1

Chapter 3 Graphing with Transformations

Function
Form
Conditions Domain Range Type of
function
Asymptotes Examples Graph
q
p
x x f
x x f
n

=
=

) (
) (

n, p & q are +ve
odd integers
R\{0} R\{0} 1-1
odd
x=0
y=0
5
3 3
1
,
1
,
1
x x x


q
p
x x f
x x f
n

=
=

) (
) (

n & p +ve even
integers
q +ve odd integer
R\{0} R
+
many 1
even
x=0
y=0
5
4
1
,
1
,
1
6 2
x
x x


q
p
x x f = ) (

p & q +ve odd
integers
R R 1 1
odd
none
3
5
3
1
, ,
3
x x x


y
x
(1, 1)
(-1, -1)
y=0
x=0
y
x
(-1, 1) (1, 1)
y=0
x=0
(0, 0)
(0, 0)
y
x
y
x
(1, 1)
(-1, -1)
(1, 1)
(-1, -1)
0 <
p
q
< 1
p
q
> 1
2
q
p
x x f = ) (

p +ve even
integer
q +ve odd integer
R [0, ) many 1
even
none
3
4
3
2
, ,
2
x x x


q
p
x x f = ) (

p +ve odd integer
q +ve even integer
[0, ) [0, ) 1 1
neither
none
2
3
4
1
2
1
, , x x x


q
p
x x f

= ) (

p +ve odd integer
q +ve even integer
R
+
R
+
1 1
neither
x=0
y=0
2
3
4
3
2
1
1
,
1
,
1
x x x


Eg 1 pg 57
Ex 3A all
y
x
y
x
(0, 0) (0, 0)
0 <
p
q
< 1
p
q
> 1
y
x
y
x
(0, 0)
(0, 0)

0 <
p
q
< 1
p
q
> 1
y
x
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
(1, 1)
y=0
x=0
3
We will concentrate on the following functions in this chapter, although these
transformations are transferable to other graphs.


2
) ( , : x x f R R f =
x
x f R R f
1
) ( , } 0 { \ : =

Asymptotes
x=0
y=0



x x f R R f =
+
) ( , :
2
1
) ( , } 0 { \ :
x
x f R R f =
Asymptotes
x=0
y=0







These graphs can be transformed in these ways.
Translated moved vertically or horizontally.
Dilated stretched vertically or horizontally.
Reflected in the x or y axes.

You can apply the following transformations to
2
) ( , : x x f R R f = .















y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
where a,b,c,d>0
f(x) = a ( b (x c) )
2
d

Reflection in
the x-axis if -
reflection in
the y-axis if -
dilation of factor
a from x or
parallel to y
dilation of factor
1/b from y or
parallel to x
horizontal
translation of
-+c units
vertical
translation of
+-d units
4


Similarly you can apply the same transformations to the following:

x
x f R R f
1
) ( , } 0 { \ : = you will get d
c x b
a
x f


=
) (
) (

x x f R R f =
+
) ( , : you will get d c x b a x f = ) ( ) (

2
1
) ( , } 0 { \ :
x
x f R R f = you will get d
c x b
a
x f


=
2
)) ( (
) (

Mapping notation

Translations
) , ( ) , ( y h x y x + moves the ) , ( ) , ( k y x y x + moves the
graph h units horizontally. graph k units vertically.
y
x
(x, y)
(x+h, y)

y
x
(x, y)
(x, y+k)

Dilations
) , ( ) , ( ky x y x dilates the graph ) , ( ) , ( y hx y x dilates the graph
by a factor of k from the x-axis. by a factor of h from the y-axis.

y
x
(x, y)
(x, ky)

y
x
(x, y)
(hx, y)

Reflections
) , ( ) , ( y x y x is a reflection in ) , ( ) , ( y x y x is a reflection in
the y-axis. the x-axis.
y
x
(x, y) (-x, y)
y
x
(x, y)
(x, -y)




5
In general:

Translations
) , ( ) , ( k y h x y x + + moves the graph h units horizontally and k units vertically.
) , ( ) , ( k y h x y x + + is the graph ) ( h x f k y =

Dilations
) , ( ) , ( ky x y x dilates the graph by a factor of k from the x-axis (or a factor of k parallel to
the y-axis or in the y).
) , ( ) , ( ky x y x is the graph ) ( ) ( x kf y x f
k
y
= =
) , ( ) , ( y hx y x dilates the graph by a factor of h from the y-axis (or a factor of h parallel to
the x-axis or in the x)
) , ( ) , ( y hx y x is the graph
|
.
|

\
|
=
h
x
f y

Reflections
) , ( ) , ( y x y x is a reflection in the y-axis.
) , ( ) , ( y x y x is the graph ) ( x f y =

) , ( ) , ( y x y x is a reflection in the x-axis.
) , ( ) , ( y x y x is the graph ) (x f y =

Eg2. State a transformation which maps the graphs of ) (x f y = to ) (
1
x f y = for each of the
following. Sketch the graphs of ). (
1
x f
a)
( )
2
1
2
2
1
) ( ,
1
) (
+
= =
x
x f
x
x f b) 3 ) ( , ) (
1
= = x x f x x f











Eg3. If
2
1
) (
x
x f = , sketch |
.
|

\
|
4
x
f





6
3
2
) (
1
) ( = =
x
x f
x
x f
Eg4. State a transformation which maps the graphs of ) (x f y = to ) (
1
x f y = for each of the
following.
a) x x f x x f = = ) ( , ) (
1
b)
2
1
2
2
) ( ,
1
) (
x
x f
x
x f = =





c) 4
1
) ( ,
1
) (
2
1
2
= =
x
x f
x
x f d)
2
1
2
2
1
) ( ,
1
) (
x
x f
x
x f = =





Eg5. State transformations for






Eg6. Find the rule of the function when the function with equation x y = is transformed by:
a) a reflection in the y-axis b) a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis




c) a dilation of factor
2
1
from the y-axis



Eg7. Find the image of the curve with equation ), (x f y = where
x
x f
1
) ( = under a translation
3 units in the positive direction of the x -axis and 2 units in the negative direction of the y -
axis.








7










Ex 3B: 1-3 (1/2), 4, 5 (1/2), 6; Ex 3C: 1-4 ; Ex 3D: 1-2 (1/3), 3 (1/2), 4

Combinations of transformations
Recommended order of transformations when sketching or describing:
1.Dilations 2.Reflections 3.Translations

NB: always ensure that the coefficient of x is taken out as a factor first before
describing the sequence of transformations or sketching.

Eg8. Identify the sequence of transformations that maps the graph of the function
x
x f
1
) ( =
onto the graph of the function
12 3
1
) (
+
=
x
x f .






Eg9. Identify the sequence of transformations that maps the graph of the function
2
1
) (
x
x f = onto the graph of the function
( )
1
1
2
) (
2

=
x
x f , and use this to sketch the graph
of
( )
1
1
2
) (
2

=
x
x f , stating the equations of asymptotes and the coordinates of axes
intercepts.










8
When given a sequence of transformations and the resulting image equation is required,
the following rules apply:

1. If there is a translation parallel to the x-axis after any transformations, it must be put
inside a bracket with any coefficient of x placed in front of the bracket. Any
transformation after this translation is placed directly.

Eg10. Consider the following sequences of transformations for the
function
x
y
1
= :
Given,
D= dilation of factor
2
1
parallel to the
x-axis
R= reflection in the y-axis
T= translation of 3 units in the positive
direction of the x-axis

In general given,
D= dilation of factor b parallel to the
x-axis
R= reflection in the y-axis
T= translation of c units in the positive
direction of the x-axis

DRT
) 3 ( 2
1
2
1
2
1 1

x x x x
T R D


RDT
) 3 ( 2
1
2
1 1 1

x x x x
T D R


DTR
) 3 ( 2
1
) 3 ( 2
1
2
1 1

x x x x
R T D


RTD
) 3 2 (
1
) 3 (
1 1 1

x x x x
D T R


TDR
3 2
1
3 2
1
3
1 1

x x x x
R D T


TRD
3 2
1
3
1
3
1 1

x x x x
T R D


DRT
) (
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
c x
b
x
b
x
b
x
T R D

RDT
) (
1
1
1
1 1 1
c x
b
x
b
x x
T D R

DTR
) (
1
1
) (
1
1
1
1 1
c x
b
c x
b
x
b
x
R T D

RTD
)
1
(
1
) (
1 1 1
c x
b
c x x x
D T R

TDR
c x
b
c x
b
c x x
R D T

1
1
1
1 1 1

TRD
c x
b
c x c x x
T R D

1
1 1 1 1


2. A dilation parallel to the y-axis (from the x-axis), will result in the whole equation being
multiplied by the dilation factor when it occurs. A reflection in the x-axis will also result
in the whole equation being multiplied by -1 when it occurs. Any vertical translation is
placed directly when it occurs.
9
Eg11.
a) Find the rule of the image when the graph of the function x y =
undergoes a reflection in the x-axis, followed by a translation of 3
units in the positive direction of the y-axis, followed by a dilation of
factor 2 from the x-axis.



D T R
x



b) Find the rule of the image when the graph of the function x y =
undergoes a reflection in the x-axis, followed by a dilation of
factor 2 from the x-axis, followed by a translation of 3 units in the
positive direction of the y-axis, .



T D R
x



c) Find the rule of the image when the graph of the function x y =
undergoes a translation of 3 units in the positive direction of the
y-axis, followed by a reflection in the x-axis, followed by a dilation of
factor 2 from the x-axis.




D R T
x



Ex 3E: 1acd, 3, 4
Eg12. Show that
1
1
3
1
2 3
+
=
+
+
x x
x
and hence sketch
1
2 3
) ( , } 1 { \ :
+
+
=
x
x
x f R R f









Ex 3F: 1-4 (1/2), 5b, 6 (1/2)
10
TRANSFORMATIONS AND MATRICES

Under any transformation, we say a point is mapped onto an image point

.
i.e

= image of point

Eg13. Find the image of the point (1, 5) under the following transformations:
a) Translation of 2 units right

(image of point

(image of point
(1, 5) ( , )= image point of (1, 5)

b) Dilation of factor 2 parallel to the y-axis.

(image of point

(image of point

(1, 5) ( , )= image point of (1, 5)

We can use matrices to find the image of a point under different transformations.

1. For reflections and dilations

Mapping-(Linear
Transformation)
Rule Transformation Matrix (T)
Reflection in the x-axis x=x (x=1x+0y)
y=-y (y=0x-1y)
[


]
Reflection in the y-axis x=-x (x=-1x+0y)
y=y (y=0x+1y)
[


]
Dilation by a factor k from the
y-axis(parallel to x-axis)
x=kx (x=kx+0y)
y=y (y=0x+1y)
[


]
Dilation by a factor k from the
x-axis(parallel to y-axis)
x=x (x=1x+0y)
y=ky (y=0x+ky)
[


]
Reflection in the line y=x (inverse) x=y (x=0x+1y)
y=x (y=1x+0y)
[


]
The image point (x, y) is found by finding: [

] [

]

2. For translations
Mapping- (Non-linear
transformation)
Rule Image point found by:
Translation by a units in the x-
axis and b units in the y-axis
x= x + a
y=y + b
[

] [

] [

]


These matrices will allow us to find the image points (x, y) under different transformations.

11

1
0
0
-1
(
(

1
0
0
2
(
(

1
0
0
2
(
(

1
0
0
-1
(
(

1
4
(
(
Eg14. Find the image of the point (1, 5) under a:

a) reflection in the y-axis





b) a dilation of factor 3 from the x-axis




Composition of mappings

More than one transformation can occur. If a point undergoes a linear transformation given
by a matrix A, followed by another linear transformation given by matrix B, then BA is the
resulting transformation matrix.

Eg15.
a) Find the image of the point (3, 2) under a reflection in the x-axis followed by a dilation of
factor 2 parallel to the y-axis(from the x-axis).

Let A = (reflection in x-axis) B= (dilation by factor 2 from x-axis)


Then, BA= = is the transformation matrix (T)


The image point is:





b) Find the image of the point (3, 2) under a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis followed by
a translation given by the matrix B = .









12

a
c
b
d
(
(

a
c
b
d
(
(

1
-2
(
(

-4
5
(
(

a
c
b
d
(
(

3
4
(
(

18
5
(
(

a 2b
c 2d
(
(

-4
5
(
(

3a + 4b
3c + 4d
(
(

18
5
(
(

a
b
c
d
(
(
(
(
(
(

-4
5
18
5
(
(
(
(
(
(

a
b
c
d
(
(
(
(
(
(

1
0
3
0
-2
0
4
0
0
1
0
3
0
-2
0
4
(
(
(
(
(
(
-1

-4
5
18
5
(
(
(
(
(
(

a
b
c
d
(
(
(
(
(
(

2
3
3
-1
(
(
(
(
(
(

1
0
3
0
-2
0
4
0
0
1
0
3
0
-2
0
4
(
(
(
(
(
(
Eg16. Consider the linear transformation such that (1, -2) (-4, 5) and (3, 4) (18, 5).
Find the image of the point (2, 7) under the same transformation.

Let T = be the linear transformation matrix. Then,


= and =



= =


We need to solve the following system of equations:




=



=




=



a= b= c= d=

Transformation Matrix, T=













13

1
0
0
2
(
(

1
0
0
2
(
(

x
y
(
(

x'
y'
(
(

x
y
(
(

1
0
0
2
(
(
-1

x'
y'
(
(

x
y
(
(

x'
\

| 1
2.
|
|
y'

(
(
(
(

0
2
-3
0
(
(

1
2
(
(

x
y
(
(

0
2
-3
0
(
(
-1

x'
y'
(
(

1
2
(
(


Transformation of Graphs of Functions with Matrices
Matrices can be used to find the equation of the image of a graph under a given
transformation.
Eg17. Find the equation of the image of the graph of the following quadratic equations under
the transformation defined by the matrix .


i)

ii)

Solution:
(

) = image of point

=


=



=

i) ii)






Eg18. A transformation is described by the equation T(X+B) = X', where T= and B=

Find the image of the straight line with equation under this transformation.
Solution:
T(X+B) = X' X + B= T
-1
X'
X= T
-1
X' - B

= -

=


x= y=

becomes

14
Ex 3G:1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6,7,10,11,12
Determining the rule for a function of a graph
This requires the same number of points as there are unknowns in the function.
Eg19. Find the equation of the graph with equation c ax y + =
2
.










Eg20. Find the equation of the graph with equation c bx ax y + + =
2












Eg21. The points (2,1) and (10,6) lie on the curve b x a y + = 1 .Find a & b.






Ex 3H: 1-6

Addition of Ordinates
Remember that ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( g dom f dom g f dom and x g x f x g f = + + = + .
Addition of ordinates is most useful when ( ) ) (x g f + is not a function whose graph you would
familiar with.
The process is to add corresponding y values for both ) ( and ) ( x g x f for given x values, to
produce the graph of ( ) ) (x g f + .




y
x
3
(-3,1)
y
x
-1
2
1
15

Eg22. Sketch f+g


















Eg23. Sketch f+g

























y
x
f
g
y
x
f
g
16

Eg24. Sketch f + g












Eg25. Sketch g - f













Ex 3I: 1, 4, 5

Graphing Inverse Functions
Remember that ) (x f has to be a 1-1 function for ) (
1
x f

to be a function.
Eg26. Find ) (
1
x f

if 4 2 3 ) ( + + = x x f and sketch both on the same set of axis.













y
x
f
g
y
x
f
g
17

Eg27. Find the inverse relation of ( )
2
1 4 ) ( + = x x f and sketch both on the same set of axis.





















Eg28. We can restrict the domain of ( )
2
1 4 ) ( + = x x f so that its inverse will be a function. Find
the maximum possible domain for this to happen.



















Ex 3J: 1-4 (1/2)
Review: (1/2)