Introduced 2003 from the consumer electronics industry
Goal was to replace and unify the different analogue Audio/Video formats
with a future-proof All-in-one Interface.
Video Resolutions from SD, ED, HD up to UHD-1 (4k UltraHD, 3860x2160 Pixel)
Component (YCbCr) and RGB color Models and color spaces
Audio/Video is transported uncompressed, serially and pixel orientated
Audio is embedded into the Video data-stream (no separate wires!), all common
digital consumer Audio Formats are supported
HDMI Includes a bi-directional auxiliary data channel (DDC) for communication between
source and Display (Plug & Play, EDID, HDCP), additional Metadata from Source to sink.
Separate control channel for the control of multimedia devices (CEC)
During the evolution of HDMI additional features where added
The HDMI Interface
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The Mechanics of HDMI
The TMDS Interface is the work-horse in the HDMI connection. It carries the AV
data
CEC stands for consumer electronics control. Its a control bus based on the earlier
developed (SCART) AV-Link standard. Allows exchange of function control
databetween HDMi connected AV products
DDC stands for Display Data Channel a standard created by VESA and adopted
by CEA(HDMI) for enablig Plug & Play between Source and Display, as well for
exchanging status data for HDCP.
Hot-Plug-Detect and +5V are basic electrical signals for allowing a source to
detect if a display has been connected
HDMI Interface explained - TMDS
TMDS stands for Transition Minimized Differential Signalling
TMDS is the standard used first by DVI (1999) and later on by HDMI (2003) to carry
the load of Video (and Audio) data.
TMDS is a standard developed by Silicon Image as a short range (<10m) high
Bandwidth Transmission Interface.
One TMDS Link has 4 twisted pair conductors
3 data channels carrying the Pixel data, a 4th channels carries the clock signal.
Transport is pixel for pixel Clock-channel = Pixel clock = 1 cycle per Pixel
Basic specification was max. 165 Mio. Pixel per second (=165MHz), actual Pixel
clock is up to 340MHz, HDMI2.0 will go up to 4x150MHz (600MSc)
The 3 data channels carry either R G B (DVI+HDMI) or Y Cb Cr (HDMI only) values
TMDS is no transport protocol, but a physical transport mechanism
TMDS has no adressing of the data packets, no error correction mechanism.
Transport is fully transparent and uncompressed.
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The digital picture representation with DVI and HDMI
Quantification
i. e. 256 stages per
elementary color.
-> color depth
256 = 2
8
= 8 Bit/Subpixel
24 Bit/Pixel
(DVI/HDMI1.2)
Subpixel
(Red-Green-Blue)
Digital
Processing
0
255 Black = 0, 0, 0
White = 255, 255,255
Grey= 128, 128, 128
Yellow = 255, 255, 0
Magenta = 255, 0, 255
Cyan = 0, 255, 255
Examples
RGB color value
(RGB Color scheme)
R=171
G=187
B=115
R=84
G=112
B=115
R=226
G=103
B=171
For HDMI Deep color (10-12-16bit)
additional bytes are created and transported
(-> higher TMDS clock needed)
Transition Minimizing (TM) 8b/10b encoding
(reduces switching noise for less RFI/EMI)
DC Balancing
(reduces capacitance effects, improves steepnes of Signal flanges)
Silicon
Image
encoding bits are left out to simplify the example !
Byte inverted to reduce charging,
signaling bit added
Data streamcharges up
cable capacitance
DC-balanced data stream
GPU output TM Encoder output
TM
Encoder
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Differential Signaling (DS)
Wanted Signals add up (+6dB), noise (Common mode) is subtracted
Wikipedia.com
Audio via HDMI
DVI Frame Structure HDMI Frame Structure
Vertical blanking interval
Vertical blanking interval
Vertical blanking interval
Vertical blanking interval
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HDMI has no extra Audio wires,
but carries Audio and Metadata in the Videoframe!
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HDMI Interface explained - CEC
The Consumer Electronics Control (CEC) channel is used for sending command and control data
between connected HDMI devices.
Allows a user to control multiple CEC-enabled devices with one remote.
An example of CEC is one touch play.
CEC is a one-wire bus and has first been implemented in SCART as AV-Link
Many manufacturers have proprietary trade names for the CEC. Cross brand compatibility didnt historically
exist but this is now improving.
Anynet+ - Samsung
Aquos Link - Sharp
BRAVIA Synch - Sony
HDMI-CEC - Hitachi
Regza Link - Toshiba
Simplink - LG
VIERA Link - Panasonic
EasyLink - Philips
HDMI Interface explained - DDC
The Information Pipeline
Display Data Channel
DDC is a VESA standard for a bi-directional communication interface for the transmission of information between a monitor
and a graphic card/source.
The data transmission is carried out by an I
2
C-connection via independent conductors and pins within the DVI and HDMI cable.
By using the DDC the display is able to inform the source about its properties such as resolution, display size, color depth,
color space, audio formats etc. (EDID). The source automatically provides the monitor a suitable signal (Plug & Play). The
transmission of the EDID is a one-time, one- way communication process once the source and display is connected (Hot-Plug).
The Content-Protection procedure HDCP is using the DDC for authentication and the continuous communication between source
and display and, if applicable, a Repeater.
This is a two way communication process.
Basically, DDC already exist since the introduction of the VESA standard SVGA (800x600) via VGA.
DisplayPort extends the DDC standard in order to transmit also larger data volume (i.e. audio backchannel, USB, webcam, etc.).
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HDMI Interface explained - Hot Plug Detect
Hot Plug Detect A pin on the DVI and HDMI connector that allows the source device to sense
when a display device has been connected to it and its EDID is readable.
A HPD is carried out by the Display feeding the +5VDC, provided by the source, back to it via
the HPD wire.
HPD is the first step in source device recognizing a sink has been connected. The sink can
toggle the hot plug detect signal to reset the HDMI connection.
HPD is also used by repeaters to request HDCP authentication process from a source device
Hot Plug Detect
Plug & Play, EDID & HDCP
Small words, BIG meaning!
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Plug & Play
Plug & Play is a slogan that has been introduced in the Computer related
technology world during the 1990ies.
It stands also for a Technology that has been standardized by the Video
Electronics Standards Association (VESA) for the automatic recognition of
Displays from a Computer graphics adapter to adjust automatically
Resolution, Framerate, Color and other parameters for optimum Video
representation.
The Technology has been adopted as well for HDMI
E D I D
The Passport of a Display
Extended Display Information Data
A Data structure provided by a display (Monitor, TV, AV-Receiver or similar device) to describe its capabilities to a source.
EDID has been developed by the VESA to enable Plug & Play.
It contains information such as the Manufacturer name, production date, display size, display resolution, display refresh rate, color model, etc.
The transmission of this data is carried out by the Display Data Channel (DDC).
The EDID-Data structure is stored in the display integrated serial EEPROM and can be read via IC (Even though the device isnt turned on, since the
EEPROM is powered by the computer and not by the power supply of the monitor).
EDID is implemented in analog SVGA as well as in digital standards DVI, HDMI and DisplayPort.
The EDID-Data structure is depending on the device 128 or 256 byte (CEA extension structure for HDMI) and consists of defined arrays and check sum in
order to transmit as much information as possible.
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DVI/HDMI Plug & Play
Feeding voltage 5V
Hotplug detect (HPD, high)
Display Data Channel (I2C-Bus)
01010011 11001100 10101100 00110011 01110001 00001111
Transmission of the EDID frommonitor to the source
TMDS Lanes
Digital Picture/Audio transmission
Source Display
EDID What can go wrong?
HDMI source never reads EDID, does not finish reading EDID, or does not read it properly.
HDMI Extender/Repater alters the downstream EDID and/or changes formats.
HDMI source cannot read EDID and doesnt output (at least) 640x480 when EDID is unreadable.
HDMI repeater is unable to merge a large number of EDID video timing descriptors (SVDs) from multiple downstream EDIDs.
HDMI repeater forwards the downstream sinks EDID capabilities properly to the source.
Sink declares a color mode of YCbCr (color difference) in its EDID, but doesnt support both types of sampling modes (4:4:4
and 4:2:2).
Capacitance of the HDMI cable (DDC bus) too high (>700pF) Data transfer is corrupted due to signal distortion
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HDCP defined
High-Bandwidth-Digital-Content-Protection (HDCP):
It is a Content protection system, also used as a type of DRM (Digital Right Management)
It is not a copy protection!
Has been developed in 2003 by Intel in order to protect digital Audio- and Video signals transmitted via DVI and HDMI .
DisplayPort is HDCP compatible.
Has been requested and forwarded by the Entertainment Industry. The Digital Content Protection LLC is responsible for
the administration and certification process.
A digital HDTV source (BlueRay Player, Computer, digital Set-top box) is not allowed to send any Audio- or Video signal to a Receiver (Display,
Projector, AV-receiver) which isnt HDCP conform.
I.e.: If a HDCP source is connected to a non HDCP compliant HDTV display, a white picture noise appears or even no signal at all.
Analog (HDTV) outputs are also affected and can be shut off (ICT, Image constraint token).
HDCP reglements the max. number of displays per source (PayTV).
The HDCP Technology is still causing handshake problems, especially in combination with older HD displays or in complex setups.
- HDCP requires a two-way communication between sender und receiver via the DDC.
- A authentificaton process avoids, that a unlicensed device receives a signal.
- The Key Revocation process avoids, that cloned or compromised devices still receiving any data.
- Every HDCP capable device has its own unique key set (>670.000.000.000 different unique KSV)
HDCP Devices
HDCP sender
(TX)
Device A
HDCP receiver (RX)
Device B
TMDS
DDC
Secret
Keys
40x56bit
KSV
40bit
Revoc.
Liste
HDCP
Engine
HDCP
Engine
Audio/Video
encrypted
Authentication &
control
DVI/HDMI
connection
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HDCPHardware
HDCP sender
(TX)
Device A
HDCP receiver
(RX)
Device B
TMDS
DDC
Audio
Video
Audio
Video
Control
Data
Secret Keys
40x56bit
KSV
40bit
Revoc.
List
HDCP
Engine
Secret Keys
40x56bit
KSV
40bit
Revoc.
List
HDCP
Engine
Audio/Video
encrypted
Authentication & control
DVI/HDMI
connection
HDCP Handshake
TMDS Lanes
HPD, EDID
Display Data Channel
A/V
encrypted
HDCP sender (TX)
Device A
HDCP receiver (RX)
Device B
Calculating Pseudo-random
number A
N
, sending A
N
and AKSV
A
N
& AKSV
Controls AKSV, saves AN
BKSV
Ready!
Controls BKSV, calculates session
Key K
S
AKSV ok! -> sends BKSV, &
Calculates session Key K
S
Calculates check sum R0,
sends R0 (Ready)
Calculates check sum R0
compares R0 = R0 ?
Encryped AV data
with calculated key
Decrypted AV data
with calculated key
Calculate und send Ri
Calculates Ri,
Ri = Ri? & t<1ms ->ok!
(link verification)
1
0
0
m
s
Link
verification all
2s
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HDMI1.0
HDMI1.1
HDMI1.2
HDMI1.3
HDMI1.4
The Evolution of HDMI
HDMI2.0
HDMI Versions are not a quality attribute!
HDMI Versions stand only for a list of Options, test procedures and protocols
A product listed as having a HDMI version does not necessarrily mean that it will have all of the features
that are listed for that version!
HDMI Version numbers therefore are often misleading
It is mandatory to informabout the Options supported by an HDMI compliant product
HDMI products of different Versions are compatible when installed in the right way!
with the release of the version 1.4, the HDMI Licensing LLC group requires that any reference to
version numbers be removed from all advertising for cable products.
Starting on January 1, 2012 Non-cable HDMI products will no longer be allowed to reference the HDMI
number and will be required to state which features of the HDMI specification the product supports
The HDMI version mess
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HDMI 1.3 overview
Higher data rate/speed: HDMI increases its single-link bandwidth up to 340MHz (10,2GBit/s) to support the demands
of future HD display device, such as higher resolutions, deep color and high frame rates.
Deep Color: HDMI 1.3 supports 10-bit, 12-bit and 16-bit (RGB or YCbCr) color depths per pixel, up from the 8-bit
depths in previous versions of the HDMI specification.
Broader color space: HDMI 1.3 adds support for x.v.Color (IEC 61966-2-4 xvYCC Color standard), which
removes current color space limitations and enables the display of any color viewable by the human eye.
New Mini connector: The HDMI standard will be extended by a new and smaller connector in order to integrate also
the smallest device to the HDTV chain (HDMI Type C)
Lip Sync: HDMI 1.3 incorporates automatic audio synching capabilities that allow devices to perform synchronization
automatically with total accuracy.
New high resolution audio formats: HDMI 1.3 adds additional support for new lossless compressed multichannel
audio formats: Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD Master Audio.
HDMI Ethernet Channel (HEC) Adds high-speed networking (100Mbit/s) to an HDMI link, allowing IP-connectivity without a
separate Ethernet cable. Needs a specific HDMI cable.
Audio Return Channel (ARC) Allows an HDMI-connected TV with a built-in tuner to send audio data "upstream" to a
surround audio system, eliminating the need for a separate audio cable
3D Defines input/output protocols for major 3D video formats
4K Support Enables video resolutions up to 4096x2160p24 or 3840x2160p30
Additional Color Spaces Adds support for additional color spaces used in digital photography and computer graphics
(sYCC601, AdobeRGB, AdobeYCC601)
Automatic Content Enhancement (ACE) - Real-time signaling of content types between display and source devices,
enabling a TV to optimize picture settings based on content type
HDMI Micro Connector A new, smaller connector for phones and other portable devices, supporting video resolutions up to
1080p
Automotive Connection System New cables and connectors for automotive video systems, designed to meet the
demands of the motoring environment while delivering true HD quality
High Speed HDMI 1.3 cables can support all HDMI 1.4 & HDMI2.0 features except for the HDMI Ethernet Channel
(HEC)
HDMI 1.4 overview
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Bandwidth up to 18Gbit/s
TMDS clock rates between 300MHz and 4x150MHz (600MSc) with scrambling (for EMI/RFI reduction) and TMDS Error
correction (no new cables needed for HDMI2.0!)
4K@50/60, (2160p, UltraHD 4k (3840x2160)
YCbCr 4:2:0 Pixel Encoding for 2160p formats (saves 50% Bandwidth compared to 8bit, 4:4:4)
Up to 32 audio channels for a multi-dimensional immersive audio experience
Up to 1536kHz audio sample frequency for the highest audio fidelity
Simultaneous delivery of dual video streams to multiple users on the same screen
Simultaneous delivery of multi-stream audio to multiple users (up to 4)
Support for the wide angle theatrical 21:9 video aspect ratio
Dynamic Auto Lipsync
CEC extensions (CEC2.0)
HDCP 2.2
HDMI 2.0 overview
New Features
4K 50/60Hz 4:2:0 Color coding ( 300MHz bandwidth ). First products out Q1 2014
Firmware upgrades needed for Gefen 4k 30Hz products.
4k 50/60Hz 4:4:4 Color coding ( 4x150MHz (600MSc) bandwidth ). First products out Q1 2014 ( Panasonic only ),
others to follow Q4 2014 or 2015.
New Hardware needed
HDMI 2.0 adds support for HDCP 2.2 copy protection standard, it is a replacement not upgrade of HDCP 1.x.
New Hardware needed for reproducing HDCP 2.2 protected content
Dual display capability, dual view using glasses and laptop external display cascading.
Unclear deployment schedule
Large amount of audio channels supported up to 32ch
Implementations 2015+
HDMI 2.0 Highlights & Challenges
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New copy protection standard by DCP to replace HDCP 1.x.
Hollywood pushes all 4k consumer content to require HDCP 2.2
Not firmware upgradeable, requires new chipsets.
Some Gefen products support already this, list will be released asap( pending testing )
Backwards compatible, if source content doesnt require HDCP2.2.
HDCP 2.2 Information
New Features (Gefen new Products ~Q4 2014)
Native support for USB, at start mouse, keyboard and storage, later also audio devices and
cameras.
Additional audio forward and return channel.
Support for multi stream link( several video streams on one cable ).
Same bandwidth as current HDBaseT products.
Slightly better performance at high resolutions and substantially better EMI resistance.
HDBaseT 2.0 Highlights
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