SASURIE ACADEMY

OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering
Subject Code: EC2404
~ELECTRONIC SYSTEM DESIGN LAB
Name
Reg No
Branch
Year & Semester
: ..............
: ..............
: ..............
: ..............
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Exp.No Name of the experiment Page No
1 DESIGN OF AN INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
2 DESIGN OF AC/DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR USING SCR
3 DESIGN OF PROCESS CONTROL TIMER
4 i) DESIGN OF AM MODULATOR AND DEMODULATOR
ii) DESIGN OF FM MODULATOR AND DEMODULATOR
5 DESIGN OF WIRELESS DATA MODEM
6 PCB LAYOUT DESIGN USING CAD TOOL
7 MICROCONTROLLER BASED SYSTEMS DESIGN
8 DSP BASED SYSTEM DESIGN
9 PSUEDO RANDOM SEQUENCE GENERATOR
10 ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT DESIGN
INDEX
EX.
No
DAT
E
NAME OF
EXPERIMENT
PAGE
No
MAR
KS
INITI
AL
Ex. No.1 DESIGN OF AN INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
AIM:
To design, construct and test an instrumentation amplifier using IC 741 and vary its
gain from 1 to 100.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the
Apparatus
Range Quantity
1 Operational Amplifier IC 741 4
2 Resistor 10k
1k1
50
1
0

4
3 DRB 1
4 Bread Board
&Connecting
wires
As required
5 Dual Power Supply 1
6 Rheostat (0-100) 1
7 Ammeter (0-250)A 1
8 Multimeter 1
THEORY:
INSTUMENTATION AMPLIFIER:
Instrumentation amplifier is generally required in any measurement
system using electrical transducers to enhance signal levels often in low voltage less than
mV. Also it is required to provide impedance matching and isolation. When the desired
input rides over a common mode signal special amplifier are needed so that difference
signals get amplified to an acceptable level while the common mode signals get attenuated.
The physical quantities can be converted into electrical quantities by
using transducer. The output of the transducer needs to be amplified to get the meter
readings. This amplification is done by using instrumentation amplifier. The output
of instrumentation amplifier drives of indicator or display system. The important
features of an instrumentation amplifier are high gain accuracy, high CMRR, high gain
stability with low temperature
co-efficient, low dc offset, low output impedance.
Low input impedance may load the signal source heavily. Therefore high
resistance buffer is used preceding each input to avoid this loading effect. For V
1
V
2
under common mode condition. If V
`
2
V
2
and V
`
1
V
1
both the operational
amplifiers act as voltage follower. If V
1
V
2
the circuit has differential gain by the
formula V
O
/ (V2-V1)1+(2R/R).
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: BRIDGE
CIRCUIT:
INSTRUMENTATION
AMPLIFIER:
DESIGN:
Output voltage V
O
(1 + ( 2R / R)) (V
2
-V
1
)
Differential gain A
d
V
O
/ (V
2
- V
1
)
1 + (2R / R)
Choose R 10kO
For A
d
max 100
100 1 + (20k /R)
R` 20K
---------99
R` max 200O.
For A
d
min 10
10 1 + (20k/R)
R` min 2.2KO.
I
L
I
1
+I
2
I
1
(V-(V
0
/2)) / R
I
2
(V
0
-(V
0
/2)) / R
I
L
(V-(V
0
/2) + (V
0
-(V
0
/2)) / R (V-V
0
+V
0
) / R V/R
I
L
is independent of R
L
. If R is constant then I
L
V
PROCEDURE:
1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. The bridge circuit was balanced by varying 100O Rheostat.
3. The output voltage V
1
and V
2
of balanced circuit were given as input to
the op-amp A
1
and A
2
.
4. Varying the resistance R
1
the bridge circuit the voltage V
1
and V
2
were varied.
5. Varying the R
`
the output voltage was measured then the differential
gain was calculated using formula,
20 log (V
O
/(V
2
-V
1
)).
V to I CONVERTER:
PIN
DIAGRAM:
M
OD
EL
GR
AP
H:
TABULAR COLUMN:
Displace
ment
from
Output
Voltage
(volt)
Output
Current
(mA)
Gain
(V
O
/ (V
2
-V
1
))
Gain
20 log (V
O
/ (V
2
-V
1
)) in
dB
RESULT:
Thus the physical quantities are converted into electrical quantities and by using
electrical quantities instrumentation amplifier was designed, constructed and outputs were
verified.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
AC VOLTAGE
REGULATOR:
DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
PIN
DETAILS:
AC
VOLTAGE
REGULAT
OR:
Ex.No.2 AC/DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR USING SCR
AIM:
(i)To design, construct and test a AC voltage regulator using SCR.
(ii)To design, construct and test a DC voltage regulator using SCR.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: AC
VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transformer 230V/12V 1
2 SCR 2P4M 2
3 Diode BY 127 2
4 Resistor 100 k
12 k
2
1
5 Bread Board 1
6 Connecting Wires As required
7 CRO 1
8 DRB 1
DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transformer 230V/24V 1
2 SCR TYN 604 1
3 Diode 1N4001 4
4 Resistor 10 k 2
5 Bread Board 1
6 Connecting Wires As required
7 CRO 1
8 DRB 2
9 IC 7812 1
10 Capacitors 1000f 1
100f 1
DC VOLTAGE
REGULATOR:
MODEL GRAPH:
AC
V
OL
TA
GE
RE
G
UL
AT
O
R:
DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
THEORY:
The SCR is switched ON and OFF to regulate the output voltage in AC and
DC voltage regulator.
AC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
If the SCR is connected to AC supply and load, the power flow can be
controlled by varying the RMS value of AC voltage applied to the load and this type of
power circuit is caused as AC voltage regulator. Applications of AC voltage
regulator are in heating on load transformers for changing light controls, speed
controls and polyphase controls, induction motors and AC magnet controls for power
transfer. Two types of power control are normally used.
(1) ON-OFF control
(2) Polyphase Angle control
AC regulators are those converter which converts fixed ac voltage directly to
variable ac voltage of the same frequency. The load voltage is regulated by
controlling the firing angle of SCRs. AC voltage controllers are thyristor based
devices.
The most common circuit is the inverse parallel SCR pair in which two
isolated gate signals are applied. Each of the two SCRs are triggered at alternate half
cycles of the supply and the load voltage is part of input sine wave. The SCR is an
unidirectional device like diode, it allows current flow in only one direction but unlike
diode, it has built-in feature to switch ON and OFF. The switching of SCR is
controlled by gate and biasing condition. This switching property of SCR allows to
control the ON periods thus controlling average power delivered to the load.
In this circuit SCR1 is forward biased during positive half cycle and SCR2 is
forward biased during negative half cycle. SCR1 is triggered at the firing angle eto
and supply voltage is impressed on the load resistance(R
L
). It conducts from the
remaining positive half cycle, turning OFF when the anode voltage becomes zero at
etn.
SCR2 is triggered at the firing angle eto+n and conducts till et2n. Hence
the load is alternating in polarity and is part of sine wave. The firing angle of both
SCRs is controlled by gate circuit. The conduction period of SCR is controlled by
varying gate signals within specified values of maximum and minimum gate currents.
For gate triggering, a signal is applied between the gate and cathode of the
device. AC sources are normally used as gate signals. This provides proper isolation
between power.
DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
If SCR`s are used to convert an AC voltage into DC voltage then they are
known as DC voltage regulators. Eg. Battery changes for high current capacity
batteries in DC voltage control only phase control is used.
The transformer is used to step down the voltage from 230V to 24V. This is
given as input to bridge rectifier. The bridge rectifier converts incoming ac signal to
unidirectional wave. Therefore we get full wave rectifier output at the output of bridge
rectifier. This is given as input to SCR. The gate of SCR is triggered with firing angle of
o. During positive half cycle, diode D1 and D2 conducts and during negative half cycle,
diode D3 and D4 conducts. The full wave rectified output is given to capacitive
filter. The output of capacitor is dc that it eliminates ripple contents of bridge
rectifier output. The dc input is given to regulator IC. The unregulated
output must be 2V greater than regulated output voltage. The load current
may vary from 0 to rated maximum output current. The output voltage is
regulated dc.
TABULAR COLUMN:
AC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
DRB 1 value(KO) Amplitude (V) T
ON
(ms)
DRB 2 value(KO) Amplitude (V) T
OFF
(ms)
DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
DRB
value(KO)
Amplitude
(V)
T
ON
(ms)
Resistance R
L
(KO) Output (V)
DESIGN:
AC VOLTAGE REGULATOR USING SCR:
Triggering circuit for SCR:
12 V ac is rectified by diode BY 127. SCR 2P4M is used to trigger.
Let the current be 1mA. RV/I12V/1mA12KO.
DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR USING SCR:
Triggering circuit for SCR:
24 V ac is rectified by diode 1N4001. SCR TYN604 is used to trigger.
Let the current be 1mA. RV/I12V/1mA12KO.
PROCEDURE:
AC VOLTAGE REGULATOR USING SCR:
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. The supply is given by means of step down transformer.
3. Anode terminal of SCR1 is connected to the anode terminal of diode, is
connected to cathode of SCR1 by means of resistor as the load.
4. Hence the voltage regulation is verified at load terminal.
DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR USING SCR:
1. Connect the two terminals at the top of bridge rectifier.
2. The positive terminal of the bridge rectifier is connected to one terminal
at the load and at the other terminal to anode terminal of SCR.
3. The pin 15 connected from the power supply to the load.
4. Then the DC voltage regulation is checked and verified.
RESULT:
Thus both AC and DC voltage regulators were designed, constructed and
the output waveforms were drawn.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Ex.No.3 SEQUENTIAL TIMER
AIM:
To design sequential timer to switch ON and OFF at least three delays in
a particular sequence using IC 555 timer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity
1 IC 555 3
2 Bread Board 1
3 Resistors 33k 3
100k 3
220 3
4 RPS 1
5 Connecting wires As required
6 Capacitors 10f 3
0.01f 6
7 LED 3
THEORY:
Sequential timer is the simplest form of the process control timer in
which many timing operations carried out sequentially one by one. Each timing
operation is kept in active condition for a predefined amount of time and
then goes to off condition. Similarly the controller activates all the operations
as per the defined timings.
This type of sequential controller is required for injection moulding
machine, back sealing experiments where it required to activate solenoids,
relays other activating mechanism for a predefined time sequentially one by one.
Sequential timer is used for control process. The timer IC 555 is operated
in monostable mode. The mode monostable multivibrator circuit is useful for
generating single output pulse of adjustable data form in response to a trigger
signal. The width of the output pulse depends only on external component
connected to the op-amp.
The output of first multivibrator is given to the trigger input of the second
one. Similarly it is connected in sequential order. The time period of each
timer determine the triggering period of LED.
PIN DIAGRAM:
MODEL
GRAPH:
OBSE
RVATI
ON:
LED 1 ON Time
LED 2 ON Time
LED 3 ON Time
DESIGN:
This relay should be energised for 1 sec.
ON Time T
H
1.1`R`C
Here we design for 1 sec.
By choosing the value of R100k
The value of C approximated to C10f
Similarly we have R
A
R
B
R
C
R100k
C
A
C
B
C
C
C10f
PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections were given as shown in circuit
diagram.
2. The triggering is given to pin 2 of timer 1.
3. When the trigger pulse is given the LED glows one by one sequentially.
RESULT:
Thus the circuits for sequential timer was designed, constructed and
outputs were verified.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FSK MODULATOR:

Ex.No.4 WIRELESS DATA MODEM
AIM:
To design, construct and test wireless data modem using FSK
modulator(555) and FSK demodulator (565).
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC557 1
2 IC 555 , 565 , 741 Each one
3 Resistors 58K
47K1
K10K
600
1

2

1

4 Capacitors 0.01f ,
0.1f 0.02f
2

5
5 AFO & CRO 1
6 RPS & Dual RPS 1
7 Bread board & Connecting
wires
As required
THEORY:
FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING:
A digital-to-analog modulation technique. Data is transmitted by
shifting between two close frequencies with ones represented by one frequency and
zeroes by the other.
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a method of transmitting digital signals. The two
binary states, logic 0 (low) and 1 (high), are each represented by an analog
waveform. Logic 0 is represented by a wave at a specific frequency, and logic 1
is represented by a wave at a different frequency. A modem converts the binary
data from a computer to FSK for transmission over telephone lines, cables, optical
fiber, or wireless media. The modem also converts incoming FSK signals to
digital low and high states, which the computer can ~understand.
Whenever the message or information signal rides over the carrier it is
called modulation. In electrical sense the operation of riding over the amplitude
of carrier means to alter the amplitude of carrier. This is called amplitude
modulation of the carrier. Thus the message signal becomes the modulating signal
and it is transmitted by variations in the amplitude of the carrier.
The transmission media suffers three major
problems A. Attenuation
B. Distortion C.
Noise
FSK DEMODULATOR:
Due to these inherent problems, it is very difficult to have wide range of
frequency in the signals that are transmitted. Therefore to transmit data over
wireless medium, it is necessary to use a modulator which restore the number of
frequency in the transmitted signal by employing digital modulation techniques like
ASK, FSK or PSK. Also Binary PSK with non-coherent detection can also be
employed.
A modem is a device that takes the digital electrical pulses from a terminal
or computer and converts them into continuous analog signal that is used
for transmission. The binary FSK technique is employed for modulating the
digital signals. IC 555 timer and transistor acting as switch, when the device
acts as transformer. PLL IC 565 can be used for demodulator. It consists of phase
detection LPF amplifier.
DESIGN:
FSK MODULATOR:
ON time T
H
0.693R
B
C
OFF time T
L
0.693(R
A
+R
B
)C
Total time TT
H
+T
L
0.693(R
A
+2R
B
)C 1
f
1
-------------------------- (1)
0.69(R
A
+2R
B
) C
1
1
f
2
------------------------------------ (2)
0.69(R
A
+2R
B
) C
1
C
2
-----------
C
1
+C
2
Duty cycle DON time/Total time(R
B
)/(R
A
+2R
B
)0.3
R
B
0.3R
A
+0.6R
B
R
B
0.75R
A
Let f
1
1050 Hz, f
2
1250 Hz, C
1
0.01f
From (1)
1
1050---------------------------------
0.69(R
A
+2`0.75R
A
) 0.01f
1
---------------------------------
0.69`2.5R
A
`0.01f
R
A
55.2K
R
B
0.75R
A
R
B
41.4K
PIN DIAGRAM:
M
O
D
E
L
G
R
A
P
H
:
From (2)
1
1250------------------------------------------------
0.69(55.2K +2(41.4K)) 0.01f`C
2
----------------
0.01f+C
2
0.01f+C
2
C
2
-----------------------------------
0.69(138K )1250`0.01f
0.01f+C
2
C
2
---------------
1.19 1.19C
2
-
C
2
0.01f 0.19C
2

0.01f
C
2
52.63 nf
FSK DEMODULATOR:
Upper cut off frequency of RC ladder circuit f
H
1/(2RC)
Assume
R
2
R
3
R
4
R
C
2
C
3
C
4
C
f
H
(key in frequency+2 maximum frequency)/2(150+2(1250))/21325Hz
Let C0.02f then R 1/(2Cf
H
)
1/(2`1325Hz`0.02f )7Kf
0
0.3/(R
1
C
1
)
f
0
(f
1
+f
2
)/2(1050+1250)/21150Hz
Let C
1
0.01f R
1
0.3/
(1150`0.01f)26K
f
lock
8f
0
/10(8`1150)/10920Hz
f
capture
should be less than f
lock
.
Choose f
capture
400Hz
f
capture
(1/2)(2`f
lock
)/(R
0
C
0
)
R
0
internal resistance3.6K
C
0
(2f
lock
)/(4
2
f
capture
2
R
0
)920/(2(400)
2
`3.6K )254nf
OBSERVATION:
I N P U T :
Amplitude V ON
time T
H
ms OFF
time T
L
ms
Frequency f Hz
F S K M OD U L A T OR :
F o r p o s it iv e h a lf c y c le
Amplitude V ON
time T
H
ms OFF
time T
L
ms
Frequency f Hz
F o r n e g a t iv e h a lf c y c le
Amplitude V ON
time T
H
ms
OFF time T
L
ms
Frequency f Hz
F S K D E M OD U L A T O R :
Amplitude V ON
time T
H
ms OFF
time T
L
ms
Frequency f Hz
PROCEDURE:
FSK MODULATOR:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. The digital input was applied at the input of FSK modulator.
3. The square wave output was noted in astable mode by CRO.
FSK DEMODULATOR:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. The FSK modulated output is given as a input in the demodulation
circuit.
3. The output of the demodulator gives a modulating signal by using
voltage comparator was noted.
RESULT:
Thus the circuit for wireless data modem using FSK modulator (555) and
demodulator (NE 656) were designed, constructed and outputs were verified.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PIN DIAGRAM:
Ex.No.5 PCB LAYOUT DESIGN USING CAD
AIM:
To design Component/Board layout, PCB layout of the given circuit
using AutoCAD 2000.
PROCEDURE:
1. Double click on AutoCAD 2000 or ACAD.
2. Ensure that you select metric (i.e. you are telling AutoCAD that you will be
drawing in metres and millimetres NOT feet and inches) in the dialog box.
3. AutoCAD will now create a new drawing file named drawing1.dwg.
4. Select various electronic components from FileOpenAutoCAD
folderSample folderDesign Center folderAnalog Integrated
Circuits& Basic Electronics& CMOS Integrated Circuits.
5. Thus Component/Board layout is drawn by various AutoCAD commands.
6. Then PCB layout is drawn by various AutoCAD commands.
COMPONENT/BOARD LAYOUT:
PCB LAYOUT:
RESULT:
Thus the Component/Board layout, PCB layout of the given circuit using
AutoCAD 2000 was designed.
APPENDIX
AUTOCAD COMMANDS
~CAD is a abbreviation of Computer Aided Design and the term ~Auto indicates
the company Name AutoDesk Inc., U.S., developed the Package AutoCAD.
Starting AutoCAD:
First, your computer should have Windows XP or Win 2000 Operating
System.When u switch ON your computer, the Operating System is automatically
loaded. Youcan start AutoCad by double clicking on AutoCAD icon on desktop of a
computer. DONUT:
Draws filled circles and rings.
Command: Donut or Do
Specify inside diameter of donut<10.0000>:Enter your value
Specify outside diameter of donut<20.0000>:Enter your value
Specify center of donut or <exit>:Click any point as center point
VIEWRES:
Sets the resolutions for objects in current view port.
Command:viewers
Do u want fast zoomsyes/no]<Y>: Press enter(fast zooms is no longer a functioning
option of this command and remains for script compatibility only)
Enter circle zoom present(1 - 20000 )<current>: Enter an integer from 1 - 20000 or
press Enter The model is regenerated.
VIEWRES controls the appearance of circles, arcs, ellipses and splines using short
vectors. The greater the no of vectors the smoother the appearance of circle or arc.
For eg if u create a very small circle and then zoom in it might to appear to
be polygon. Using VIEWRES to increase the zoom percentage and regenerate
the drawing updates and smoothes the circle appearance. Decreasing the zoom
percentage has the opposite effect.
Before VIEWRES
VIEWRES at 15
After VIEWRES
VIEWRES at 500
AutoCAD is a popular program because it can be
customized to suit an individual's needs. The toolbars are a good example of this.
You can have the toolbars you use most often on the screen all the time. You can
easily make them go away so that you have more drawing space. You can also
customize them so you have the
most common commands on one toolbar. For example, the dimensioning toolbar
is one that you will not want taking up space on your screen while drawing, but is
very handy when you're dimensioning your drawing.
Op e n ing A u t o C A D
Open up AutoCAD, you should be greeted with a screen asking if you want to open
an existing drawing or start from scratch. (Dependant on your version of
AutoCAD, the screen will be slightly different - The image shown below is for
AutoCAD 2002).
Select
'Create
Drawings
', then
'Start
from
Scratch'.
Ensure
that you
select
metric
(i.e you
are
telling
AutoCAD that you will be drawing in metres and millimetres NOT feet and
inches).
AutoCAD will now create a new drawing file named drawing1.dwg.
AutoCAD will default to 'model space'. For now it is sufficient to say that
model space is the blank space where all the drawing is carried out. Paperspace
(now called Layout space since AutoCAD 2000) isn't really required until we are
ready to plot (print) the
drawing.
T o o lb a r s
There are many toolbars available in AutoCAD. Go to View > Toolbars from the
drop down menu to see them all. For now make sure that the following
toolbars are checked:
Draw - Contains AutoCADs most common drawing tools
Modify - Contains all of the common editing commands such as erase, copy etc.
Object Properties - Contains 'layer' information as well as object colours and line
style options. (Covered
Later). Standard Toolbar - Contains open & save options as well as zoom & pan
options.
Object Snap - AutoCAD's intelligent drawing aid - joins lines at specific
points. (Covered later).
Arrange the icons to where is comfortable for you (A typical layout is shown
below): T h e C o m m a n d L in e
The command line appears at the bottom of the AutoCAD screen (as shown
above) and displays the commands entered. Commands can be entered into the
command line in text format, or by using the icons or drop down menus. 'Old
School' Cad users tend to type each command into the command line, as was
required with older versions of AutoCAD. It is much quicker to familiarise yourself
with the tool bars and drop down menus. There are times however when commands
need to be typed into the command line,these will be covered later.
D r a w in g T ec hn iqu e - A u t o C A D 's C o- o r d in a t e s y s t e m
1ust before we start drawing, one more important point. AutoCAD works on a
co-ordinate system. When drawing, we can be very precise and specify an exact point
in space where a line should begin or end. The 2D co-ordinates system is based on the
horizontal and vertical axis named x and y. (This is shown in the bottom left of the
AutoCAD drawing area, the X Y icon is called the UCS).

Title Bar - This will show you what program you are running and what the
current filename is.
Pull-down menus - These are the standard pull-down menus through which
you can access almost all commands.
Main toolbar - This has most of the standard Windows icons, as well as the
most common AutoCAD commands.
Property toolbar - This toolbar gives a way to quickly modify an object's
properties, such as layer and linetype.
Floating toolbar - This is a toolbar that can be moved around the screen, or
'docked' as the main toolbar is.
Drawing space - This is where you draw. You have an almost infinite area to
draw and this is just a 'section' of the entire space.
Scrollbars - These work like in other windows programs. You can also use the
PAN command to move around your drawing.
WCS Icon - This is here to show you which direction positive X and positive
Y go. The W means you're in the World Co-ordinate System. (It can be
changed to a User Co-ordinate System.)
Status Bar Tray Icons - These icons give you updates on items like reference
files program updates and print status.
Command line - When you type a command, you will see it here. AutoCAD
uses this space to 'prompt' you for information. It will give you a lot of
information and tell you where you are in the command. W a t c h t h is lin e
w h i le le a r n ing.
Status bar - This allows to see and change different modes of drawing such as
Ortho, Osnaps, Grid, Otrack, etc.
Tool Palette - Collection of tools in one area that can be organized into
common catagories.
Command Keystroke Icon Menu Result
Displays the
Properties PROPERTIES
Modify >
Properties
properties of
the object in the
Properties
Palette
Command Description Options
CO
PY
or
CP
Draws a copy of selected objects using two
methods -- "base point" method, or
"displacement" method.
M Allows multiple
copies to be made of an
object
BASE Specifies origin of current drawing for
subsequent insertion into another drawing --
is normally set to point 0,0,0
can be transparent
DON
UT or
DOUGHNU
T
Draws filled rings with specified inside and
outside diameters
ERASE or
E
Erases selected entities from the drawing
EXPLODE Separates a block, dimension or hatch pattern into its constituent entities or
makes a polyline into a series of straight lines. In the case of a block that
is exploded, if it was originally drawn on the 0 layer, it returns to that layer,
regardless of the layer it was inserted on, and it loses its referential
connection to the original block. In the case of a dimension or hatch
pattern that has been exploded, their parts go back to the 0 layer, and are
assigned the logical color (BYBLOCK) regardless of the layer they were
drawn on. In the case of an exploded polyline, it loses any width it may
have had.
LINE or L Draws straight lines <RET> In reply to From Point: prompt, line
begins at end of previous line or arc
C In reply to To point: prompt, closes the
polygon back to first "From Point"
U In reply to To point: prompt, undoes last
line segment
MOVE or M Moves designated entities to another location
NEW Creates a new drawing. When selected from a menu or typed in
at the Command: prompt, this command brings up a dialogue box which
allows setting a name for the new drawing by typing the name in the
box, selection of a "prototype" drawing or typing a name of the new
drawing and then an sign and then the name of a drawing to be used
as a prototype.
OFFSET Creates a new line, polyline arc or circle parallel
to the
<number>
entity and at a specified distance from it. offset distance
T "Through"
allows specification
of a point through
which
the offset
line, polyline, arc
OPEN Opens an existing drawing
ORTHO Constrains drawing so that only lines aligned
with the grid can be drawn -- usually means
only horizontal or vertical lines, however, if the
crosshairs are rotated through the "Snap"
"Rotate" command sequence, the lines drawn
are constrained to being parallel with the
crosshair rotation. Constraint can be
overridden by snapping to a point or by entering
exact coordinates for endpoints.
can be transparent
OSNAP Enables points to be precisely located on
reference points of existing objects. This is
the so-called "Running Mode" of OSNAP,
which sets selection method to run continuously
until set to NON (none) or until overridden by
selecting another "Interrupt Mode" OSNAP
method from the cursor menu. Combinations of
OSNAP methods can be used by selecting a series
of options separated by commas. For instance, if
you want ot always pick either endpoints or
intersection points when locating endpoints of
lines, you would issue the command as follows:
OSNAP <RET> END,INT <RET>
can be transparent
CEN CENter of arc
or circle
END
closest ENDpoint
of arc or line
INS INSertion point
of Text or Block
INT INTersection
of line, arc, or circle
MID MIDpoint
of line,
arc, rectangle
side, or polygon
side NEA NEArest
point selected by
aperture on line,
polyline, arc, or
circle
NOD NODe
(another name for a
Point) NON
NONe -- used
OSNAP selection
PER
PERpendicular
point to line, arc
or circle -- when
used with an arc
or circle it will
draw a line to the
surface of the arc
or circle heading
toward the center
point
QUA QUAdrant
point of arc or
circle (top,
bottom, right or
left side)
QUI QUIck mode
--this is a
modifier to one of
the other
OSNAP options --
it will find the first
point that
QSAVE Saves the current drawing "Quickly" without requesting a filename (as
long as file has already been given a name)
QUIT Exits AutoCAD -- if the current drawing has not been Saveds in its current
state, a dialogue box will appear asking if you want to Save the
drawing, Discard the changes, or Cancel the Exit command
SNAP Specified a round-off interval for point
entry so that entities can be placed at
precise locations
can be transparent
<number> sets snap
alignment resolution
ON aligns designated points
OFF does not align
designatged points
A sets aspect ratio
(differing X and Y spacing)
TEXT Draws text characters of any size with
selected styles
1 Prompts for
justification options
S Lists or selects text style
A Aligns text between
two points, with
style-specified
width factor,
AutoCAD computes
approximate height
proportional to length of
text line
C Centers text
horizontally about a defined
point
F Fits text between two
points, with
specified
height, AutoCAD
computes approximate
width factor to fill the
distance between the two
points
M Centers text horizontally
and vertically about a
defined point R Right-
justifies text
BL Bottom Left
justification BC Bottom
Center justification BR
Bottom Right justification
VIEWRES Allows you to control the precision and speed of circle and arc drawing
on the monitor by specifying the number of sides in a circle. Acts like
an AutoCAD variable. Recommend that it be set to 2000.
ZOOM Enlarges or reduces the
display magnification of
the drawing, without changing the
actual size of the entities
walk backward in
zoom magnification 10
times
V ("Virtual Screen") makes
the largest area
available to
the graphics card
fill the graphics screen --
this varies with the
quantity of graphics RAM that
your graphics card has
W ("Window") asks you to
pick the lower left corner and
the upper right corner of a
Ex.No.6 MICROCONTROLLER BASED SYSTEMS DESIGN
AIM:
To design microcontroller based system for simple applications like security
systems combination lock etc. using 89c series flash micro controller.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. PC with windows operating system, RIDE IDE software, WINISP
software
2. 8051 microcontroller 3. RS
232C Serial Cable 4. Home
Security System
PROCEDURE:
1. Use RS 232C Serial Cable to connect 8051 microcontroller through serial port.
2. Set the DIP switch as follows DIP
switch1: RS 232
DIP switch2: PGM for Programming Flash mode, EXE for execution Mode
DIP switch3: INT
3. Write the ALP program (text document) in notepad, save as ASM
language (ASM format) in Micro 51.
4. Set the DIP switch2 in PGM for Programming Flash. 5. Run
WINISP.
6. Set the parameter for the following fields in WINISP window A
CHIP: P89C51RD2
B PORT: Select Serial port connected to RS 232C Serial Cable C OSC:
12MHz
7. If flash is not blanked, perform erase operation.
8. Load hexa file containing the object code to be programmed into flash from
Micro 51 by clicking load file.
9. Program the flash by clicking program part.
10. Set the DIP switch2 in EXE for execution mode. 11.
Enter the password in Home Security System. 12. If a valid
password is given, door will open.
RESULT:
Thus microcontroller based system for simple applications like security
systems combination lock etc. using 89c series flash micro controller was
designed and executed.
PROGRAM:
$include(reg51xa.inc) org
0000h;
IOCONT equ 0ffc0h
DCONT equ 0ffc4h
CONTR1 equ 0ff0fh
Port1A equ 0ff0ch
Port1B equ 0ff0dh
Port1C equ 0ff0eh
Contr equ 0ff13h
PortA equ 0ff10h
PortB equ 0ff11h
PortC equ 0ff12h
;
;address assign for lcd data line
;Control register of the 8255_1.
;Port A ;Port
B ;Port C
;Control register of the 8255_2. ;Port
A.
;Port B. ;Port
C.
call Bussy_check
call lcd_IOCONT
mov A,#38h
mov dptr,#DCONT
movx dptr,A
call Bussy_check
call lcd_IOCONT
mov A,#80h
mov dptr,#DCONT
movx dptr,A
call Bussy_check
call lcd_IOCONT
mov A,#04h
mov dptr,#DCONT
movx dptr,A
call Bussy_check
call lcd_IOCONT
mov A,#0Eh
mov dptr,#DCONT
movx dptr,A
call Bussy_check
call lcd_IOCONT
mov A,#01
mov dptr,#DCONT
movx dptr,A
; ;
;
;
; 5`7 matrix lcd init.
; ;
;
;
; starting location .
; ;
;
;
; Set cursor move direction.
; ;
;
;
; enable display,cursor ,cursor blining
; ;
;
;
; clear display.
mov dptr,#MYDATA ;
mov r7,#80h ;1st line data display
mov r3,#16 ; r3 load display characters length lcall
display ;call display routine
mov dptr,#MYDATA1 ;
mov r7,#0c0h ;2nd line data display
mov r3,#16 ; r3 load display characters length lcall
display ; call display routine
call delay ;
call delay ; call delay routine
mov r4,#3 ;this value initialise for no time wrong password access
jump_start:call Bussy_check ; call
lcd_IOCONT ;
mov A,#01 ; mov
dptr,#DCONT ;
movx dptr,A ; clear display. mov
dptr,#MYDATA2 ;
mov r7,#80h ;1st line data display
mov r3,#9 ; r3 load display characters length lcall
display ;
;~~~~~~
;4`4 matrix key read
;8255_1 Assign Port A and Port C are output port and port B is input port
key_start:mov dptr,#CONTR1 ;Dptr load Control register address. mov
A,#83h ;Acc load 83hex.
movx dptr,A ;Dptr point to Acc .
mov r2,#06 ;no of character use in password.
mov dptr,#4000h ;dptr contain address of 4000h.;this address location
continiously contain password character.
back_keystart:mov r0,dpl ;dpl contain lower byte of dptr. mov
r1,dph ;dph contain higher byte of dptr.
dec r2 ;decrement r2 value. mov
a,r2 ;Acc load r2.
jnz getdata ;Acc!0 load another char.
ljmp end1 ;If Acc0 goto password compare.
getdata:mov A,#00 ;Acc load 0.
mov dptr,#Port1A ;PortA init. movx
dptr,A ;Port1A load 0.
continue:mov dptr,#Port1B ;key Read continiously checking movx
A,dptr ;Acc load dptr point to the value.
anl A,#0fh ;logical operation of Acc and 0f. cjne
A,#0fh,key_Next ;if Acc!0x0f read char
sjmp continue ;if Acc0x0f key continiously checking
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;ROW 1 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
key_Next:mov a,#0eh ;Acc load 0x0e.0x0e is 4th row of key pad. mov
dptr,#Port1A ;dptr load port1A address.
movx dptr,A ;dptr point to Acc.Port1A load Acc value. mov
dptr,#Port1B ;dptr contain Port1B address.
movx A,dptr ;Acc load dptr point to the value. anl
A,#0fh ;AND operation for Acc and 0x0f.
cjne A,#0fh,ctrow1 ;compare Acc and 0x0fh
sjmp row1 ;Acc0x0f go to row1.if Acc!0x0f go to ctrow1.
ctrow1:cjne A,#0eh,Next30 ;compare to colomn wise key.
mov A,#30h ;Acc load 0x30.0x30
ASCII char is '0';
ljmp key_end ; Next30:cjne
A,#0dh,Next31 ;
mov A,#31h ;Acc load 0x31.0x31 ASCII char is '1'; ljmp
key_end ;
Next31:cjne A,#0bh,Next32 ;
mov A,#32h ;Acc load 0x32.0x32 ASCII char is '2'; ljmp
key_end ;
Next32:cjne A,#07h,row1 ;
mov A,#33h ;Acc load 0x33.0x33 ASCII char is '3';
ljmp key_end ;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ROW 2 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
row1 :
mov a,#0dh ;Acc load 0x0d.0x0d is 3rd row of key pad. mov
dptr,#Port1A ;
movx dptr,A ; mov
dptr,#Port1B ; movx A,dptr
; anl A,#0fh
; cjne A,#0fh,ctrow2 ;
sjmp row2 ;
ctrow2:cjne A,#0eh,Next34 ;
mov A,#34h ;Acc load 0x34.0x34
ASCII char is '4';
sjmp key_end ; Next34:cjne
A,#0dh,Next35 ;
mov A,#35h ;Acc load 0x35.0x35 ASCII char is '5'; sjmp
key_end ;
Next35:cjne A,#0bh,Next36 ;
mov A,#36h ;Acc load 0x36.0x36 ASCII char is '6'; sjmp
key_end ;
Next36:cjne A,#07h,row2 ;
mov A,#37h ;Acc load 0x37.0x37 ASCII char is '7'; sjmp
key_end ;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ROW 3 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
row2:
mov a,#0bh ;Acc load 0x0b.0x0b is 2nd row of key pad. mov
dptr,#Port1A ;
movx dptr,A ; mov
dptr,#Port1B ; movx A,dptr
; anl A,#0fh
; cjne A,#0fh,ctrow3 ;
sjmp row3 ;
ctrow3:cjne A,#0eh,Next38 ;
mov A,#38h ;Acc load 0x38.0x38
ASCII char is '8';
sjmp key_end ; Next38:cjne
A,#0dh,Next39 ;
mov A,#39h ;Acc load 0x39.0x39 ASCII char is '9'; sjmp
key_end ;
Next39:cjne A,#0bh,Next41 ;
mov A,#41h ;Acc load 0x41.0x41 ASCII char is 'A'; sjmp
key_end ;
Next41:cjne A,#07h,row3 ;
mov A,#42h ;Acc load 0x42.0x42 ASCII char is 'B'; sjmp
key_end ;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ROW 4 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
row3:
mov a,#07h ;Acc load 0x07.0x07 is 1st row of key pad. mov
dptr,#Port1A ;
movx dptr,A ; mov
dptr,#Port1B ; movx
A,dptr ; anl
A,#0fh ; cjne
A,#0fh,ctrow4 ; sjmp
key_end
ctrow4:cjne A,#0eh,Next43 ; mov
A,#43h
0x43.0x43 ASCII char is 'C'; sjmp
key_end ;
Next43:cjne A,#0dh,Next44 ;
mov A,#44h ;Acc load 0x44.0x44 ASCII char is 'D'; sjmp
key_end ;
Next44:cjne A,#0bh,Next45 ;
mov A,#45h ;Acc load 0x45.0x45 ASCII char is 'E'; sjmp
key_end ;
Next45:cjne A,#07h,key_end ;
mov A,#46h ;Acc load 0x46.0x46 ASCII char is 'F'; sjmp
key_end ;
key_end : mov r7,A ;
;
;Acc load
call display2 ;display key read char. mov
dpl,r0 ;
mov dph,r1 ; mov A,r7
;
movx dptr,A ;get char Store to Dptr .Dptr Base address 4000h.
inc dptr ;Vary dptr.each char contion cotinious memory 4000hto4004h. lcall
delay ;delay routine.
jump:ljmp back_keystart ;if get another char goto back_key start.
END1:lcall compare ;two string compare routine.; compare Enter password
routine compare :
mov r2,#5 ;r2 load count of char .
mov dptr,#Password ;dptr contain base address of the Password. mov
r3,#00 ;r3 load 0x00.
equal:mov r0,dpl ;r0 contain lower byte of dptr. mov
r1,dph ;r1 load higher byte of dptr.
mov a,#00 ; Acc load 0x00;
movc a,a+dptr ;Acc contain code segment data. mov
B,A ;B reg. load Acc.
mov dptr,#4000h ;dptr contain address 4000h. inc r3
;
mov a,r3 ; sjmp jump2
;
incr: inc dptr ;
jump2:djnz r3,incr ;
mov r3,A ; mov A,#00
; movx a,dptr ;
cjne A,B,NOT_equal ;compare Acc value And B reg.value. mov
dpl,r0 ;
mov dph,r1 ; inc dptr
; djnz r2,equal ;
lcall step_motor ;Call step_motor routine . mov
r4,#3 ;
ljmp jump_start ; NOT_equal:djnz
r4,busser_0ff ; mov A,#82h
;
mov dptr,#CONTR1 ; movx
dptr,A ; mov A,#01
;
mov dptr,#Port1C ;minimum 3 times Put wrong password.after buffer is ON. movx
dptr,A ;
lcall access_stop ;display Access denied.and system not access it when after reset.
sjmp Re_start ; busser_0ff:call
Bussy_check ; call lcd_IOCONT
;
mov A,#01 ; mov
dptr,#DCONT ;
movx dptr,A ; clear display.
mov dptr,#MYDATA4 ;
mov r7,#80h ;1st line data display
mov r3,#16 ; r3 load display characters length lcall
display ;
mov dptr,#MYDATA5 ;
mov r7,#0c0h ;2nd line data display
mov r3,#16 ; r3 load display characters length lcall
display ;
lcall delay ; lcall delay ;
ljmp jump_start ;
Re_start:sjmp Re_start ;
;Access denied subroutine
access_stop : call Bussy_check ; call
lcd_IOCONT ;
mov A,#01 ; mov
dptr,#DCONT ;
movx dptr,A ; clear display. mov
dptr,#MYDATA6 ;
mov r7,#80h ;1st line data display
mov r3,#16 ; r3 load display characters length lcall
display ;
ret ;
;Stepper motor routine
;stepper motor rotate clockwise and anticlockwise direction
;control register set 0x80 all Ports are output port. step_motor :
mov A,#80h ;
mov dptr,#Contr ;Control register address assign Dptr. movx
dptr,A ;all ports are output port.
;Stepper motor rotate forward direction mov
r3,#0 ;
back5:mov dptr,#Port1C ;
movx A,dptr ; jz
forward_end ;
mov dptr,#stepper ; mov
r1,dpl ; mov r2,dph
; mov r0,#04h ;
call rotate ;call rotate subroutine. inc r3
;
mov a,r3 ; cjne
a,#13,back5 ;
forward_end:call delay ; ;Stepper
motor rotate reverse direction back_6:mov
dptr,#reverse ; mov r1,dpl ;
mov r0,#04h ;
call rotate ;call rotate subroutine. djnz
r3,back_6 ;
ret ;
;door delay routine
delay1 : mov r7,#01h ; back3:mov
r6,#0A1h ; back1:mov r5,#0ffh
; next:djnz r5,next ;
djnz r6,back1 ; djnz
r7,back3 ;
ret ;
;Steper motor rotate clockwise and anti clockwise direction. rotate
: back_:mov a,#0h ;
movc A,A+dptr ; mov
dptr,#PortA ;
movx dptr,A ; call delay1
;
inc r1 ; mov dpl,r1
; mov dph,r2 ; djnz
r0,back_ ; ret
;
;Bussy_check subroutine
Bussy_check :
mov A,#02 ; mov
dptr,#IOCONT ; movx dptr,A
; mov dptr,#DCONT ;
back:movx A,dptr ; anl
A,#80h ;
cjne A,#00,back ; mov A,#00
; mov dptr,#IOCONT ; movx
dptr,A ;
ret ;
;lcd enable rotine
lcd_IOCONT :
mov A,#00 ; mov
dptr,#IOCONT ; movx dptr,A
; ret;
;lcd display subroutine display
:
back4:mov A,r7 ; mov
r0,dpl ;
mov r1,dph ; call
bussy_check ; call
lcd_IOCONT ;
mov dptr,#DCONT ; mov A,r7
; movx dptr,A ; mov
dpl,r0 ;
mov dph,r1 ; mov a,#0h
; movc A,A+dptr ; mov
r6,A ;
call bussy_check ; mov A,#01
; mov dptr,#IOCONT ; movx
dptr,A ; mov A,r6
;
mov dptr,#DCONT ; movx
dptr,A ; mov dpl,r0
;
mov dph,r1 ; inc r7
; inc dptr ; djnz
r3,back4 ; ret
;
display2 :call bussy_check ; mov
A,#01 ;
mov dptr,#IOCONT ; movx
dptr,A ; mov A,#2ah
; mov dptr,#DCONT ; movx
dptr,A ; ret ;
;delay routine
delay: mov r7,#003h ;
back_3:mov r6,#0ffh ;
back_1:mov r5,#0ffh ;
next_:djnz r5,next_ ; djnz
r6,back_1 ;
djnz r7,back_3 ; ret
;
MYDATA :db " Vi Security " ;
MYDATA1 :db " System "; MYDATA2
:db "Password: "; MYDATA3 :db
0eh,0dh,0bh,07h ; Password :db "00000";
reverse :db 0ah,06h,05h,09h ; ANTI CLOCKWISE DIRECTION stepper
:db 09h,05h,06h,0ah ; CLOCKWISE DIRECTION MYDATA4
:db " checkyour ";
MYDATA5 :db " Pass word "; MYDATA6
:db " Access Denied " ; end;
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
AMPLITUDE MODULATION:
Ex. No.7 DESIGN OF AM MODULATION AND
DEMODULATION Date:
AIM:
To design AM signal using multiplier IC for the given carrier frequency
and modulation index and demodulate
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.N
o
Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity
1 IC MC1496 1
2 Bread Board 1
3 Resistors 51 k
k k
3,5,1,1
4k
k
k
2,2,1,
1, 1
4 RPS 1
5 Connecting wires As required
6 Capacitors 10f 1
0.001f,0.1f
,0.0 1f
1,2,1
7 FG 2
8 Diode IN 4001 1
PROCEDURE:
Connections are made as per the circuit diagram
Give the modulating signal to pin no 10 through the FG.
Give the carrier signal to pin no 10 through the capacitor of 0.1f
using another FG.
Note down the AM signal at pin no 6.
Choose the amplitude level of converter keeping frequency at constant
depth of modulation was calculated.
Give AM signal to pin no 1 of demodulator circuit.
Note down the demodulator signal at pin no 2 of IC 1496.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
AMPLITUDE DEMODULATOR:
MODEL GRAPH:
TABULATION:
THEORY:
Modulation: It is the process in which the characteristics of
high frequency carrier wave is varied in accordance with instantaneous
value of other wave.
Amplitude Modulation: The amplitude of carrier wave is varied in
accordance with the instantaneous values of message signal is called
amplitude modulation.The bandwidth of the AM is twice the bandwidth of
the base band signal. The amplitude modulation wave also produces two
sidebands(Upper and Lower).
The extent of amplitude variation in AM about unmodulated carrier
amplitude is measured in terms of a factor called modulation index defined
as the ratio of modulating signal amplitude to carrier amplitude. This
factor also known as depth of modulation, degree of modulation and
modulation factor(ma).
If ma<1 then the modulation is called under modulation, ma>1 then
the modulation is called over modulation, ma1 then the modulation is
called critical modulation.
AM Demodulation: It is the process of extracting the message signal by using
a same carrier that was used for modulation from the modulated signal.
The most commonly used AM detector is simple diode detector. The
signal at the secondary is half wave rectified by diode D. This diode is the
detector diode the resistance R is the load resistance to rectifier and C is
the filter capacitor. In the positive half cycle of the AM signal diode conducts
and current flows through R, where as in negative half cycle, the
diode is reverse biased and no current flows. Therefore only positive half
of the AM signal appears across R. Capacitor reconstructs the original
modulating signal and high frequency carrier is removed.
Result:
Thus the AM modulation and demodulation circuits were
constructed and modulation index was calculated.
CIRCUIT DIAGARM:
FREQUENCY MODULATION:
Ex. No.7 DESIGN OF FM MODULATION AND
DEMODULATION Date:
AIM:
To design FM signal using IC 566 for the given carrier frequency
and demodulat the FM using PLLNE 565.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S
.
N
Name of the Apparatus Range Quantity
1 IC 566 1
2 Bread Board 1
3 Resistors 39 k kk 1,
1,
1
4 RPS 1
5 Connecting wires As required
6 Capacitors 0.01f, 0.001f 1,2
7 FG 1
THEORY:
Modulation
:
It is the process in which the characteristics of high frequency
carrier wave are varied in accordance with instantaneous value of other wave.
Frequency Modulation:
Frequency modulation is the process of varying the frequency
of a carrier wave in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the
modulating signal without any variation in the amplitude of the carrier wave.
Because the amplitude of the wave remains unchanged, the power associated
with an FM wave is constant.
When the modulating signal is zero, the output frequency
equals f
c
(centre frequency).When the modulating signal reaches its
positive peak, the frequency of the modulated signal is maximum and equals(f
c
+ f
m
). At negative peaks of the modulating signal, the frequency of the FM wave
becomes minimum and equal to (f
c
- f
m
).Thus, the process of frequency
modulation makes the frequency of the FM wave to deviate from its centre
frequency(f
c
).By an amount ( + or - Af) where Af is termed as the frequency
deviation of the system. During this process, the total power in the wave does
not change but a part of the carrier power is transferred to the side bands. There
are two types of FM they are
1.Narrow band
FM 2.Wide band
FM
Frequency demodulation
It is a process which is used to receive the origin of signals.
MODEL GRAPH:
TABULATION:
PROCEDURE:
Connections are made as per the circuit diagram
Give the modulating signal to pin no 5 through the FG.
Note down the corresponding amplitude and time period of the FM
modulated signal.
Apply the modulated signal as input to the PLL.
RESULT:
Thus the frequency modulation and its demodulation circuits were
designed and waveforms are plotted.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TRUTH TABLE:
Ex. No.8 PSUEDO RANDOM SEQUENCE
GENERATOR Date:
AIM:
To generate the pseudo random sequence using linear feedback
shift register and verify the output using truth table.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.DFF(IC 7484) 2.XOR (IC
7486) 3.Digital
Trainer kit
4.connecting wires
PROCEDURE:
Connections are made as per the circuit
diagram. Logic inputs are given as per the
circuit diagram. Observe the output and
verify the the truth table.
RESULT:
Thus the pseudo random sequence was generated using linear feedback
shift register and the output was verified using truth table.
ALU PROGRAM:
Ex. No.9 DESIGN OF ARITEMETIC LOGIC
UNIT Date:
AIM:
To write HDL program for designing arithmetic logic unit
and simulate it using xilinx ISE9.2i.
SOFTWARE USED:
XILINX ISE 9.2i
PROCEDURE:
i) Open project navigator.
ii) Go to the file and click the new
project iii) Type the project name as
~synthesis
iv) The ~property wizard is open to check all properties such
as product, categories, family, device etc. then click next
v) Create new source wizard appears then click
next vi) Project summary is displayed then click
next
vii) Go to the project and click ~new source
viii) Then type the full name ~half adder as well as select
verilog module then click next
ix) ~Define module window here we assign the input and output
of half adder, clicks next and click finish
x) Type the program and save it
xi) Make sure that the source is in ~BEHAVIOUR
xii) Then click the ISE simulator and view the signal
window xiii) Force the input data corresponding circuit
xiv) Simulate the program using ISE simulator
RESULT:
Thus the HDL program was written for arithmetic logic unit
and simulated using xilinx.
Ex. No.10 DESIGN A DSP BASED SYSTEM FOR ECHO
CANCELLATION Date:
AIM:
To write A Matlab program for echo cancellation.
SOFTWARE USED:
Matlab
PROGRAM:
clc; clear all; close all;
format short
Tinput('enter the symbol interval
T'); brinput('enter the bit rate value
br'); rfinput('enter the roll off
factor rf'); n-10 10];
y5000`rcosfir(rf,n,br,T);
ds5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 5 5 5 5];
mlength(ds);
n1length(y);
i1;
zconv(ds(i),y);
while (i)
z1z,zeros(1,1.75`br)];
zconv(ds(i+1),y);
z2zeros(1,i`1.7`br),z];
zz1+z2;
ii+1;
end
plot(z);
hrandn(1,length(ds));
rs1filter(h,1,z);
for i1;length(ds),
rs(i)rs1(i)/15;
end
for i1:round(x3/3),
rs(i)randn(1);
end
fs5 5 2 2 2 2 2 5 2 2 2 5 5 5 2 5 2 5 2];
mlength(ds);
n1length(y);
i1;
zconv(fs(i),y);
while(i)
z1z,zeros(1,1.75`br)];
zconv(fs(i+1),y);
z2zeros(1,i`1.75`br),z];
zz1+z2;
ii+1;
end fs1rs+fs;
arxcorr(ds,ds);
crdxcorr(rs,ds);
l1length(ar);
j1;
for iround(11/2):11,
ar1(j)ar(i);
jj+1;
end
rtoeplitz(ar1);
l2length(crd);
j1;
for iround(12/2):12,
crd1(j)crd(i);
jj+1;
end
pcrd1;
lammax(eig(r));
lamin(eig(r));
llam/la;
winv(r)`p;
ers-filter(w,1,ds);
s1;mu1.5/lam;
ni1;
while(sle -10)
w1w-2`mu`(e.`ds);
rs
y4filter(w1,1,ds);
ey4-rs;
s0;e1xcorr(e);
for i1:length(e1),
ss/length(e1);
if(y4rs)
break
end
nini+1;
ww1;
end
figure(1);
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(z);
title('near end
signal');
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(rs);
title('echo produced in the
hybrid'); subplot(2,2,3);
plot(fs);
title('desired signal');
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(fs1);
title(' echo added with desired
signal'); figure(2);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(y4);
title('estimated echo signal using LMS
algorithm'); subplot(2,1,2);
plot(fs1-y4);
title('echo cancelled signal');
RESULT:
Thus the LMS Algorithm based Echo cancellation System has
been designed and verified using MATLAB.