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.
Solution.
Notice rst that 75
= 30
+ 45
. Thus,
sin 75
=sin (45
+ 30
)
=sin 45
cos 30
+ cos 45
sin 30
2
2
3
2
+
2
2
1
2
=
6 +
2
4
Example 19.2
Find the exact value of sin
12
.
Solution.
Since
12
=
4
3
, the dierence formula for sine gives
sin
12
=sin (
4
6
)
=sin
4
cos
6
cos
4
sin
6
=
2
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
=
2
4
2
Example 19.3
Show that cos (
2
x) = sin x using the dierence formula of the sine func-
tion.
Solution.
Since the sine function is an odd function, we can write
sin x = sin (x) = sin [(
2
x)
2
]
= [sin (
2
x) cos (
2
) cos (
2
x) sin (
2
)]
=cos (
2
x)
Theorem 19.1 (Cofunctions Identities)
For any angle x, measured in radians, we have
sin (
2
x) = cos x cos (
2
x) = sin x
sec (
2
x) = csc x csc (
2
x) = sec x
tan (
2
x) = cot x cot (
2
x) = tan x
Proof.
Recall that sin (
2
) = 1 and cos (
2
) = 0. Thus,
sin (
2
x) =sin (
2
) cos x cos (
2
) sin x = cos x
cos (
2
x) =sin x (See Example 19.3)
sec (
2
x) =
1
cos (
2
x)
=
1
sin x
= csc x
csc (
2
x) =
1
sin (
2
x)
=
1
cos x
= sec x
tan (
2
x) =
sin (
2
x)
cos (
2
x)
=
cos x
sin x
= cot x
cot (
2
x) =
1
tan (
2
x)
=
1
cot x
= tan x
Formulas for cos (x +y) and cos (x y)
Since sin x and cos x are cofunctions of each other, we have
3
cos (x +y) =sin (
2
(x +y)) = sin
2
x) y
=sin (
2
x) cos y cos (
2
x) sin y
=cos x cos y sin x sin y
For the dierence formula we have
cos (x y) =cos (x + (y))
=cos x cos (y) sin x sin (y)
=cos x cos y + sin x sin y
where we have used the fact that the sine function is odd and the cosine is
even.
Example 19.4
Find the exact value of cos
7
12
.
Solution.
We have
cos
7
12
=cos (
4
+
3
)
=cos
4
cos
3
sin
4
sin
3
=
2
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
=
6
4
Example 19.5
Find the exact value of: sin 42
cos 12
cos 42
sin 12
.
Solution.
sin 42
cos 12
cos 42
sin 12
= sin (42
12
) = sin 30
=
1
2
Example 19.6
Suppose that and are both in the third quadrant and that sin =
3
2
and sin =
1
2
. Determine the value of cos ( +).
4
Solution.
Since and are in the third quadrant, we have cos =
1 sin
2
=
1
2
and cos =
1 sin
2
=
3
2
. Thus,
cos ( +) = cos cos sin sin
= (
1
2
)(
3
2
) (
3
2
)(
1
2
) = 0
Formulas for tan (x +y) and tan (x y)
Using the sum formulas for the sine and the cosine functions we have
tan (x +y) =
sin (x +y)
cos (x +y)
=
sin x cos y + cos x sin y
cos x cos y sin x sin y
=
sin xcos y
cos xcos y
+
cos xsin y
cos xcos y
1
sin xsin y
cos xcos y
=
tan x + tan y
1 tan x tan y
For the dierence formula we have
tan (x y) =tan (x + (y)) =
tan x + tan (y)
1 tan x tan (y)
=
tan x tan y
1 + tan x tan y
since tan (x) = tan x.
Example 19.7
Establish the identity: tan ( +) = tan .
Solution.
We have tan ( +) =
tan +tan
1tan tan
= tan since tan = 0.
5