EE-455 Electrical PowerSystem Protection - F2013

PRACTICAL WORK BOOK
For Academic Session 2013

Electrical Power System Protection (EE-455)
For
BE (EE)

Name:
Roll Number:
Class:
Batch:
Department :

Department of Electrical Engineering
N.E.D. University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
SAFETY RULES

1. Please don t touch any live parts.
2. Never use an electrical tool in a damp place.
3. Don t carry unnecessary belongings during performance of
practicals (like water bottle, bags etc).
4. Before connecting any leads/wires, make sure power is switched off.
5. In case of an emergency, push the nearby red color emergency switch of the
panel or immediately call for help.
6. In case of electric fire, never put water on it as it will further worsen the
condition; use the class C fire extinguisher.
Fire is a chemical reaction involving rapid oxidation
(combustion) of fuel. Three basic conditions when met,
fire takes place. These are fuel, oxygen & heat, absence
of any one of the component will extinguish the fire.

If there is a small electrical fire, be sure to use
only a Class C or multipurpose (ABC) fire
extinguisher, otherwise you might make the
problem worsen.
The letters and symbols are explained in left
figure. Easy to remember words are also shown.
Don t play with electricity, Treat electricity with respect, it deserve

Figure: Fire Triangle

A(think ashes):
paper, wood etc
B(think barrels):
flammable liquids
C(think circuits):
electrical fires
Electrical Power System Protection Contents
NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical
CONTENTS

Lab.
No.
Dat ed

List of Experiments
Page
No.
Remarks

Orientation
To study the qualities of a power system s
protection scheme and protection devices.
1
01
Apply a relay for phase sequence, phase failure
and voltage asymmetry to a three-phase circuit.
6
02(a)
i)Apply a max/min voltage relay in a three-phase
network.
ii)Apply a max/min frequency relay to a power
production plant.
9
02(b)
Apply a maximum current (over current & short
circuit) relay to a three-phase line.
15
03(a)
To use a timer with different time functions to
extend the protection relays operation.
20
03(b)
To use an auxiliary relay as interface for remote
optical/acoustic signaling of the protection relays
operation.
22
04
To determine the transformation ratio of a
current transformer (CT) with different primary
currents and load influence on the secondary.
Carry out the performance tests.
24
05
To determine the transformation ratio of a
voltage transformer (VT) with different primary
voltages and load influence on the secondary.
Make the performance tests.
26
06(a)
Connection of the voltage transformers with
open delta of three-phase lines.
28
06(b)
Connection diagram of the open delta voltage
transformers paired to a maximum voltage and
over-current relay for opening the circuit in case
of fault to ground and overload/short-circuit.
31
07(a) Principle of Differential Protection. 33
Electrical Power System Protection Contents
07(b)
To carry out the performance test and automatic
relay operation with Differential Protection.
35
08
Connect and study the behavior of a maximum
current directional relay for maximum current.
Check the intervention time with inverse current
flow.
38
Presentation

Fuses & Circuit Breakers: Types, Curves,
Operation & their Selections
41

Electrical Power System Protection Orientation
1
Orientation

OBJECTIVE

To study the qualities of a power system s protection scheme and protection devices.
THEORY

The function of a protection scheme is to ensure the maximum continuity of supply. This is done
by determining the location of fault and disconnecting the minimum amount of equipment
necessary to clear it. Any protection scheme should have the following qualities;
1) Selectivity:
It is the ability of protective system to select correctly that part of the system in trouble and
disconnect the faulty part without disturbing the rest of the system.
2) Speed:
The protective system should disconnect the faulty section as fast as possible because electrical
apparatus may damaged if they are made to carry the fault currents for a long time. A failure on
the system leads to a great reduction in system s voltage if faulty section is not disconnected
quickly; t hen the low voltage created by fault may shut down consumer s motors and generators
or the system becomes unstable.
3) Sensitive:
It is the ability of the system to operate with low value of actuating quantity (quantity which
causes relay coil to operate)
4) Reliable:
It is the ability of the power system to operates under the predetermined conditions without
reliability the protection would be rendered largely ineffective and even could become a liability.
5) Simple:
Protection scheme should be simple so that it can be easily maintained. The simpler the protection
scheme is the greater will be its reliability.
2
6) Economical:
The most important choice of a particular protection scheme is the economy aspect. Some times
it is economically unjustified to us an ideal scheme of protection and a compromise method has to
be adopted. However when the apparatus to be protected is of utmost importance (e.g; Generator
and main transmission line etc) economic consideration are often subordinated to reliability.
PROTECTIVE DEVICES:
In power system it is desire able to protect the power system from harm during fault conditions for
this purpose some means must be provided to switch on/off generator, transmission lines and other
equipment under both normal and abnormal conditions. This is achieved by an apparatus called
Switch Gear .
Switch Gear:
The apparatus used for switching, controlling and protecting electrical circuits and equipments is
known as switch gear.
Switch gear covers a wide range of equipments concerned with switching and interrupting currents
under both normal and abnormal conditions includes;

Switches

Fuses

Circuit breaker

Relays
A brief account of theses devices is discussed here;
Switches:
Is a device use to open and close an electrical circuit in a convenient way. It can be used under full
load or no load conditions.
The switches may be classified into;
i) Air break switch:
It is an air switch and is designed to open a circuit under load. In order to quench the arc that
occurs on opening such a switch; special arcing horns are provided. Arcing horns are the pieces
of metal between which arc is formed during opening operation. As the switches open these horns
are spread farther consequently arc is lengthened, cooled and interrupted.
3
ii) Isolator or disconnecting switch:
It is essentially a knife switch and is designed to open the circuit under no load. Its main purpose
is to isolate one portion of the circuit from the other and is not intended to open while current is
flowing in the line. They are always operated in offload conditions.
iii) Oil Switches:
As the name implies the contacts of such switches are opened under oil( usually transformer
oil).The effect of oil is to cool and quench the arc that tends to form when the circuit is opened.
These switches are used for circuit of high voltage and large current carrying capacities.
Fuses:
A fuse is a short piece of wire or a thin strip which melts when excessive current flows through it
for sufficient time. Under normal operating conditions these fuse element is at a temperature
below its melting point. Therefore it carries the normal current without overheating. However
when a short circuit or overload occurs the current through the fuse element increases beyond its
rated capacity. This raises the temperature and fuse element blows out disconnecting the circuit
protected by it. It is worthwhile to note that a fuse performs both detection and interruption
functions.

Circuit Breaker:
A circuit breaker is an equipment which can open or close a circuit under all conditions no load,
full load and fault conditions. A circuit breaker essentially consists of fixed and moving contacts,
called electrodes. Under normal operating conditions the contacts will remain close but when fault
occurs on any part of the system the trip coils of the circuit breaker get energized and the moving
contacts are pulled apart by some mechanism thus opening the circuit.
When the contacts of a circuit breaker are separated under fault conditions an arc is struck between
them. The production of arc generates an enormous amount of heat which may cause damage to
circuit breaker or system. There are two methods use for arc extinguishing in circuit breaker;
1) High Resistance Method:
4
In this method arc is made to increase with time so that current is reduced to a value insufficient
to maintain the arc. Consequently current is interrupted and arc is extinguished. The resistance of
arc may be increased by
i. Lengthen the arc
ii. Cooling the ac
iii. Reducing x-section of the arc
iv. Splitting the arc.
2) Low Resistance Or Current Zero Method:
This method is employed for arc extinction in A.C circuits only. In this method arc resistance is
kept low until current is zero .Where the arc extinguishes naturally and is prevented from
restriking inspite of the rising voltage across the contacts. All modern high power a.c circuit
breakers employ this method for arc extinction.
On the basis of medium use for arc extinction Circuit breakers are classified as;

Oil circuit breakers

Air blast circuit breaker

Vaccum circuit breaker

An air circuit breaker for low voltage
Relays:
The relay detects the abnormal condition in electrical circuits by constantly measuring the
Electrical quantities like voltage, current and phase angle which are different under normal and
fault conditions. Through change in one or more of these quantities relay detects the presence of
fault and operates the trip circuit of the breaker. This results in opening of the breaker and
disconnection of the faulty circuit. Most of the relays are Elector mechanical type and they work
on two main operating principles:
i-Electromagnetic attraction
ii-Electromagnetic induction
5
Regardless of the principle involved relays are generally classified according to the function they
are called upon to perform in the protection of electric power circuits. e.g.; Over current relay,
Over voltage relay etc
Some important types of functional relays are;
i. Induction type over current relay
ii. Induction type reverse power relay
iii. Distance relay
iv. Differential relay
v. Translay scheme
Electrical Power System Protection Lab Session 01

6
LAB SESSION 01

TITTLE:

Study and apply a relay for phase sequence, phase lacking and voltage asymmetry to a three-phase
circuit.
APPARTUS:

Control board for generation set mod. GCB-1/EV.

Synchronous generator-motor set mod. MSG-1/EV.

Module SR6 Presence, Asymmetry And Sequence Failure Relay

Variable resistive load mod. RL-2/EV and variable inductive load mod. IL-2/EV.

Set of cables-jumpers for electrical connections.
THEORY:

The relay for phase sequence and three-phase voltage asymmetry detects that the triad of voltages
is the fixed direction. In the operation of parallel with the network and/or with other alternators,
the relay does not enable the main switch for synchronous generator parallel to close if this is not
fitting.
In the line, it detects the voltage asymmetries, occurring, e.g., for too unbalanced load. Its action
prevents dangerous over voltages to the synchronous generator. To fulfill the purpose, the
asymmetry value and the related delay time can be adjusted. The tolerated asymmetry values and
the delay times are project data and must be available for the tests.
Module s description

3-PH INPUTS Input terminals of the line to be monitored, range 3 x 400 Vac.

7
NO-NC-COM Terminals with output contact exchange for sequence and/wrong
asymmetry alarm. The state of the contacts is referred to the device with
auxiliary power supply present and not in alarm.
The auxiliary power supply is not necessary as it powers itself from the control line. If a phase-to-
phase concatenated voltage 3 x 230 V is available, it is necessary to interpose some VT
(voltmeters transformers) 230/400 adapters.
Device Technical Characteristics

Relay for phase sequence,phase lacking & voltage asymmetry for 3- network 3x400 V

Asymmetry regulation with rotary potentiometer from the 5 to the 15 % with intervention
after the DELAY time and automatic canceling when the unbalance drops under the 1% of
the set point.

Intervention time adj. with DELAY potentiometer from 0.1 to 10 s.

Instantaneous intervention for phase lack and wrong phase sequence.

Intervention for network frequency variation over the 5%.

Power supply from the measurement circuit.

Normally energized state of the relay (de-energized at the intervention).

Led ON indicating the power supply presence.

Led RELAY indicating the intervention (in alarm it turns off).
REGULATION

Suppose and adjust the device with the following project data:

ASYMMETRY = 10 %;

intervention delay in asymmetry (DELAY) = 5 s;
PROCEDURE:

1. Activate the prime mover and adjust the synchronous generator to the frequency and
nominal voltage to provide the relay with the power supply voltage 3 x 400 V. If the phase
sequence is correct, the led ON must be ON also the RELAY led. On the contrary, the two
conductors coming from the generator must be inverted on themselves. When the RELAY
led is on, the relay for phase sequence and three-phase voltage asymmetry is properly
powered and shows no alarm.
2. With the multimeter in Ohm, check the state of the output relay contacts.
3. Invert two phases of the power supply triad on themselves and check the output relay does
not give its consent anymore (interruption of the continuity displayed with the multimeter).
4. Reset the ordinary condition and cut off a phase of the triad of voltages under control and
check the instantaneous intervention of the output relay (signaled by the interruption of
continuity in the multimeter and by the switching off of the RELAY led). To interrupt a
phase, disconnect, e.g., the U1 cable of the synchronous generator on the left side panel.
5. Complete the wiring involving the step resistive load mod. RL-2/EV. The load must be
connected to the output terminals of the digital instrument identified by the letters L1-L2-
L3-N. Be sure that all switches of the steps of each phase are OFF.
6. Set the synchronous generator under load with the insertion of the first step of the resistive
module (carry out an unbalanced load), the voltage drop of the phase loaded in respect to

8
the other two represents an asymmetry and if its value exceeds the threshold value of the
10 % the relay signals the fault.
7. The relay intervention by asymmetry, after the fixed time delay, is signaled by the
switching off of the RELAY led, its canceling is automatic when the parameters return
inside the limits of the made regulation.
8. The above made asymmetry corresponds to a lower phase in respect to the other two, now
insert also the first step of the second phase of the resistive module and compensate the
voltage of the two loaded phases. The asymmetry corresponds to a higher phase in respect
to the other two.
9. Repeat the intervention testing for asymmetry with other voltage and delay values.
The relay consent for phase sequence, phase lacking and voltage asymmetry, via the clean contact
of its inner relay (NC contact), can be included in the safeties to enable the parallel between
generators or with the public power mains.
Connections on the board GCB-1/EV.
Figure 4.2.2 Operation test of the relay for phase sequence, phase lacking and voltage asymmetric

9
LAB SESSION 02(a) i

TITTLE:

Study and apply a max/min voltage relay in a three-phase network.
APPARTUS:



Module SR3 3-Phase MIN-MAX VOLTAGE RELAY

Variable resistive load mod. RL-2/EV, Variable inductive load mod. IL-2/EV.

THEORY:

The three-phase voltage detects the limit of the triad of voltage generated in ordinary service by
the synchronous generator or distributed to the transmission line. Usually, the relay, acts on the
main switch to set the controlled object out of service (synchronous generator or user connected to
the line) when a voltage rise or drop can cause malfunctions or damages. To fulfill the purpose,
the max/min voltage value as well as the related delay times can be adjusted. The tolerated
max/min voltage values and the delay times must be available for the tests.

VOLTAGE INPUTS Input terminals of triad of 3- voltage with neutral, range 400 Vac.
NO-NC-COM Terminals with contacts of the high voltage alarm output relay.
MAX The state of the contacts is referred to the device with auxiliary
power supply present and not in alarm.
NO-NC-COM Terminals for output relay contacts for low voltage alarm.

10
MIN The state of the contacts is referred to the device with auxiliary
power supply present and not in alarm.
The auxiliary power supply is not necessary as it self-powers from the measurement.

Max/min voltage voltmetric relay for 3- 400V line neutral.

Switch of the nominal value of the line to be checked 380, 400, 415 Vac + 10% / -15%.

Intervention threshold regulation for overvoltage MAX VOLTAGE from 102 to 110%.

Intervention time regulation for overvoltage DELAY MAX from 0.1 to 10 s.

Intervention threshold regulation for undervoltage MIN VOLTAGE from the 85 to 98 %.

Intervention time regulation for undervoltage DELAY MIN from 0.1 to 10 s.


Automatic canceling when the voltage returns inside the fixed parameters.

Normally energized state of the relays, de-energized at the intervention.

Led ON indicating the power supply presence.

Led MAX indicating the max voltage intervention& Led MIN indicating the minimum.
REGULATIONS


nominal voltage of the network Ue = 400 V

maximum voltage threshold (MAX VOLTAGE) = 105 %

maximum voltage intervention delay (DELAY MAX) = 5 s

minimum voltage threshold (MIN VOLTAGE) = 90 %

Minimum voltage intervention delay (DELAY MIN) = 5 s.
PROCEDURE:

nominal voltage to provide the relay with the power supply voltage 3 x 400 V (nominal
voltage). In this condition the voltmetric relay is properly powered and shows no alarm.
11. Connect the multimeter set to Ohm alternatively to the NC contacts of the max/min voltage
output relay and check the correspondence of the contacts .
12. Increase the voltage supplied by the synchronous generator to about 430 V, record the time
between the overvoltage moment and the same output relay tripping one (signaled by the
interruption of continuity in the multimeter). If the delay time and the maximum voltage
intervention values are not those supposed, adjust with the proper regulations in the device.
13. Take back the voltage to nominal value (400 V) and check the alarm cancels (the
maximum voltage output relays cancel). Consider that the relay has an hysteresis of the 3%
in respect to the set point. This means the relay cancelling occurs at 410 V.
14. Drop the voltage provided by the synchronous generator to about 350 V, record the time
between the undervoltage moment and the relay tripping one (signaled by the
interruption of continuity in the multimeter). If the delay time and the minimum voltage
intervention values are not those supposed, adjust the related adjustments in the device
15. Take back the voltage to the nominal value (400 V) and check the alarm cancels .
Consider the relay has an hysteresis of the 3% in respect to the set point. This means the
relay canceling occurs at 370 V.
16. Repeat the intervention tests for max/min voltage with other voltage and delay values.

11
17. The relay tripping for maximum voltage alarm, at the end of given delay, is signaled by the
lighting on of MAX led, the relay cancels when the voltage returns under the fixed value.
18. The relay tripping for minimum voltage alarm, at the end of given delay, is signaled by the
lighting on of the MIN led, the relay cancels when the voltage rises over the fixed value.
19. In alternative to what described above, to demonstrate the minimum voltage relay tripping,
complete the wiring including the step resistive load mod. RL-2/EV. The load must be
connected to the output terminals of the digital instruments identified by the letters L1-L2-
L3- N. Be sure that all step switches of each phase are (OFF).
20. Set the synchronous generator under load with the insertion of the first step of the resistive
module (carry out a balanced load) if the voltage drop value exceeds the threshold value of
10 % set in the device, the relay signals the fault. The triad of voltages can be displayed
cyclically on the analog voltmeter and in case in the digital one, too.
The max/min voltage relay consents, via clean contacts on its inner relays (NC contacts), can be
included in the safeties to enable and keep the parallel of the generator with the public power
mains or with another generator.
Figure 4.3.2 Operation test of the max/min three-phase voltage relay

12
LAB SESSION 02(a) ii

TITTLE:

Study and apply a max/min frequency relay to a power production plant.
APPARTUS:



Module SR5 MIN-MAX FREQUENCY RELAY

THEORY:

The relay enables the max/min frequency control of the alternated power generated by the
synchronous generator in ordinary service. As protection device, it acts on the main switch of the
synchronous generator.
It is used to protect the synchronous generator in case of over or under speed of the prime mover.
The frequency limits and the delay times are project data and must be available for the tests.

LINE INPUTS Input terminals for the Neutral line voltage input, range 230 Vac.
NO-NC-COM Terminals for output relay exchange contacts for the high frequency alarm.
MAX The state of the contacts is referred to the device with present power supply
and not in alarm.
NO-NC-COM Terminals for output relay contacts for low frequency alarm.

13
MIN The state of the contacts is referred to the device with present power supply
and not in alarm.
The auxiliary power supply is not necessary as it is self-powered by the measurement. The relay
can be phase-to-phase connected with lines having concatenated voltage 3x230V, too.
If only the phase-to-phase concatenated voltage is available 3 x 400 V, it is necessary to interpose
a VT (volt-metric transformer) 400/230 reducer.

Max/min frequency relay.

Nominal power supply: 230 Vac 15%.

FREQ. switch for lines with frequency of 50 or 60 Hz.

Max. Frequency intervention threshold regulation with rotary switch from 0.5 to 10 Hz.

Max. Frequency intervention time regulation DELAY MAX from 0.1 to 30 s.

Minimum frequency intervention threshold regulation with rotary switch from 0.5 to 10Hz.

Minimum frequency intervention time regulation DELAY MIN from 0.1 to 30 s.


Automatic canceling when the frequency goes back inside the fixed limits.

Normally energized state of the relays, de-energized at the intervention.

Led indicating the presence of power supply.

Led MAX indicating the maximum frequency intervention.

Led MIN indicating the minimum frequency intervention.
REGULATIONS


nominal frequency of the line (FREQ.) = 50 Hz

maximum frequency threshold (MAX) = 2 Hz

maximum frequency intervention delay (DELAY MAX) = 5 s

minimum frequency threshold (MIN) = 2 Hz

Minimum frequency intervention delay (DELAY MIN) = 5 s.
PROCEDURE:

nominal voltage to provide the relay with the power supply voltage of 230 V (nominal
voltage). In this condition the frequency relay is properly powered and shows no alarm.
22. Connect the multimeter set to Ohm alternatively to the NC contacts of the max/min
frequency outputs relays and check the correspondence of the contacts (they correspond to
the diagram shown on the panel in ordinary conditions, frequency in the limits).
23. Note: the frequency variations with the RPM potentiometer must be followed by the
voltage regulation with the variator Uexc.
24. Increase the test frequency to about 53 Hz, record the time between the overfrequency
and the same output relay tripping one (signaled by the interruption of continuity in the
multimeter). If the intervention delay is not that supposed, adjust using the related device.
25. Take back the frequency to nominal value (50 V) and check the alarm cancels (the
maximum frequency output relay cancels).

14
26. Drop the test frequency to about 47 Hz, record the time between the underfrequency and
the same output relay tripping one (signaled by the interruption of continuity in the
multimeter). If the intervention delay is not the one supposed, adjust the related device.
27. Take back the voltage to nominal value (50 V) and check the alarm cancels (the minimum
frequency output relay cancels).
28. Repeat the intervention tests for max/min frequency with other threshold values.
29. The overfrequency or subfrequency is signaled in the device front panel by the flashing
of the MAX or MIN leds. The output relays tripping, at the end of the given delays, is
signaled by the switching off of the respective leds. The canceling is automatic when the
frequency returns to the fixed value.
The max/min voltage relay frequency, via clean contacts on its inner relays (NC contacts), can be
included in the safeties to enable and keep the parallel of the generator with the public power
mains or with another generator.
Figure 4.4.2 Operation test of the max/min frequency relay

15
LAB SESSION 02 (b)

TITTLE:

Study and apply a maximum current (over current) relay to a three-phase line.
APPARTUS:


Synchronous motor-generator set mod. MSG-1/EV.

Variable resistive load mod. RL-2/EV.

Variable inductive load mod. IL-2/EV.

Set of cables-jumpers for electrical connections

Module SR1 3-phase overload and short circuit
THEORY:

The three-phase ammetric relay in the maximum current protection function (overload) enables to
fix the limit of the current provided by a synchronous generator (its nominal power) or the current
a power line can usually stand. The current values and the intervention time delay can be adjusted.
The three-phase ammetric relay in the protection function against short circuit immediately trips
when the controlled current overcomes the set value.
Usually the relay acts on the main switch to set the controlled object (synchronous generator or
line) out of service. The current value (overload, short-circuit) as well as the delay time by
overload, must be adjusted and checked during the test phase and next in the periodical tests to be
sure of the protection device operation. The current values and the delay times are project data and
must be available for the tests.

POWER SUPPLY Input terminals of auxiliary power supply voltage 230Vac freq 50-60 Hz
CURRENT INPUTS Current input terminals, range 5 Aac. By convention, currents of the

16
terminals on top are considered as input and those at the bottom as output.
NO-NC-COM Terminals for output exchange contacts for overload and short circuit alarm.
The state of the contacts is referred to the device with auxiliary power
supply present and not in alarm.
INHIB. An electrical continuity, as indicated by the dotted lines (e.g. with a switch),
blocks the output relay; a possible overcurrent is not signaled.
RESET An electrical continuity, as indicated by the dotted lines (e.g. with a
pushbutton), resets the output relay after an overcurrent is memorized.

Maximum current three-phase amperometric relay (overload and short-circuit) with fixed
time and three-phase short-circuit.

Direct measurement or via CT.

Adjustment of overload threshold with SETPOINTOVERLOAD potentiometer from 1 to 5 A.

Adjustment of the overload intervention time with DELAY potentiometer from 1 to 30 s.

Short-circuit threshold adjustment with SETPOINT-SHORT CIRCUIT potentiometer from
5 to 25 A, instant intervention.

Auxiliary power supply 230 Vac 50-60 Hz.

Manual reset with pushbutton on the front panel or with external RESET contact. (Reset
and Inhibit with a common point).

Normally energized state of relay, de-energized at the intervention.

Inhibition at starting by closing INHIBIT external contact (Inhibit and Reset have a
common point).

Red led 1: current indicator > of the overload set-point or intervention for overload current.

Red led 2: intervention indicator for short-circuit current.

Green led 3: energized relay indicator (normal operation), it turns off in case of alarm
REGULATIONS


overload threshold = 1 A;

intervention delay = 5 s;

Short-circuit threshold = 5 A.
PROCEDURE:

OPERATION TEST FOR CURRENT OVERLOAD
30. Connect the multimeter set to Ohm to the NC contact of the output relay.
31. Adjust the voltage of the variable power supply line and the load to get a current of about
0.6 A (lower than the value set in the overload threshold). In this condition, the ammetric
relay does not trip.
32. Increase the test current to about 1.2 A, record the time between over current and output
relay tripping (signaled by the interruption of continuity in the multimeter). If the delay
time and the intervention current values are not those supposed, adjust using the device.
33. As a demonstration, repeat the test with other values (project data).
34. The overload is signaled in front panel of the device when related ALARM led lights on.
The output relay tripping, at the end of given delay, is signaled when the green led
switches off and the condition keeps in memory even if current returns under fixed value.

17
35. To reset the device and cancel the information in memory, you must manually RESET
using the same pushbutton.
Figure 4.5.3 Electrical reference diagram.
OPERATION TEST FOR CURRENT SHORT-CIRCUIT
1. Increase the test current over 5 A (use the reference diagram and the connections indicated
in the figures 4.5.3, 4.5.4) and check the instantaneous tripping of the output relay
(signaled by the interruption of continuity in the multimeter).
2. The Current Transformers indicated in the diagram are connected as step-up
transformers (primary 5 A, secondary 25 A). A similar configuration can be used in the
test, if a power supply source and related load are not available to obtain a current equal or
higher than the one necessary to cause the short-circuit intervention. (As in this case)
3. The short-circuit is signaled in the device front panel by the related ALARM led lighting.
The output relay instantaneous tripping is signaled by the switching off of the green led
and the condition keeps in memory even if the current goes back under the fixed value.
4. To reset the device and the information in memory, it is necessary to manually RESET
using the same pushbutton.
Figure 4.5.3 Electrical reference diagram.

18
Figure 4.5.2 Operation test of the three-phase ammetric relay with overload function with
fixed
intervention time.

19
Figure 4.5.4 Operation test of the three- phase ammetric relay with short-circuit function
with
instantaneous tripping time

20
LAB SESSION 03 (a)

TITTLE:

To use a timer with different time functions to extend the protection relays operation.
APPARTUS:

Module SR9 Multifunction timer relay.

Fixed power supply source 24 Vac/dc, In 1 A or 230 Vac.

Multimeter for electrical continuity tests (Ohmmeter).
THEORY:

The timer relays delayed in closing, delayed in opening, intermittence, etc. enable to extend
the functions of a protection relay. e.g., to signal there is an overload, the overcurrent relay
with independent time (fixed time), activates the acoustic signaling (warning) and if the
overcurrent does not return inside the limits, after the delay set in the timer there is the
release.
PROCEDURE:

OPERATIVE MODE: On delay-timed relay.
1. Follow the electrical diagram of figure 5.10.1 or 5.10.2.
2. Set the module SR9 into the module-holder frame if available.
3. Configure the timer as follows:
a. SW3 = OFF Normal state of the output relay;
b. SW4 = OFF delay function in closing;
c. SW6, 7 = OFF and 5, 8 = ON (time range from 1.2 to 12 s);
d. trimmer for time regulation at half range = about 6 s.
4. Connect the timer to the power supply voltage.
5. Check the state of the timer output relay after the fixed time.
OPERATIVE MODE: OFF delay-timed relay.
i. SW3 = ON Inverted state of the output relay;
ii. SW4 = OFF delay function in closing;
iii. SW6, 7 = OFF and 5, 8 = ON (time range from 1.2 to 12 s);
iv. trimmer for time regulation at half range = about 6 s.
4. Connect the timer to the power supply voltage, the output relay immediately activates
and after the given time de-activates.
5. Check the state of the timer output relay during the fixed time.
OPERATIVE MODE: Jogging relay.
i. SW3 = ON Normal state of the output relay;
ii. SW4 = OFF jogging function;

21
iii. SW5, 7 = OFF and 6. 8 = ON (time range from 0.3 to 3 s);
iv. trimmer for regulation of the time to the minimum = about 0.3 s.
4. Connect the timer to the power supply voltage, the output relay is jogging.
5. Check the state of the output relay in jogging operation.
Figure 5.10.1 Usage diagram of a timer relay in different configurations.
230-Vac power supply
Figure 5.10.2 Usage diagram of a timer relay in different configurations.
24-Vac/dc power supply
Not only it can be used with delay starting from the moment there is power, but, in this case,
the timer relay can be controlled with an external PROGRAMMING CONTACT . Here the
power supply must be always present. Check this operating mode that occurring when the
NO contact connected to the terminals R1

R2 is opened.

22
LAB SESSION 03(b)

TITTLE:

Use auxiliary relay as interface for remote optical/acoustic signaling of protection relays
operation.
APPARTUS:

Module SR8 Alarm relays with two contacts for optical and acoustic signaling.

24-Vdc fixed power supply source, In 1 A.

THEORY:

The auxiliary relays applied to control acoustic and/or optical signaling are called alarm
relays. With one or more exchange contacts it is possible to control bells, sirens, fixed or
flashing light signaling lamps to recall the attention of the local or remote controller of the
plant.
To fulfill their purpose the alarm relays connect to the output of the protection relay and
reproduce the state of the last (normal or alarm condition).If the alarm relay has a contact, or
more exchange contacts, it can be used as inverting (not energized relay = active alarm or
viceversa).
PROCEDURE:

OPERATIVE MODE Relay used to activate an alarm (negative safety).
1. Follow the electrical diagram of figure 5.9.1.
3. Connect the auxiliary voltage and simulate the closing of the NO contact of the
maximum current relay.
4. Check the acoustic signal activation.
OPERATIVE MODE Relay used to activate different alarm signalers (positive safety).
3. Connect the auxiliary voltage and simulate the closing of the NC contact of the
maximum current relay.
4. Check the acoustic and optical signal activation.
With this circuit, when compared to the last, we want to focus the attention on the concept
of positive safety and the possibility to control alarm signalers, belonging to alternated
current or continuous current circuits and/or with different nominal voltages.

23
Figure 5.9.1 Usage diagram of an alarm relay connected to a protection relay with
output on NO contact. It is negative safety because if the alarm relay breaks no
signaling activates.
Figure 5.9.2 Usage diagram of an alarm relay connected to a protection relay with
output on NC contact. It is positive safety as the fault on the circuit or the alarm relay
causes the signaling activation. The fault, recalls the user s attention for
maintenance.
24
LAB SESSION 04

TITTLE:

Determine the transformation ratio of a current transformer (CT) with different primary
currents and load influence on the secondary. Carry out the performance tests.
APPARTUS:

Module SR11 Current or amperometric transformers (CT).

Variable three-phase power supply source 0 - 430 Vac, In = 5 A.

2 ammeters for alternated current measurement with range 5, 10 A.

50 table-kind rheostat or equivalent for regulation of current across primary of the
CT.

8 table-kind rheostat or equivalent for regulation of current at the secondary of the
CT.
THEORY:

The amperometric transformers (CT) are used to match the alternated current values to the
ranges of amperometric relays. They are characterized by fewer coils on the primary N1 than
the coils of the secondary N2. The transformation ratio is defined as the ratio between the
current across primary and the current across secondary. To take the effective transformation
ratio (K) very near nominal transformation ratio (Kn), the no-load current must be negligible
in respect to primary reaction current. In these conditions there is:
Kn K = I1 / I2 N2 / N1
To make no-load current negligible, the core induction must be kept very low and
laminations with very low specific loss. I.e. core section must be kept much larger than the
one used for an equivalent industrial transformer. The primary is inserted in series to the line
in which current is to be measured. The primary could be a single coil, it is not necessary to
cut off the line to carry out measurement, as; the same wire constitutes a single coil.The
example of a primary with a single coil is represented by amperometric grips, the secondary
wounds the conductor run by the current to be measured. The percentage ratio error is defined
by:
Fi% = (Kn

K) / K 100 or = (Kn I2

I1) / I1 100
The error angle is the phase angle between I1 and I2, considering it positive if the second is in
lead on the first and negative if vice versa. This error has no effect on the measurements of
the single current; instead it affects the active power or power measurements for which it is
necessary to read even the shift between the current and the voltage.The performance is
referred, by convention, to a power factor equal to 0.8 of delay.
With the performance and the secondary nominal current, it is possible to determine the
maximum impedance that can be connected to the secondary of the CT, which will be:
Z
2
max = Sn / I
2n
2
[ ]
In case the CT is open circuited, the mmf produced by the current present on the primary,
increases the induction and the flow until saturation with consequent increase of the induced
e.m.f., dangerous voltages can create on the secondary.
PROCEDURE:

5. Follow the electrical diagram of figure.
25
7. Connect the variable power supply source to the 10-A terminals with the load rheostat
R1 in series. Connect an ammeter to measure current at transformer input (current I1,
primary).
8. Connect the output terminals 5 A of transformer to load rheostat R2 (for resistance
value see table). Attention! Never let the CT operate with secondary circuit open.
9. Connect an ammeter to measure the alternated current across the transformer output
(current I2, secondary). It is better for the two ammeters employed respectively on the
primary and the secondary, to have the same accuracy class and this to be at least one
order lower than the one of the CTs (more accurate of the CTs to be checked).
10. Connect variable power supply with rheostatR1,adjust to 80% of transformer nominal
current,adjust rheostatR2 to the maximum allowed impedance in secondary(see table).
11. Record the value of the currents I1 and I2 in the table.
12. Apply the formula for the calculation of the percentage error ratio and complete the
table.
Figure: Electrical diagram for the connection of a CT for the performance test.
Table: Checking the CT ratio error mod. TA4 UNIDATA Italy
Sn = 3 VA in Class = 0.5 %, I1n = 10 A, I2n = 5 A, f = 50 Hz, Kn = 2
Performance/class
I1 (A) I2 (A) K effective
Z max. ( )
Error %
Sec. in short-
circuit

3 VA / 0.5 %

6 VA / 1 %

Z max. = Sn / I2n2 ( ) K effective = I1 / I2
Ratio error % = (Kn

K) / K 100 or = (Kn I2

I1) / I1 100
Z max. for Sn = 3 VA = 3 / 25 = 0.12 Z max. for Sn = 6 VA = 6 / 25 = 0.24

26
LAB SESSION 05

TITTLE:

Determine the transformation ratio of a voltage transformer (VT) with different primary
voltages and load influence on the secondary. Make the performance tests.
APPARTUS:

Module SR12 Voltage or voltmetric transformers (VT).

Variable three-phase power supply source 0 - 430 Vac.

2 voltmeters to measure the alternated voltage with 500-V range.

5k table-kind rheostat or equivalent to adjust load current across the secondary of
VT.
THEORY:

The voltage transformers (VT) are used to match the alternated voltage values to the ranges
of voltmeters or voltmetric relays. They are characterized by a number of coils equal to the
primary N1 plus the number of coils of the secondary N2. To take the effective transformation
ratio (K) very near the nominal transformation ratio (Kn), the inner voltage drop must be
negligible, this occurs only if transformer works in conditions next to no-load operation. In
such conditions:
Kn K = U1 / U2 E1 / E2 = N1 / N2
To make the inner voltage drop negligible the resistance as well as the dispersion reactance of
the two windings must be very small. The windings are carried out using very low current
densities, much lower than those used for industrial transformers. The coupling between the
primary and the secondary is cured to minimize the dispersed flows. The percentage error
ratio is defined by:
Fi% = (Kn

K) / K 100 or = (Kn U2

U1) / U1 100
The error angle is shift angle between U1 and U2, considering a positive fact if the second is
in lead on first and negative vice versa. This error has no effect on the measurements of
voltage, it affects, instead, active power or power measurements for which it is necessary to
read shift between current and voltage.The performance is referred,by convention, to a power
factor equal to 0.8.With performance and secondary nominal voltage, it is possible to
determine maximum admittance (or minimum impedance) that can be connected to
secondary of VT, this will be:
Y2max = 1 / Z2min = Sn / U2n
2
[1/ ]
The protections allowed to protect the primary and/or the secondary of a voltmetric
transformer are those against short-circuits. Fuses are largely used.
PROCEDURE:

13. Follow the electrical diagram of figure.
15. Connect to the terminals 500 V L1 and L2 of the variable three-phase power supply
source. Connect a voltmeter to measure the alternated voltage at the transformer input
(voltage U1, primary). Connect the PE terminal to the protection conductor, too.
16. Connect the transformer 100-V output terminals to an RC load rheostat (for the
resistor value see table). For safety reasons, connect a point of the secondary to
27
ground. In the exercise no protection device is used on the secondary of the VT so:
attention! Never make the VT operate in short-circuit or with a load higher than its
nominal power.
17. Connect a voltmeter to measure the alternated voltage at the transformer output
(voltage U2, secondary). The two voltmeters employed respectively in the primary
and the secondary, must have the same accuracy class and this must be at least an
order lower than the one of the VT (more accurate of the VT to be checked).
18. Connect milliammeter in series to load on secondary to prevent I2 max to be
overcome.
19. Connect variable power supply,adjust to 80 % of the transformer nominal voltage,
adjust the rheostat R2 to obtain about 50 % of the nominal current in the secondary
(see table).
20. Record the values of the voltages U1 and U2 in the table.
21. Apply formula for calculation of %ratio error (reported in the table) and fill the table.
Figure: Electrical connection diagram of a VT for the performance test
Table: Checking the error of VT ratio mod. TV10 UNIDATA Italy
Sn = 10 VA, Class = 0.5, U1n = 500 V, U2n = 100 V, f = 50 Hz, Kn = 5 %
Performance/class

U1 (V) U2 (V) K effective
Z min. ( )
Error %
No-load
secondary
50
100
150
200
10 VA / 0,5 % 50
100
150
200
20 VA / 1 % 50
100
150
200
Z minimum = U2n2 / Sn ( ) I2max. = Sn / U2 (A) K effective = U1 / U2
Ratio error % = (Kn

K) / K 100 or = (Kn U2

U1) / U1 100
Z minimum for Sn = 10 VA = 1002 / 10 = 1000 ;Z minimum for Sn = 20 VA = 1002 / 20 = 500

28
LAB SESSION 06 (a)

TITTLE:

Connection of the voltage transformers with open delta of three-phase lines
APPARTUS:

Module SR12 Three voltage transformers (VT).

Three-phase variable power supply source 0 - 430 Vac.

2 Voltmeters to measure the alternated voltage with 500-V range.

Three-phase insulation transformer to set up a line insulated from ground (IT line)
mod. P14A or equivalent.
THEORY:

Voltage transformers are used in three-phase lines to match the values of the line voltage to
the voltmeters ranges. The number of VTs to be employed depends on the method used by
the measurement instruments and/or by the protection relays.

No. of turns: N1 = 2990 coils ; N2 = 599 coils
Cross Section: S1 = 0.18 mm2 ; Section S2 = 0.40 mm2
Input terminals of the voltmetric transformer U1 = 500 V.
Output terminals of the voltmetric transformer U2 = 100 V.
Performance (Sn): 10 VA in cl. 0.5 - 16 VA in cl. 1.
PE: Terminal for connection to the ground conductor of the VT cases to ensure protection
against indirect contacts.
The VTs are characterized by a primary, connected to the line to be measured and by a
secondary, insulated from the primary, that for safety reasons is connected to ground (the
secondary is in low voltage, usually equal to 100 V). The connection to ground makes a point
of the secondary of all VTs common.
29
Figure 1: Connection diagram of three voltage transformers in a three-phase line.
The secondaries are connected to ground for protection against indirect contacts
Figure 2: Connection diagram of the open delta voltage transformers in the three
phase lines.
The correct presence of the three voltages U1, U2, U3 in the open vertex is equal to the zero
voltage. In case of fault to ground of a phase (first fault to ground in the line IT), one of three
vectors U is missing or reduces and a voltage appears as a the result.
Figure 3: In the secondaries connected
with open delta, when the voltage U
Figure 4: In the secondaries connected
with open delta, when the voltage U
vector is missing or reduces, by effect of
30
vectors are present, the result is zero.

the fault, the result is different from zero

PROCEDURE:

1. Follow the electrical diagram of figure 2.
2. Connect the primary windings of the VT between the phases of the IT line to be
checked and a star center that will be connected to ground.
3. To set up the IT line, if a power transmission line simulator is not available (e.g. mod.
SEL-1/EV) connect three 0.5- F ground capacities to the secondary of the three-phase
transformer and the primary to the fixed three-phase power supply line 3 x 400Vac.
4. Delta connect the secondaries of the VT letting a vertex open. Across such vertex,
connect the voltmeter. Attention! Do never let the VTs operate in short-circuit or
with a load higher than their nominal power, the VTs could damage.
5. Connect the main voltage and check that the voltmeter connected to the secondary
indicates zero or very near zero.
6. Carry out a direct connection or with a resistance/impedance of a line conductor to
ground.
7. Check that the voltmeter indicates voltage, such voltage will be inversely proportional
to the value of the resistance/fault impedance (the more the fault is direct, the more
will be the voltage detected on the voltmeter). Obviously consider the ratio between
the primary and secondary of the VT.
31
LAB SESSION 06(b)

TITTLE:

Connection diagram of the open delta voltage transformers paired to a maximum voltage and
over-current relay for opening the circuit in case of fault to ground and overload/short-circuit
APPARTUS:

Module SR12 Three voltage transformers (VT).

Three-phase variable power supply source 0 - 430 Vac.

2 Voltmeters to measure the alternated voltage with 500-V range.

Three-phase insulation transformer to set up a line insulated from ground (IT line)
mod. P14A or equivalent.
THEORY:

Voltage transformers are used in three-phase lines to match the values of the line voltage to
the voltmeters ranges. The number of VTs to be employed depends on the method used by
the measurement instruments and/or by the protection relays.
Refer to the module s description SR12 for the technical characteristics of the used VTs.
PROCEDURE:

1. Follow the electrical diagram of figure 1.
2. Connect the three phase load rheostat.
3. Connect the primary windings of the VT between the phases of the IT line to be
checked and a star center that will be connected to ground.
4. To set up the IT line, if a power transmission line simulator is not available (e.g. mod.
SEL-1/EV) connect three 0.5- F ground capacities to the secondary of the three-phase
transformer and the primary to the fixed three-phase power supply line 3 x 400Vac.
5. Delta connect the secondaries of the VT letting a vertex open. Attention! Do never let
the VTs operate in short-circuit or with a load higher than their nominal power, the
VTs could damage.
6. Connect the Maximum current three-phase ammetric relay (overload and shortcircuit).
7. Connect the Minimum and Maximum single-phase voltage relay
8. Connect the Multiple command auxiliary relay, excitation of 24 Vdc.
* (1) If the line current is over the range of the used amperometric relay (maximum current
relay),
some CTs (current transformers) must be interposed between the line and the relay inputs
(make
the indirect insertion of the protection relay).
32
Figure 1: Connection diagram of the open delta voltage transformers paired to a
maximum voltage and over-current relay for opening the circuit in case of fault to
ground and overload/short-circuit
EXERCISE:

33
LAB SESSION 07(a)

TITLE:

Principle of Differential Protection
THEORY:

Differential protection, as its name implies, compares the current entering and leaving a
protected zone and operates when the differential current between these currents
exceeds a predetermined level. This type of protection scheme, usually also called
circulating current or current balance scheme is shown in fig.
The CTs are connected in series and the secondary current circulates between them.
The relay is connected across the mid point where the voltage is theoretically nil.
Therefore no current passes through the relay, hence no operation for faults outside the
protected zone (The zone between the two current transformers is designated as the
protected zone).
Under internal fault conditions (i.e. faults between the CTs) the relay operates, since
both the secondary currents add up and pass through the relay as seen in fig. above.
If load is very less then we can directly pass the load current through the current adder,
but for heavy load current CT is required to be employed.
Design Considerations

A number of factors have to be taken into account in designing a Differential protection
scheme. These include:

The matching of CT ratios

Current imbalance produced by tap changing

Dealing with zero sequence currents

Phase shift through the transformer

Magnetizing inrush current
Each of these is considered further below.
The Matching of CT Ratios
34
The CTs used for the Protection Scheme will normally be selected from a range of
current transformers with standard ratios such as 1600/1, 1000/5, 200/1 etc. This could
mean that the currents fed into the relay from the two sides of the power transformer
may not balance perfectly. Any imbalance must be compensated for and methods used
include the application of biased relays. The effect of the bias is to progressively
increase the amount of spill current required for relay operation.
Dealing with Zero Sequence Currents
Earth faults downstream of the transformer may give rise to zero sequence current,
depending upon winding connections and earthing arrangements. Since zero sequence
current does not pass through a transformer, it will be seen on one side only producing
spill current and possible relay operation for an out-of-zone fault. To prevent such
occurrence, zero sequence current must be eliminated from the differential scheme.
This is achieved by using delta connections on the secondary side of any CTs that are
associated with main transformer windings connected in star.
Where CT secondaries are connected in star on one side of a transformer and delta on
the other, allowance must be made for the fact that the secondary currents outside the
delta will only be 1/ 3 of the star equivalent.
Phase Shift through the Transformer
The currents in the CTs may experience a phase shift as they pass through the
transformer depending upon the transformer vector group. CT secondary connections
must compensate to avoid imbalance and a possible mal-operation.
Magnetizing Inrush Current
When a transformer is first energized, magnetizing inrush has the effect of producing a
high magnitude current for a short period of time. This will be seen by the supply side
CTs only and could be interpreted as an internal fault. Precautions must therefore be
taken to prevent a protection operation. Solutions include building a time delay feature
into the relay and the use of harmonic restraint driven, typically, by the high level of
second harmonic associated with inrush current.
35
LAB SESSION 07(b)

TITLE:

To carry out the performance test and automatic relay operation with Differential Protection.
APPARTUS:

Module SR13 Current adder transformer.

Variable three-phase power supply source 0 - 430 Vac, In = 5 A.

2 ammeters to measure the alternated voltage with range of 5 - 10 A.

50- table-kind rheostat or equivalent to adjust current on primary of adder
transformer.

Module SR2 Fixed time maximum single-phase current relay.

Module SR7 Auxiliary relay with start - stop functions.
THEORY:

In the differential protection, the sum of current is required to pass through the current relay,
in normal working the sum of the current will be zero but in case of a fault or unbalancing the
differential current will flow through the Maximum current relay.
In the given situation, load is very less so we are directly passing the load current through the
current adder, but for heavy load current CT needed to be employed.
Remember: Never let the CT open
PROCEDURE:

9. Follow the electrical diagram of figure-1:
10. Set the modules SR13, SR2 and SR 7 into the module-holder frame if available.
11. Connect the three primaries of the adder transformer to the line consisting in the
variable power supply 0-430V and the RC load rheostat.
12. Connect the secondary of the CT to the fixed time maximum current relay. Attention!
Do never let the CT operate with the secondary circuit open, the CT could damage.
13. Configure the maximum current relay as follows:
- SW1 on, SW2 off = range 1 A;
- SW3 off = normally energized output relay;
- SW4 on = delay at start up equal to 1 s;
- SW5 off =Inhibit input enable;
- SW6 on = maximum current function;
- current threshold (LEVEL) = 20% (30% of 1 A = 0.3 A);
- intervention delay (DELAY) = 0.1 s;
- intervention hysteresis (HYS) = zero.
14. Configure the auxiliary relay for start, stop functions (switch to START STOP
position).
15. Connect the auxiliary power supply to the maximum current relay and to the auxiliary
relay, then press the start pushbutton (line activation).
16. Adjust the variable power supply 0-430V and the RC load rheostat to obtain a line
current (1 - 2 A). No fault is detected by the circuit as the differential current is to
zero.
17. Create an unbalanced load and repeat the test as in the last point. Obviously even in
this case the value of the differential current is zero.
36
18. Create a partial or total alternative path of a phase current, (condition occurring in
case of fault to ground) as indicated in the electrical diagram by the dotted electrical
circuit and check that the CT determines the current difference . Current that if
superior to the threshold set on the maximum current relay controls the opening of the
auxiliary relay (circuit opening with fault to ground).
19. To change the intervention threshold value of the maximum current relay and to
increase the intervention time delay is like making the current and the intervention
time regulation of the differential
Figure-1:Usage diagram of an adder transformer to create a differential current
protection relay with a fixed time maximum current relay.
Note:

in the demonstration, the unbalance resistance (RS) of the zero sequence, is
connected to
the neutral to prevent the intervention of the differential protection always present in the
variable
power supply 0 - 430 Vac and eventually in the user s power supply line.
37
Figure2: Usage diagram of an adder transformer to create a differential current
protection relay with a fixed time maximum current relay to operate an automatic
separation of the line above the fixed threshold value.
38
LAB SESSION 08

TITTLE:

Connect and study the behavior of a maximum current directional relay for maximum
current. Check the intervention time with inverse current flow.
APPARTUS:

Module SR10 Maximum current directional relay.

Three-phase variable power supply source 0 - 430 Vac, In = 5 A.

Voltmeter to measure the alternated voltage with 500-V range.

Ammeter to measure the alternated current with 5-A range.

Table-kind three-phase rheostat 3 x 500 W, 3 x 50 or equivalent for current
adjustment.


Digital chronometer with resolution to the tenth of second (normal clock with
chronometer).
THEORY:

The directional relays are a very large family of equipment sharing the capacity to control the
power direction. The concept of direction comes from the angular relations between phase
voltages and currents where, by convention, positive is considered the direction of a vector
resulting from the composition of a reference vector with another set within 90 from the
first; negative the one resulting from the composition with a superior angle.
To fulfill their purpose, the directional relays carry out the measurement comparing two
variables in module and phase: voltage and current. The adjustment of the intervention
current threshold, the delay time and the characteristic angle (+/- 30) enables to use the
relay in different
applications.
The set values must be verified during the test phase and next in the periodical checks to be
sure of the protection device operation. The current values with related characteristic angle
and the delay times are design data and must be available for the tests.

POWER SUPPLY: Input terminals of the auxiliary power supply voltage 230 Vac,
frequency 50-60 Hz
VOLTAGE INPUTS: Input terminals of the reference voltage to determine the current
direction, range 400 Vac.
CURRENT INPUTS: Current input terminals, range 5 Aac. By convention, the current at
the terminal on the top is considered as input and the one at the bottom as output.
NO

NC

COM: Terminals for output relay contacts exchange for alarm. The state of the
contacts is referred to the device with auxiliary power supply present and not in alarm.
RESET An electrical continuity, as indicated by the dotted lines (e.g. with a pushbutton),
resets the output relay after an alarm is memorized.
PE Terminal for connection to the ground conductor of the relay metal envelope to ensure the
protection against indirect contacts.
39
Figure 5.7.1 Connection diagram for testing a measurement relay of the active
components of the current

power return (maximum current directional relay).
PROCEDURE:

Measure the active component of the current - power return.
38. Connect the terminals (POWER SUPPLY) to the 230-Vac auxiliary power supply
line, but do not connect the voltage. Connect the terminal PE to the protection
conductor, too.
39. Connect the terminals (VOLTAGE INPUT) respectively to L1 and L2 of the variable
three-phase power supply source. Connect a voltmeter to measure the relay input
alternated voltage (line voltage).
40. From the same three-phase power supply source mentioned above, by-pass the three-
phase load consisting in the RC rheostat, the current I1 (also called R1) must reach the
terminals (CURRENT INPUT). Connect an ammeter to measure the relay input
alternated current (load current). In practice, it is sufficient to insert the load only on
the conductor L1

Neutral.
41. To carry out these connections, VT and CT are not necessary if the values to be
measured are lower than the nominal values of the directional current relay (direct
insertion of the device).
42. Suppose and adjust the device with the following design data:

dip-switch angle = 30;

delayed intervention dip-switch = ON;
40

inverse current threshold (Is) = 0,7 A (dip-switch a 2 + 4 ON);

intervention time (Ts) = 5 s (dip-switch t 0.1 + 0.8 + 4).
43. As set, it is a directional relay that, with the current direction (In = 5A) to the input
(input in the higher terminal) does not enter alarm state.
44. Connect the auxiliary voltage and with the 0-430V variable line adjust the load
current to about 1 A, check the led is lighted ON (NORMAL) on the relay front panel.
45. Check the correspondence of the output relay contacts (powered device not in alarm
state).
46. Invert the CT input current direction (simulate the inverse current) and check that
with a current a little over the set threshold in Is (0.7 A), after the time Ts (5 s), the
output relay changes state and the TRIP led turns on. Besides, check that the
MEMORY led lights on and that it keeps lighted, even dropping the current under the
Is.
47. The relay reset is manual, it can be done only after the current goes back under the
threshold, with the pushbutton on the front panel or with the insertion of a jumper into
the RESET terminals.
Electrical Power System Protection Presentation
41
Presentation

OBJECTIVE

Fuses & Circuit Breakers: Types, Curves, Operation & their Selections
THEORY

42
43
44

EE-455 Electrical PowerSystem Protection - F2013

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