Ps Projct

1
Polytechnic of Namibia
School of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering

Power systems Engineering(PSE610S) semester project
report
Title: Simulation of transmission line parameters

Compiled by: Hiskiel Stephanus
Student number: 201082616

Supervisor: Dr Al-mas Sendegeya

Abstract
Transmission line parameters are the most important aspects that can ever be considered when dealing with
transmission lines. Transmission lines are often categorised in three major categories which are, the short
2

lines, the medium lines and the long lines. Upon obtaining the transmission line parameters, it is often much
easier to predict the performance of a transmission line through efficiency measurement and per unit
analysis.
The students were thus given this project in order to model the transmission lines with their parameters by
using a very important mathematical tool called matlab. The students were thus expected to also evaluate the
performance of these lines y mainly using the values allocated to them and obtaining the appropriate results.

Acknowledgments
The students would like to very much acknowledge and appreciate the course lecturer for giving them this
window of opportunity to enhance their analytical skills using this software. They would like to thank him
for also being there for them during the course of the semester especially when they had problems with the
project . He took the students in for guidance and was able to ensure they always go with the correct path in
their problem solving skills.
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The students would thus like to assure the course lecturer that the knowledge they have obtained from doing
this project will not go to waste and will stick with them as a very important tool when they enter the
electrical industry.

Table of Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 4

Methodology ........................................................................................................................................... 6

Derivation of the ABCD parameters ....................................................................................................... 7

Program outline ................................................................................................................................... 12
4

Codes used for the simulation of the transmission lines ...................................................................... 13

Results obtained from the simulation .................................................................................................. 22

Discussion of results .............................................................................................................................. 28

Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 30

References ............................................................................................................................................ 32

Introduction
The steady state operation of a transmission line is a very important state when it comes to transmission line
modelling. Results obtained from the steady state analysis are often ideally used in the analysis of
transmission line and apply when the line conditions are balanced and also during unbalance.
The ABCD parameters of a transmission line have a handful of importance and knowing them enables us to
predict and manipulate the performance of a transmission line. During design one often tends to look for the
most efficient power system ad yet also considers the costs to erect the power system. This all start with the
analysis and acquisition of the power systems ABCD parameters and hence continues with the further
manipulation of these parameters to obtain the required system
The are basically three types of transmission lines. These are the short transmission line model, the medium
transmission, the model and the ling transmission line model. The medium transmission line model is further
subdivided into the T lines and the PI lines. These are all explained in details below and are further analysed
in the course of the report.
Short transmission lines
5

Figure1: the circuit equivalent for a short transmission line (ref1)
- These are transmission lines that are usually less than 80KM long.
- In the analysis of these lines, the capacitance and the leakage resistance to the earth are neglected
and hence only the wire resistance and the inductive reactance are considered.
- This is a simple series circuit and hence the current flowing through the circuit is simply the same.
- This is the easily analysed transmission line and it is not commonly used in power systems due to
the fact that transmission lines are usually aimed to go for a long distance as to reduce the
transmission costs.
Medium transmission lines (pi model)

Figure2: the circuit equivalent for a pi modelled transmission line (ref1)
- Medium lines usually have a length that varies between 80KM to 250km
- In the model for this lines parameters, the total shunt capacitance is usually lumped together and is
located half at each end.
- This model in analysed by assumed a delta connected circuit that has been discussed in the subject
electrical engineering (EEG120S).

Medium transmission lines (T model)

Figure3: the circuit equivalent for T modelled transmission line (ref1)
- This is another form of representing a medium transmission line.
6

- In this line model, half of the line impedance is lumped at the end of each line.
- This line also is analysed by assuming a wye connected circuit that was also covered in the circuit
analysis courses.
Long transmission lines

Figure4: the circuit equivalent for a long transmission line(ref1)
- These are the types of transmission lines that usually cover very long distances and could represent a
minimum distance of 250KM.
- They represent very high voltage transmission lines because long distance transmission with high
voltage reduce the line power losses.
- In this transmission lines, the current is kept to it very minimum to avoid effects of overheating and
hence reduce maintenance costs as they might take long to repair in times of damages.
- The equivalent circuit is somehow very similar to the alternative PI representation but the elements
are now represented using trigonometric ratios such as cosh and sinh.
The ABCD parameters are now derived from the equivalent circuit diagrams and are purely functions of
impedance and admittance values. This report thus serves as view of the student on how they were able to
model the transmission line sequentially and how they were able to attain the objectives of the project.

Methodology
The following methods were used in the project simulation. The steps are categorised from the initial thinking
to the final steps in the design and hence running and troubleshooting of the matlab program.
1. Upon receiving the project, the students sat down for a brainstorming session on their own. They
did this to share a few design ideas and hence to enable them to get a clear picture of what is
expected of them in the project.
2. They hence realised that to bring up this project , they need to have thorough knowledge on the
types of transmission lines(a topic they were encountering for the first time) and also to be able to
be very flexible on the ups and downs they are going to encounter in the course of the project.
3. The students came back to the project sheet and determined exactly what was expected of them in
the project.
4. The first thing they identified was that they needed to derive and come up with the ABCD
parameters of each and every transmission line. This is shown in the next section of the report.
5. The students than went on to the next of the projects expectations and realised that it was to write
a program that would simulate the different transmission line parameters. This would range from
the sending end power, the sending end current, voltage as well as the efficiency and voltage
regulation. And many more.
6. This formed the core of the project and hence careful thinking and analysis was needed for this
section. With the little knowledge they have on the recommended software they were hence able to
7

structure their program accordingly. The structure of the programs used is discussed in the sections
that follow.
7. The students than wrote their programs and simulated to obtain the results.
8. The students did not just wait for the course lecturer to approve to approve whether their readings
were correct or not, they went as far as troubleshooting the program for possible mistakes. They
themselves did the calculations by hand and were hence able to compare the two results if they were
going together or if there was an error.
9. The format of the code used for short transmission lines was used as a standard for other codes and
hence this enabled the students to come up with the codes for long and medium transmission lines
within a short time.
10. Upon completion of the simulations, the student s than answered the questions that followed and
were hence able to write their project report on the findings of simulation and were able to
comment on the results
Derivation of the ABCD parameters
Short lines
From the circuit in figure1:
By Kirchhoffs voltage law
V
S
=(R+JX
L
)I
L
+V
L
..1
Also for series circuit analysis
I
S
=I
L
+0V
L
..2
In vector matrix form, this are represented as
1
0 1
s L
S L
V V Z
I L
( ( (
=
( ( (

Hence these equations we can obtain the ABCD parameters as follows
s L
S L
V V A B
I L C D
( ( (
=
( ( (

From there we derive that

A=1.3
B=R+JX
L
4
C=05
D=1.6

For T-model (medium transmission lines)
From the circuit diagram in figure3:
By Kirchhoffs voltage law
1
2
S S
Z
V V I = + .7
8

1
2
L L
Z
V V I = + 8
Also By Kirchhoffs current law,
S C L
I I I = + 9
But
1 C C
I VY =

2
L
L C
ZI
V Y
| |
= +
|
\ .
..........................10

Where by Y
c
is the shunt admittance

1 S C L
I VY I = +
.11

Substituting in equation 8

2
S L L C L
Z
I V I Y I
| |
= + +
|
\ .
.13

2
C
L C L L
ZY
V Y I I = + +
.14

1
2
C
S L C L
ZY
I V Y I
| |
= + +
|
\ .
.15

Substituting the value of v
1
in equation 7,

2 2
S L L S
Z Z
V V I I
| |
= + +
|
\ .
..16

Then again substituting in I
s
of equation 9 in the above equation,
1
2 2 2
C
S L L L C L
ZY Z Z
V V I V Y I
| | | | | |
= + + + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
17

2
1
2 2 4 2
C C
L L
Y Z Z Y Z Z
V I
| |
| |
= + + + +
| |
\ .
\ .
18

2
1
2 4
C C
S L L
Y Z Z Y
V V Z I
| |
| |
= + + +
| |
\ .
\ .
..19

The matrix form for the equation of V
s
and I
S
,
2
1
2 4
1
2
C C
S L
S L C
C
ZY Z Y
Z
V V
I I ZY
Y
(
+ +
(
( (
= (
( (
(
+
(

.20
9

s L
S L
V V A B
I L C D
( ( (
=
( ( (

This is a standard matrix for transmission lines

Comparing the standard matrix and the T-method matrix of equation 20, we obtain that
A=1
2
C
ZY
+ 21
B=
2
4
C
Z Y
Z + 22
C=
C
Y and .23
D=1
2
C
ZY
+
.24

For the conventional PI representation
From the circuit diagram in figure2 we obtain that
By Kirchhoffs current law
I
S
=I
Z
+I
C2
..25
But I
C2
= V
S
2
C
Y | |
|
\ .
26

And I
Z
= I
L
+I
C1
27

2
C
L L
Y
I V
(
= +
(

28

By Kirchhoffs voltage law;
S L Z
V V ZI = +
29

Substituting in for
Z
I ,
2
C
S L L L
Y
V V I V Z
| | | |
= + +
| |
\ . \ .
..30

2
C
S L L L
ZY
V V I Z V
(
= + +
(

.31

1
2
C
L L
ZY
V I Z
(
= + +
(

32

Since I
S
=I
Z
+I
C2,
we can write the equation in terms of the line parameters Z and Y
C
,

therefore;
Substituting in the values of I
Z
and I
C2
in the above equations yields;

10

2 2
C C
S L L S
Y Y
I I V V
| | | |
= + +
| |
\ . \ .
33

1
2 2 2
C C C
L L L L
Y ZY Y
I V V ZI
| | | |
= + + + +
`
| |
\ . \ . )
34

2
1
2 2 4 2
C C C C
L L
Y Y ZY ZY
V I
| |
| |
= + + + +
| |
\ .
\ .
35

2
1
4 2
C C
S C L L
ZY ZY
I Y V I
| |
| |
= + + +
| |
\ .
\ .
...36

1 1
4 2
C C
C L L
ZY ZY
Y V I
| | | |
= + + +
| |
\ . \ .
37

The matrix form for the equation of V
s
and I
S

2
1
2 4
1
2
C C
S L
S L C
C
ZY Z Y
Z
V V
I I ZY
Y
(
+ +
(
( (
= (
( (
(
+
(

..38
Comparing the standard matrix used in both the T and the short line model and the pi matrix of equation 38
A=1
2
C
ZY
+
..39

B=Z..40
C= 1
4
C
C
ZY
Y
| |
+
|
\ .
..41
D=1
2
C
ZY
+
42
The long transmission line is a special type of transmission line. This transmission line is analysed below.
Inaccurate analysis of this transmission line requires that the line parameters be not limped as in other
analysis but should be uniformly distributed throughout the length of the line.
The analysis starts with the figure below.
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Figure 5: the one phase neutral connection of a three phase transmission line

The following are to be noted about the diagram above.
- The incremental section dx is at a distance x from the receiving end.
- It has series impedance Zdx
- It has shunt admittance Ydx
Where Y and Z are the impedance and admittance per unit length.
Therefore
dVx=(Vx+dVx)-Vx.43
= ( Ix+dIx)Zdx..44
Where Ix>>dIx
dVxIxZdx..45
In a similar manner, the incremental charging current is
dIxVxYdx46
and hence
dVx/dx= IxZ47
also
dIx/dx= VxY..48
by differentiating equations 47 and 48, we get
d
2
Vx/dx
2
=z( dIx/dx)49
d
2
Ix/dx
2
=Y( dVx/dx)..50
Hence substituting 47 and 48 into 49 and 50 we obtain that
d
2
Vx/dx
2
= ZVxY..51
d
2
Ix/dx
2
= YIxZ52
12

At x=0, Vx=V
L
and Ix=I
L

Hence the solutions to the differential equations 51 and 52 are
V(x) = ()V
L
+(
)I
L
53
Where V(x)=Vs54
Also
I(x) = (
) V
L
+ ( )I
L
55
Where x=l( the length of the line)
The new solutions to the two differential equations hence are
Where =..56
( ) c
Z
z
y
=
.57

S C
cosh sinh
L L
V V l Z I l = +
.58

( )
S
sinh
cosh
L
L
C
V l
I I l
Z

= +
.59
In vector matrix form
cosh sinh
1
sinh cosh
C
S L
S L
C
l Z l
V V
l l I I
Z

(
( (
(
=
( (
(

(

..60
And hence comparing thi vector matrix representation with the standard matrix we obtain that
C
A cosh cosh
B Z sinh sinh
1
C sinh =Y sinh
D cosh cosh
C
C
C
l ZY
l Z ZY
l ZY
Z
l ZY
= =
= =
=
= =
70
4. Program outline
The program will be outlined as below.
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1. The program must allow for its user to enter the values that are provided and will be the baseline
for the whole simulation.
2. The program will then be able to evaluate the impedance and admittance of the line.
3. Since the ABCD parameters are represented using the impedances and admittances, they are than
evaluated.
4. By direct substitution, the paramters are than substituted into the two standard equations as shown
below.
Vs=AV
L
+ BI
L

I
S
= CV
L
+ DI
L

5. Since the values of Vs and Is are now obtained, one is now able to evaluate the sending end power,
the voltage regulation, the efficiency, the sending end power factor.
6. This part of the program should than be the part where the bases of for the system are chosen in
order to give all the circuit quantities in per unit.
7. The per unit quantities are thus evaluated and displayed.
8. The program should then go on and allow the user to enter the power factor that they want their
system to be corrected to.
9. It will than calculate the value of the reactive power that needs to be supplied by the capacitor bank
and also the per phase capacitance of the capacitor bank.
10. The program for the short line is than modified so that it accommodates a looping structure and
also be able to obtain the different values of the capacitance bank when the length of line is being
varied.
That would hence sum up the project and hopefully attain the main objectives of the experiment.
Codes used for the simulation of the transmission lines
Short transmission lines
%program for short lines
clear;
clc;

%continue with the program
vl = input('enter line load voltage: ');
f = input('enter local frequency: ');
l = input('enter line constant in H/KM: ');
length = input('enter length of line: ');
r = input('enter the resistive constant: ');
power = input('enter the load power: ');
pf = input('enter load power factor: ');

%evaluate the parameters
xl=l*length*pi*2*f;
p=power/3;

res=r*length;
z=complex(res,xl);
A=1;
B=z;
C=0;
D=1;
vlo=vl/sqrt(3);
%evaluate the load current
ilmag=p/(vlo*pf);
%assuming a lagging power factor
il=complex(ilmag*cos(acos(pf)),-ilmag*sin(acos(pf)));
vload=complex(vlo,0);
14

%evaluate the value of Vsending end and Isending end

vs=A*vload + B*il;
is=C*vload + D*il;
%calculte sending end power
s=conj(is)*vs;
%calculate voltage regulation
vr=((abs(vs)-abs(vlo))/abs(vlo))*100;

%calculate efficiency
pin=real(s);
pout=p;
n=(pout/pin)*100;
%evaluating the power factor
theta=atan(imag(s)/ real(s));
pfactor=cos(theta);

fprintf ('VS=');
disp(vs);

fprintf('IS=');
disp(is);

fprintf('power factor at sending end=');
disp(pfactor);

fprintf('sending end complex power=');
disp(s);

fprintf('voltage regulation=');
disp(vr);

fprintf('effiency=');
disp(n);
%evaluate the per unit values of the line parameters
%choosing the base values as follows
vbase=vlo;

sbase=p/pf;

zbase=mpower(vbase,2)/sbase;

ibase=sbase/vbase;

zpu=z/zbase;

vreceivingpu=vload/vbase;

ireceivingpu=il/ibase;

vsendingpu=vs/vbase;

isendingpu=is/ibase;

ssendingpu=s/sbase;

precevingpu=p/sbase;

fprintf('the per unit value of the impedance=');
disp(zpu);
fprintf('the per unit value of the receiving end voltage=');
15

disp(vreceivingpu);
fprintf('the per unit value of the receiving end current=');
disp(ireceivingpu);
fprintf('the per unit value of the sending end voltage=');
disp(vsendingpu);
fprintf('the per unit value of the sending end current=');
disp(isendingpu);
fprintf('the per unit value of the sending end apparent power=');
disp(ssendingpu);
fprintf('the per unit value of the receiving end real power=');
disp(precevingpu);

%for power factor correction

thetanew=acos(pfdesired);

qold=imag(s);

qnew=real(s)*tan(thetanew);
%evaluating the value of the capacitor bank

qc=qold-qnew;
pfdesired = input('enter the desired power factor: ');
c=qc/(mpower(abs(vs),2)*2*pi*f);

fprintf('value of the capacitor bank in farads=');
disp(c);
fprintf('the reactive power to be supplied by the capacitane bank in
var=');
disp(qc);

Medium transmission lines (pie)

%program for medium pie lines
clear;
clc;

%start with the system inputs
vl = input('enter load voltage: ');
r = input('enter the resistive constant in OHM/KM: ');
power = input('enter the load power in WATTS: ');
m = input('enter your month of birth as a number: ');
d = input('enter your date of birth: ');

%evaluate the capacitive constant
%specifically for the vaues assigned to myself
x=d;
ca = x*(mpower(10,-1.05*m));

%evaluate the length
length=7*d;

xl=l*length*pi*2*f;

p=power/3;

16

xc=ca*length*2*pi*f;

res=r*length;
vlo=vl/sqrt(3);
z=complex(res,xl);

yc=complex(0,xc);
squ=mpower(yc,2);
A=(0.5*(z*yc))+1;
B=z;
C=yc+(0.25*(squ*z));
D=1+(0.5*(z*yc));

%evaluate the load current and load voltage
ilmag=p/(vlo*pf);


vs=A*vload + B*il;
is=C*vload + D*il;
s=conj(is)*vs;
pfactor=cos(theta);

vr=((abs(vs)-vlo)/vlo)*100;

pin=3*abs(vs)*abs(is)*pfactor;
pout=3*abs(vload)*abs(il)*pf;
n=(pout/pin)*100;

fprintf ('voltage at the sending end=');
disp(vs);

fprintf('current at the sending end=');
disp(is);

disp(pfactor);

disp(s);

disp(vr);

disp(n);
vbase=vlo;

sbase=p/pf;


ibase=sbase/vbase;

17

zpu=z/zbase;
ycpu=yc/zbase;





ssendingpu=s/sbase;


disp(zpu);
disp(vreceivingpu);
disp(ireceivingpu);
disp(vsendingpu);
disp(isendingpu);
disp(ssendingpu);
disp(precevingpu);
fprintf('the per unit value of the shunt admittance=');
disp(ycpu);



qold=imag(s);


qc=qold-qnew;

capa=qc/(mpower(abs(vs),2)*2*pi*f);

disp(capa);
var=');
disp(qc);

Medium transmission (T model)
%program for medium T lines
clear;
clc;

vl = input('enter load voltage: ');
18


%specifically for the vaues assigned to myself
x=d;
ca = x*(mpower(10,-1.05*m));

%evaluate the length
length=7*d;

xl=l*length*3.141592654*2*f;

p=power/3;


res=r*length;
vlo=vl/sqrt(3);
z=complex(res,xl);

yc=complex(0,xc);
squ=mpower(z,2);
A=(0.5*(z*yc))+1;
B=z+(0.25*(squ*yc));
C=yc;
D=1+(0.5*(z*yc));

ilmag=p/(vlo*pf);


vs=A*vload + B*il;
is=C*vload + D*il;
s=conj(is)*vs;
pfactor=cos(theta);


n=(pout/pin)*100;

disp(vs);

disp(is);

19

disp(pfactor);

disp(s);

disp(vr);

disp(n);

vbase=vlo;

sbase=p/pf;


ibase=sbase/vbase;

zpu=z/zbase;
ycpu=yc/zbase;





ssendingpu=s/sbase;


disp(zpu);
disp(vreceivingpu);
disp(ireceivingpu);
disp(vsendingpu);
disp(isendingpu);
disp(ssendingpu);
disp(precevingpu);
frintf('the per unit value of the shunt admittance=');
disp(ycpu);



qold=imag(s);

20


qc=qold-qnew;


disp(capa);
var=');
disp(qc);


%program for long lines
clear;
clc;

vl = input('enter load line voltage: ');

%specifically for the values assigned to myself
x=d;
ca = x*(mpower(10,-0.93*m));

%evaluate the length of the line
length=18*d;

%evaluation of the parameters
xl=l*length*pi*2*f;

p=power/3;


res=r*length;
vlo=vl/sqrt(3);
z=complex(res,xl);
y=complex(0,xc);

zc=sqrt(z/y);
yc=sqrt(y/z);

Y=sqrt(y*z);

%the ABCD parameters hence are

A=cosh(Y);
B=zc*sinh(Y);
C=yc*sinh(Y);
D=cosh(Y);
21

ilmag=p/(vlo*pf);


vs=A*vload + B*il;
is=C*vload + D*il;
s=conj(is)*vs;
pfactor=cos(theta);


n=(pout/pin)*100;

disp(vs);

disp(is);

disp(pfactor);

disp(s);

disp(vr);

disp(n);
vbase=vlo;

sbase=p/pf;


ibase=sbase/vbase;

zpu=z/zbase;
ypu=y/zbase;





22

ssendingpu=s/sbase;


disp(zpu);
disp(vreceivingpu);
disp(ireceivingpu);
disp(vsendingpu);
disp(isendingpu);
disp(ssendingpu);
disp(precevingpu);
fprintf('the per unit value of the shunt admittance=');
disp(ypu);



qold=abs(imag(s));

qnew=abs(real(s))*tan(thetanew);

qc=qold-qnew;


disp(capa);
fprintf('the reactive power to be supplied by the capacitance bank in
var=');
disp(qc);

Results obtained from the simulation

Short lines

enter line load voltage: 38000
enter local frequency: 50
enter line constant in H/KM: 0.00113
enter length of line: 40
enter the resistive constant: 0.4
enter the load power: 20000
enter load power factor: 0.88
VS= 2.1947e+004 +1.6908e+000i

IS= 0.3039 - 0.1640i

power factor at sending end= 0.8800

sending end complex power= 6.6686e+003 +3.6000e+003i

23

voltage regulation= 0.0328

effiency= 99.9714

the per unit value of the impedance= 2.5183e-004 +2.2350e-004i

the per unit value of the receiving end voltage= 1

the per unit value of the receiving end current= 0.8800 - 0.4750i

the per unit value of the sending end voltage= 1.0003 + 0.0001i

the per unit value of the sending end current= 0.8800 - 0.4750i

the per unit value of the sending end apparent power= 0.8803 + 0.4752i

the per unit value of the receiving end real power= 0.8800

enter the desired power factor: 1
value of the capacitor bank= 2.3791e-008

the reactive power to be supplied by the capacitane banki in var=
3.6000e+003
Medium (pie) transmission line
In this line, the values given by the course lecturer for the constants were inaccurate and do not fall in the
normal range for this type of transmission lines.
The student thus used the following problem to test their simulation for both the pi and the wye connected
lines. (ref2)

From this problem, the students manipulated the values and obtained the values of the month of birth, the
date of birth, the capacitive constant and the inductive constant as well as the resistive constant.

The results from the simulation of this problem are thus given as follows

enter load voltage: 138000
enter the resistive constant in OHM/KM: 0.11287
enter the load power in VAs: 49000000
enter your month of birth as a number: 8.703
enter your date of birth: 25
voltage at the sending end= 8.9449e+004 +1.4846e+004i

current at the sending end= 1.6683e+002 -2.3433e+001i




effiency= 95.2555

the per unit value of the impedance= 0.0508 + 0.2391i


24





the per unit value of the shunt admittance= 0 +2.5729e-006i


the reactive power to be supplied by the capacitance bank in var=
4.5728e+006

Medium (T) transmission lines
The same problem used for pi model was used for the T transmission lines so that the results can be comparable.

enter load voltage: 138000
enter your date of birth: 25





effiency= 95.2273






the per unit value of the sending end apparent power= 0.8926 +
0.2670i




25

the reactive power to be supplied by the capacitance bank in var=
4.3614e+006

For this transmission line, the values of the constants given were also very much inaccurate and did not
represent a real life situation of this type of transmission line.
The students however took a more practical example and where able to evaluate and simulate for this
transmission line.

Further calculations to determine further constants led to the calculation of the birth month and the birth
date to be as follows
d=8.33
m=9.507
enter load line voltage: 138000
enter your date of birth: 8.33





effiency= 93.8680










the reactive power to be supplied by the capacitane banki in var=
2.0353e+007

the code for short transmission lines was edited in order to obtain the value of the capacitance bank with
variable length of the transmission line. The code is as shown below.
26

%program for short lines
clear;
clc;
%continue with the program
vl = input('enter line load voltage: ');
length = input('enter length of line: ');
r = input('enter the resistive constant: ');
power = input('enter the load power: ');

for length=10:2:20;

xl=l*length*pi*2*f;
p=power/3;

res=r*length;
z=complex(res,xl);
A=1;
B=z;
C=0;
D=1;
vlo=vl/sqrt(3);
%evaluate the load current
ilmag=p/(vlo*pf);
%assuming a lagging power factor


vs=A*vload + B*il;
is=C*vload + D*il;
s=conj(is)*vs;
vr=((abs(vs)-abs(vlo))/abs(vlo))*100;

pin=real(s);
pout=p;
n=(pout/pin)*100;
pfactor=cos(theta);

fprintf ('VS=');
disp(vs);

fprintf('IS=');
disp(is);

disp(pfactor);

disp(s);

disp(vr);

27

disp(n);
vbase=vlo;

sbase=p/pf;


ibase=sbase/vbase;

zpu=z/zbase;





ssendingpu=s/sbase;


disp(zpu);
disp(vreceivingpu);
disp(ireceivingpu);
disp(vsendingpu);
disp(isendingpu);
disp(ssendingpu);
disp(precevingpu);



qold=imag(s);


qc=qold-qnew;
c=qc/(mpower(abs(vs),2)*2*pi*f);

fprintf('value of the capacitor bank=');
disp(c);
fprintf('the reactive power to be supplied by the capacitane banki in
var=');
disp(qc);

end

28

The plot of the variable length of the transmission line is plotted against the value of the capacitor bank as
follows.

In tabular form
Length (KM) Capacitance bank value(VAR)
10 26487
12 26488
14 26488
16 26489
18 26490
20 26491

Discussion of results

In the simulations carried out above, the student has the following to clarify on.
- Short transmission lines are very accurate for lengths that are within 80km.
- As the length and the voltage of the line increases, the short method becomes inaccurate as it doesnt
accommodate some of the parameters that come in the picture.
- The results for short transmission lines were able to come out with the values allocated to the
students.
- In the results obtained in the short line analysis showed that
For the lagging power factor of the load, the voltage at the receiving end is always greater
than the voltage at the sending end and hence ensuring a positive voltage regulation.
The power factor at the sending end is almost and very close to the power factor at the
receiving end.
The efficiency of these lines is very high and was obtained to be above 80%.
The transmission line losses are very minimum and do not hence reduce the power by that
much.
When the per unit values are obtained chossing the base values to be those at the receiving
end, the values at the sending end are usually greater than one because they are greater
than the chosen base values.
The capacitor bank value increases almost with a straight line characteristic equation with
the increase in the length of the line.
- Medium lines used the same values in the simulation for comparison purposes. These comparisons
are made below
By a small margin, the pi configuration has a higher efficiency than a T configuration.
The voltage regulation for the T configuration is greater than that of the pi configuration by
small margin as well.
This simply implies that there is big gap between the sending end and receiving end
voltages of the T transmission line.
26486.5
26487
26487.5
26488
26488.5
26489
26489.5
26490
26490.5
26491
26491.5
0 5 10 15 20 25
capacitor bank
value(VAR)
Line length(km)
line length vs capacitor bank value
29

Large differences in these two voltages could mean that there are greater voltage drops in
the transmission line leading to less terminal voltage.
The power factor for the pi is smaller than that of the T model. This would imply that
however, the pi model would need a much greater and bigger capacitor bank to correct this
power factor.
This is shown in the values of the capacitor values of the two models as they differed by a
large amount.
The sending end current of both the two models were moderately low as to reduce the
transmission line losses.
From the above comparisons, we can observe that each of these two models has its own
pros and cons
The pi model has less voltage drops in the line and have higher terminal voltage delivering
capabilities.
The T model however is much more efficient and has a higher sending end power factor
making it more ideal in power system applications.
- For long transmission lines,

The efficiency was high enough and was found to be at least 93%
This could imply that the system is efficient enough and comparing its length with its efficiency one
can say that it is best to use this line.
A longer distance will hence be covered and yet the power losses are at their very minimum.
The current in this line is also very little and could mean that the losses are also kept at their
minimum.
The power factor was less than the receiving end power factor. This could imply that more reactive
power is supplied and doesnt necessarily reach the load.
The line itself is having capacitive components and one can say that this line has possibilities of
correcting its own power factor.
The power factor at the sending end is also lagging just as that of the receiving end.
This line model was also found to have a very high voltage regulation than all the other two lines.
This could imply that there is a big difference between the terminal voltage and the sending end
voltage
This is mostly due to the voltage drops in the line causing the terminal voltage to be low.

Comparison between calculated and simulated values

Short model
Quantity Simulated values Calculated values
Efficiency 99.9714 99.9
Sending end voltage 2.1947e+004 +1.6908e+000i 21946.5+j1.687
Sending end current 0.3039 - 0.1640i 0.3426-j0.0433
Voltage regulation 0.0328 0.0328%
Sending end power 6.6686e+003 +3.6000e+003i -7.5141e+003-j -982.8812
Power factor at the sending end 0.8800 0.879
Capacitance values 1.7704e-006F 23.84F

Pi model

quantity Simulated Calculated
Sending end voltage 8.9449e+004 +1.4846e+004i 91940.2+j17352.8
Sending end current 1.6683e+002 -2.3433e+001i 196.53-j39.51
Sending end power factor 0.9541 0.927

T model
Sending end voltage 8.9067e+004 +1.4586e+004i 91486+ j170486
30

Sending end current 1.6722e+002 -2.1583e+001i 196.95-j39.5

Long model

Sending end voltage 1.3770e+005 +1.1480e+005i

99470
Sending end current 1.3736e+002 -3.3293e+001i

Voltage regulation 25.0150 24.1

From the above comparisons of results, it can well be obtained that there is a slight difference
between the calculated and the simulated values.
This could be an indication that the simulated results are of much greater accuracy than the
calculated values.
With matlab being a very vital rule, it is hence proven that it is a platform that can give very
accurate results without errors.
The causes of the errors during manual calculations could be human errors, technical errors such as
calibration errors,parallax errors or even errors due to electromagnetic inteferences.

Conclusion
The simulation enhanced not only the students ability to work with a matlab environment but also
helped them to be able to visualise the performance of different types of transmission lines.
Critical thinking was alos one of the aspects being tested in this project and the students were able
to bring up a successful simulation within a limited amount of time.
The results of the project further emancipated the fact that, computer simulations are much more
accurate than manual means of calculations as they do not present any errors unless there are input
errors in the first place.

Furthermore, the students understood the fact the short transmission line is the fundamental of all
the other transmission lines and is only variable and tends to increase in complexity when the length
increases.
The long transmission lines are the most preffered and the short are more of an ideal type of line as
they rarely occur in the electrical industry.
Per unit analysis was used in the lines and proved to use very small values of the quantities. This
would imply its goodness in transmission line modelling and hence would prevent the program from
crashing due to large values then the memory can accommodate.
The capacitance bank value was found to increase as the length of the line increases and this means
that the power factor becomes poorer as the length of the line increases.
31

Overally, analysis of all the types of transmission lines is equally important as all the tpes of lines occur in
the electrical industry. A thorough understanding of both the lines would do an electrical engineer a lot
of good.
To put it in a nutshell, this lab simulation was an ultimate success with both the lecturer and students
learning a great deal of information. The Namibian industry would feel proud to have very well equipped
engineers upon our graduation.

32

References
1. Lab sheet, power system engineering simulation lab, revised 2013
2. Introduction to power engineering research project; Dr Houssem Rafik El-Hana Bouchekara;
department of electrical engineering; umm Al-cura university; Saudi Arabia
3. Class notes, mr Sendegeya,Polytechnic of Namibia,revised 2013
4. http://www.ece.ualberta.ca/knight/electrical_machines/fundamentals/f_ac_3p.html
5. http://www.epuniversity.org/w3.html
6. www.insightmaker.com/
7. http://openbookproject.net/electricCircuits/AC/AC_10.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrical_components
8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_line
9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_line
10. http://www.ece.uci.edu/docs/hspice/hspice_2001_2-26.html
11. http://www.ece.uci.edu/docs/hspice/hspice_2001_2-26.html
12. http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Characteristic_impedance.html
13. http://www.mathworks.com/help/rfblks/transmissionline.html
14. http://na.tm.agilent.com/plts/help/WebHelp/Analyzing/Analyzing_Transmission_Line_Parameters.html

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