CHEM131 - Spring 14 -March 13

Lecture March 13
1
Chapter 9 - Chemical Bonding I
Lewis Theory
Next Mastering Chemistry HW and Quiz
Chap 4 (II) will be due March 27th
Hopefully will post MC by the break
Remember any regrades due by tomorrow
afternoon at 5 PM
Finish Oxidation-Reduction Reactions -
Sec. 4.9
CHEM131 - Spring 14 -March 13
Review of Oxidation
Numbers
2
4 FeCO
3
(s) + O
2
(g) ! 2 Fe
2
O
3
(s) + 4 CO
2
(g)
Use the charge
on a CO
3
2-
Fe is +2 Fe is +3 O is -2
Fe +2 to +3 oxidized
O from 0 to -2 reduced
O is 0
FeCO
3
is the REDUCING AGENT
O
2
is the OXIDIZING AGENT
CHEM131 - Spring 14 -March 13
Last Example
3
The oxidation number of an ion is the ion charge
2Al(s) + 3Cu
2+
(aq) ! 2Al
3+
(aq) + 3Cu(s)
Al 0 to 3+
Cu 2+ to 0
Balancing the ox #
2 x +3 = +6
3 x -2 = -6
Al is oxidized reducing agent
Cu
2+
is reduced oxidizing agent
OIL RIG
CHEM131 - Spring 14 -March 13
Review Valence Electrons
4
Remember -
Valence electrons in main group elements
the s and p electrons in the outermost shell
1A ns
1
(1)
2A ns
2
(2)
3A ns
2
np
1
(3)
4A ns
2
np
2
(4)
5A ns
2
np
3
(5)
6A ns
2
np
4
(6)
7A ns
2
np
5
(7)
8A ns
2
np
6
(8)
This is
equal to
the group
number
CHEM131 - Spring 14 -March 13
Lewis Dot Structures
5
Use a # to represent a valence electron
For Period 1, 2,and 3
H
#
He
#
#
B
#
#
#
Be
# #
C
#
#
#
#
N
#
#
#
#
#
Li
#
F
#
O
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
Valence electrons make the bonds
##
Mg
#
#
Al
#
# #
Si
#
#
#
# Na
#
#
# P
#
#
#
#
#
S
#
#
#
#
Cl
#
#
#
#
#
##
Ar
#
#
#
#
##
##
Ne
#
#
#
#
##
##
CHEM131 - Spring 14 -March 13
Ionic Bonds
6
Complete electron transfer between atoms to
produce ions with an octet -
isoelectronic to a noble gas
Na
#
Cl
#
#
#
#
#
##
+
Na
+
+ Cl
-
[Ne] [Ar]
OR
Cl
#
Ba
# # Cl
#
#
#
#
#
##
Cl
#
#
#
#
#
##
+ +

Ba
2+
+ 2Cl
-
CHEM131 - Spring 14 -March 13
Covalent Bonds
7
Electrons are shared between the two atoms
Goal is to complete the OCTET (noble
gas conguration) by sharing electrons
Exceptions: less that an octet
H (2 electrons ! He)
Be
B
Expanded Octet using the d orbitals
for elements with n = 3 or greater
CHEM131 - Spring 14 -March 13
Single Covalent Bonds
8
Simple Compounds satisfying the octet rule:
CH
4
NH
3
H
2
O HF
HCl
H
2
Exception
Cl
2
CH
3
Cl
CH
2
Cl
2
CH
2
ClF
CHEM131 - Spring 14 -March 13
Multiple Bonds
9
O
2
N
2
double bond triple bonds
Very common among C, N, and O
CH
3
COOH
acetic acid
CO
2
O
3
Resonance structure
CO
CHEM131 - Spring 14 -March 13
Electron Decient
Structures
10
With Be (2 valence electrons) and
B (3 valence electrons)
BeCl
2
BCl
3
Unpaired electrons - radicals -
odd number of valence electrons
NO NO
2
Very Reactive
CHEM131 - Spring 14 -March 13
Lewis Structures of Ions
11
Common ions:
NH
4
+
Adding H
+
H
3
O
+
Removing H
+
CH
3
COO
-
acetate ion
ammonium ion
hydronium ion
OH
-
hydroxide ion
NO
3
-
nitrate ion
(acids)
(bases)
CHEM131 - Spring 14 -March 13
Quiz of the Day
12
For the following reaction, determine the
change in oxidation number for the Fe
4 FeO(s) + O
2
(g) + 6H
2
O(l) ! 4 Fe(OH)
3
(s)
Express your answer as the rst one , the
second one with no spaces and include
the sign.
For example an answer might be
0,-2
Answer: +2,+3