Challenges of Embedded Systems Embedded system design process. Embedded processors
8051 Microcontroller, ARM processor Architecture, Instruction sets and programming.
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. What is embedded system?
An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform a dedicated function An embedded system can be described as one containing a processor, associated peripherals and software used for a specific purpose An embedded system performs a single well defined task. It is a combination of hardware and software.
2. What is embedded computer System?
Any device that includes a programmable computer but is not itself intended to be a general-purpose computer is called embedded computer system
3. What are the requirements of embedded system?
Requirements may be functional or non-functional. Requirements include i. Performance ii. Cost effectiveness
iii. Physical size and weight
iv. Low Power consumption
v. Efficient processing power
vi. Efficient memory usage
vii. Appropriate execution time IT 2354 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2 MARKS & 16 MARKS QUESTION BANK DEPARTMENT OF IT/SVSCE 2
4. What is microprocessor?
A microprocessor is a single-chip CPU. Microprocessors come in many different levels of sophistication; they are usually classified by their word size. Microprocessors execute programs very efficiently. e.g.) the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004, was designed for an embedded application, namely, a calculator.
5. Give the characteristics of embedded system.
Single functioned
Tightly constrained
Reactive and real time
Complex algorithms
User interface
6. What are the design metrics of embedded system?
Performance
Power
Size
NRE (Non-Recurring Engineering cost).
7. What are the challenges of embedded system?
Hardware needed
Meeting deadlines
Minimizing power consumption
Design for upgradability
8. Give the steps in embedded system design.
A. Requirements
B. Specification
C. Architecture Design
D. Designing Hardware and Software Components
E. System Integration IT 2354 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2 MARKS & 16 MARKS QUESTION BANK DEPARTMENT OF IT/SVSCE 3
9. Give the types of embedded system costs.
Cost typically has two major components:
Manufacturing cost includes the cost of components and assembly;
Non Recurring engineering (NRE) costs include the personnel and other costs of designing the system.
10. Brief NRE cost.
NRE refers to the Non Recurring Engineering cost. The one time monitory cost of designing the system. Once the system is designed, any number of units can be manufactured without incurring any additional cost. Hence the name.
11 What is the specification of embedded system?
It serves as the contract between the customer and the architects. The specification should be understandable enough so that someone can verify that it meets system requirements and overall expectations of the customer.
12. What is system integration?
In system integration, the components built are put together and see how the system works. If we debug only a few modules at a time, we are more likely to uncover the simple bugs and able to easily recognize them. Only by fixing the simple bugs early will we be able to uncover the more complex or obscure bugs.
13. What is meant by embedded processor? Give its categories.
When a microcontroller/microprocessor is specifically designed with the capabilities such
as
Fast context switching
Atomic ALU operations
it is called embedded processor.
Embedded processors can be broken into two broad categories: ordinary microprocessors
(P) and microcontrollers (C), which have many more peripherals on chip, reducing cost and
size. IT 2354 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2 MARKS & 16 MARKS QUESTION BANK DEPARTMENT OF IT/SVSCE 4
14. What is a Microcontroller?
A microcontroller is a device possessing some or all of the specialized instructions and peripheral devices, communication devices, etc. e.g.) 8051 Microcontroller.
15. What is 8051 microcontroller?
8051 is an excellent device for building many embedded systems. One important factor is that the 8051 requires a minimum number of external components in order to operate. It is a well-tested design; introduced in its original form by Intel in 1980.
16. Give the features of 8051 microcontroller.
RAM 128 Bytes (Data memory)
ROM 4Kbytes.
Serial Port Using UART makes it simpler to interface for serial communication.
Two 16 bit Timer/ Counter, Input/output Pins 4 Ports of 8 bits each on a single chip.
6 Interrupt Sources
8 bit ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
Harvard Memory Architecture It has 16 bit Address bus (each of RAM and ROM) and
8 bit Data Bus.
8051 can execute 1 million one-cycle instructions per second with a clock frequency of
12MHz.
17. Draw the block diagram of 8051 microcontroller IT 2354 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2 MARKS & 16 MARKS QUESTION BANK DEPARTMENT OF IT/SVSCE 5
18. Give the external interfaces of Standard 8051?
Small 8051:Low-cost members of the 8051 family with reduced number of port pins, and no support for off-chip memory. Typical application: Low-cost consumer goods. Standard 8051: The Small 8051s and the Extended 8051s are derived
Extended 8051: Members of the 8051 family with extended range of no-chip facilities (e.g. CAN controllers, ADC, DAC,etc), Typical applications: Industrial and automotive systems.
Dynamic RAM Static RAM Dynamic RAM is a read-write memory technology that uses a small capacitor to store information. Static RAM is a read-write memory technology that uses a form of electronic flip-flop to store the information It must be frequently refreshed to maintain the required information No refreshing is required Less complex and least cost More complex and costs can be several times that of the corresponding size of DRAM Access time is large compared to
SRAM Access times may be one-third those of
DRAM
21. What is Mask Read-Only Memory (ROM)?
Mask ROM is from the software developers perspective read only; A mask is provided by the company for which the chips are being produced. Such devices are therefore sometimes referred to as factory programmed. IT 2354 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2 MARKS & 16 MARKS QUESTION BANK DEPARTMENT OF IT/SVSCE 6
22. What is Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM)
PROM is a form of Write-Once, Read-Many (WORM) or One-Time
Programmable (OTP) memory. Basically, we use a PROM programmer to blow tiny
fuses in the device.
23. What is UV Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (UV EPROM) :
UV EPROMs are programmed electrically. Unlike PROMs, they also have a quartz window which allows the memory to be erased by exposing the internals of the device to UV light.
24. Define data memory and code memory.
DATA memory: DATA memory is used to store variables and the program stack while the program is running. The DATA area will be implemented using some form of RAM CODE memory: CODE area is used to store the program code, usually in some form of ROM. The CODE area may also contain read-only variables (constants), such as filter co- efficient or data for speech playback.
25. State the usage of timers.
It used to measure intervals of time.
Use it to generate precise hardware delays.
Use it to generate time out facilities: this is a key requirement in systems with real- time constraints. Used to drive an operating system
26. What is an interrupt? State the interrupt sources of 8051.
An interrupt is a hardware mechanism used to notify a processor that an event has taken place: such events may be internal events (such as the overflow of a timer) or external events (such as the arrival of a character through a serial interface).The original 8051 (8052) architecture supported seven interrupt sources: Two or three timer/counter interrupts
Two UART-related
Two external interrupts & The power-on reset (POR) interrupt IT 2354 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2 MARKS & 16 MARKS QUESTION BANK DEPARTMENT OF IT/SVSCE 7
27. What are the 3 power saving modes?
Normal mode.
Idle Mode.
Power-Down Mode.
28. What are the two typical addressing modes available for ARM processor?
The ARM processor can be configured at power-up to address the bytes in a word in either
little-endian mode (with the lowest-order byte residing in the low-order bits of the word)
big-endian mode (the lowest-order byte stored in the highest bits of the word)
29.What is CPSR?
The other important basic register in the programming model is the current program status register (CPSR). This register is set automatically during every arithmetic, logical, or shifting operation.
30. State the usage top four bits of CPSR.
The negative (N) bit is set when the result is negative in twos-complement arithmetic.
The zero (Z) bit is set when every bit of the result is zero.
The carry (C) bit is set when there is a carry out of the operation.
The overflow (V) bit is set when an arithmetic operation results in an overflow. IT 2354 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2 MARKS & 16 MARKS QUESTION BANK DEPARTMENT OF IT/SVSCE 8
16-MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Explain in detail about embedded systems
2. Write short notes on embedded processors
3. Explain in detail 8051 microcontroller.
4. Draw the Pin configuration and explain 8051 Microcontroller.
5. Explain in detail the steps of design process
6. Explain in detail the hardware and software block diagrams.
7. Specify the challenges in embedded system design
8. Explain the memory issues of 8051 microcontroller.
9. Explain the interrupts in 8051 microcontroller
10. Write the flow of control in ARM.
11. Specify the data operations with example in ARM
12. Explain the Reset requirements and clock frequency performance in 8051. IT 2354 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2 MARKS & 16 MARKS QUESTION BANK DEPARTMENT OF IT/SVSCE 9
UNIT II
MEMORY AND I/O MANAGEMENT
Programming Input and Output Memory system mechanisms Memory and I/O devices and interfacing Interrupts handling. 2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Distinguish data register and status register.
Data registers hold values that are treated as data by the device, such as the data read or written by a disk. Status registers provide information about the devices operation, such as whether the current transaction has completed.
2. What is UART?
UART refers Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter.e.g) 8251 UART is a device which is employed for the purpose of serial communications It gets serial data and stores it as parallel data and viceversa.
3. What is baud rate?
At an uniform rate, normally the data bits are transmitted as high and low voltages. This is said to be baud rate.
4. Give the parameters of serial port.
Baud rate
Bits count/character
Parity bit
Odd/even parity
Stop bit length IT 2354 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2 MARKS & 16 MARKS QUESTION BANK DEPARTMENT OF IT/SVSCE 10
5. Define memory mapped I/O
Memory-mapped I/O provides addresses for the registers in each I/O device. Programs use the CPUs normal read and write instructions to communicate with the devices
6. Define peek and poke These are the two functions used to read and write in memory locations. Peek( ): The peek function can be written in C as: int peek(char *location) { return *location; /* de-reference location pointer */ } The argument to peek is a pointer that is de-referenced by the C * operator to read the location.
Poke ( ):
The poke function can be implemented as: void poke(char *location, char newval) { (*location) = newval; /* write to location */ } To write to the status register, we can use the following code: poke(DEV1,8); /* write 8 to device register */
8. What is busy wait I/O?
The most basic way to use devices in a program is busy-wait I/O. If the CPU is performing multiple operations on a single device, such as writing several characters to an output device, then it must wait for one operation to complete before starting the next one.
9. What is polling?
It is a process of knowing the situation by reading the status register whether the I/O
devices completes its operation or not. IT 2354 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2 MARKS & 16 MARKS QUESTION BANK DEPARTMENT OF IT/SVSCE 11
10. What is NMI?
The highest-priority interrupt is normally called the Non Makeable Interrupt (NMI).The NMI
cannot be turned off and is usually reserved for interrupts caused by power failures.
11. Distuinguish cache hit and Cache miss.
The cache controller sends a memory request to the cache and main memory.
If the requested location is in the cache, the cache controller forwards the locations contents to the CPU and aborts the main memory request; this condition is known as a cache hit. If the location is not in the cache, the controller waits for the value from main memory and forwards it to the CPU; this situation is known as a cache miss.
11. State the types of cache miss.
We can classify cache misses into several types depending on the situation that generated them: A compulsory miss (also known as a cold miss) occurs the first time a location is used,
A capacity miss is caused by a too-large working set, and
A conflict miss happens when two locations map to the same location in the cache.
12. Define average memory access time.
We can compute the average memory access time as
t av _ ht cache +(1 _ h)t main
where t cache is the access time of the cache and t main is the main memory access time. The memory access times are basic parameters available from the memory manufacturer.
12. Distinguish write through policy and write back policy
Write-through policy: Every write changes both the cache and the corresponding main memory location (usually through a write buffer). This scheme ensures that the cache and main memory are consistent, but may generate some additional main memory traffic. IT 2354 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2 MARKS & 16 MARKS QUESTION BANK DEPARTMENT OF IT/SVSCE 12
Write back policy: We can reduce the number of times we write to main memory by using a write-back policy: If we write only when we remove a location from the cache, we eliminate the writes when a location is written several times before it is removed from the cache.
13. What is page fault?
When the CPU requests an address that is not in main memory, the MMU generates an exception called a page fault.
14. What are the two styles of address translation
There are two styles of address translation: segmented and paged
15. What are SIMMs and DIMMS?
Memory for PCs is generally purchased as single in-line memory modules (SIMMs) or double in- line memory modules (DIMMs). A SIMM or DIMM is a small circuit board that fits into a standard memory socket. A DIMM has two sets of leads compared to the SIMMs one. Memory chips are soldered to the circuit board to supply the desired memory.
16. What is a keyboard .Give the categories of keyboard.
A keyboard is basically an array of switches, but it may include some internal logic to help simplify the interface to the microprocessor. A raw keyboard can be assembled from several switches. Each switch in a raw keyboard has its own pair of terminals, making raw keyboards impractical when a large number of keys is required. An encoded keyboard uses some code to represent which switch is currently being depressed
17. What is LCD.List its panel types.
A LED single-digit display typically consists of seven segments; each segment may be either an LED or a liquid crystal display (LCD) element. This display relies on the digits being visible for some time after the drive to the digit is removed, which is true for both LEDs and LCDs.The LCD panel is of 2 types.They are 1. Passive matrix
2. Active matrix IT 2354 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2 MARKS & 16 MARKS QUESTION BANK DEPARTMENT OF IT/SVSCE 13
18. What is interfacing?
The process of implementing communication with buses is said to be interfacing. It is of 2 types.
1. Memory Interfacing
2. Device Interfacing
19. What is Translation Look Aside buffer (TLB)?
The efficiency of paged address translation may be increased by caching page translation information. A cache for address translation is known as a translation look aside buffer (TLB).
20. What is glueless interface?
Some I/O devices are designed to interface directly to a particular bus, forming glue less interfaces.
21. What is glue logic?
Glue logic is required when a device is connected to a bus for which it is not designed.
22. What is RS232?
RS-232 is a byte-oriented protocol. That is, it is intended to be used to send single 8-bit blocks of data. To transmit a byte of data over an RS-232 link, we generally encode the information as follows: o We send a Start bit.
o We send the data (8 bits).
o We send a Stop bit (or bits)
23. What is MMU?
Modern microprocessor units (MMUs) perform address translations that provide a larger virtual memory space in a small physical memory.
24. Differentiate active matrix and passive matrix?
Early LCD panels were called passive matrix because they relied on a two-dimensional grid of wires to address the pixels. Modern LCD panels use an active matrix system that puts a transistor at each pixel to control access to the LCD. Active matrix displays provide higher contrast and a higher-quality display. IT 2354 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2 MARKS & 16 MARKS QUESTION BANK DEPARTMENT OF IT/SVSCE 14
25.What are A/D and D/A convertors?
Analog/digital (A/D) and digital/analog (D/A) converters (typically known as ADCs and DACs, respectively) are often used to interface non digital devices to embedded systems.
16 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Explain in detail about programming I/O.
2. Explain Busy wait I/O.
3. Explain Interrupts
4. 4.Explain I/O devices with examples.
5. Write notes on a. a.LEDs b. b.Touch screens c. c.Displays 6. Explain memory devices in detail.
7. Explain ROM in detail
8. Explain Memory Interfacing and I/O interfacing
9. Write notes on parallel and serial interfacing architectures. IT 2354 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2 MARKS & 16 MARKS QUESTION BANK DEPARTMENT OF IT/SVSCE 15
UNIT III
PROCESSES AND OPERATING SYSTEMS
Multiple tasks and processes Context switching Scheduling policies Interprocess
communication mechanisms Performance issues.
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Define process.
A process is a single execution of a program. If we run the same program two different times, we have created two different processes. Each process has its own state that includes not only its registers but all of its memory.
2. What is a task?
Tasks are part of the systems functionality, but that application-level organization of functionality is often reflected in the structure of the program as well.
3. What is meant by a thread?
Processes that share the same address space are often called threads
4. What is multirate system?
When multiple rates of computation has followed, it is difficult to write codes for fulfilling timing needs E.g) printers, cellphones.
5.Define directed acyclic graph?
It is a cycle which is hard to interrupt in a periodically execute system.
6.What is a task graph?
A collection of process with data dependencies is said to be a task graph. IT 2354 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2 MARKS & 16 MARKS QUESTION BANK DEPARTMENT OF IT/SVSCE 16
7. Give the CPU metrics?
Initiation time
Computation time
8. What are the states of a process?
Running
Read
Waiting
9.Give the formula to calculate cpu Utilization?
U = CPU time for useful work total available CPU time U=WT T
10. Define scheduling
This is defined as a process of selection which says that a process has the right to use the processor at a given time.
11.Define hyperperiod?
It is the least-common multiple of the periods of all the processes.
12. what is cyclostatic scheduling?
A cyclostatic schedule is divided into equal-sized time slots over an interval equal to the length of the hyperperiod H. Processes always run in the same time slot.
13. What is scheduling overhead?
It is the execution time required to choose the next execution process, which is incurred in addition to any context switching overhead.
14. What is meant by context switching?
The actual process of changing from one task to another is called a context switch. IT 2354 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2 MARKS & 16 MARKS QUESTION BANK DEPARTMENT OF IT/SVSCE 17
15. Define priority scheduling?
A simple scheduler maintains a priority queue of process that is in the runnable state.
16. What is rate monotonic scheduling?
It is an approach that is used to assign task priority for a preemptive system.
17. What is a critical instant?
The critical instant for a process is defined as the instant during execution at which the task has the largest response time
18.Define earliest deadline first scheduling
It is a dynamic priority schemeit changes process priorities during execution based on initiation times. As a result, it can achieve higher CPU utilizations
18. What is Inter process Communication mechanisms?
Processes often need to communicate with each other. Interprocess communication mechanisms
are provided by the operating system as part of the process abstraction
19. What are the two types of communication?
1. Blocking communication
2. Non blocking communication
20. What are the different styles of Interprocess communication?
1. Shared memory
2. Message passing
21. What are the examples of multi rate systems?
Automobile engines
Printers
Cell phones
22. What are the timing requirements on processes?
Release time
Deadline IT 2354 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2 MARKS & 16 MARKS QUESTION BANK DEPARTMENT OF IT/SVSCE 18
23.What is an aperiodic process?
This is started by an event like
External data arriving
Data computed by another process.
16 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Explain tasks and processes in detail.
2. Explain in detail cyclostatic scheduling and Round Robin scheduling
3. Write short notes on priority scheduling
4. Give notes on static and dynamic priorities
5. Explain rate monotonic scheduling
6. Explain shared memory and message passing
7. Explain in detail about performance issues.
8. Give an example for test and set operation and explain. IT 2354 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2 MARKS & 16 MARKS QUESTION BANK DEPARTMENT OF IT/SVSCE 19
UNIT IV EMBEDDED SOFTWARE Programming embedded systems in assembly and C Meeting real time constraints Multi-state systems and function sequences. Embedded software development tools Emulators and debuggers.
1. Define assembly language. 2 MARKS QUESTIONS
In this language each statement denotes one machine instruction and the programmers have to deal with the low level details such as register allocation and procedure calling sequences. It is a combination of mnemonics codes
2. State the advantages of assembly languages.
It gives a precise control of processor internal directives
Machine codes are compact
Small memory is enough
It is not compiler specific or library function specific
3. State the advantage of high level language.
Modular programming approach is used.
Type checking makes programming easy
Control structures make the path of the program simple
4. State C-programming elements
a. Header
b. Source files
c. Preprocessor directives
5. What is TCON_SFR?
It is special function register used in timer. IT 2354 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2 MARKS & 16 MARKS QUESTION BANK DEPARTMENT OF IT/SVSCE 20
6. Give the characteristics of multi state systems
a. Series of System states are employed
b. One or more functions are used in every state
c. Transition between states can be illustrated by some rules.
7. Define multi-state systems.
Here the transition between states will depend only on the passage of time.
8. Define Multistate(input/Timed system)?
Here the transition between states will depend both on passage of time and system inputs.
9. What are the types of debugging?
1.Task level debugging
2.symbolic debugging
10. State some embedded software development tools.
1. Cross compilers
2. Cross assemblers.
3. Tool chains
4. Linkers/Locators
5. Locator maps
11.what are the characteristics of multi state system?
The common characteristics of such systems are that:
1. They involve a series of system states.
2. In each state, one or more functions may be called.
3. There will be rules defining the transitions between states.
4. As the system moves between states, one or more functions may be called. IT 2354 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2 MARKS & 16 MARKS QUESTION BANK DEPARTMENT OF IT/SVSCE 21
12. What are the characteristics of Time driven in-out driven multistate architecture?
Each state may be associated with one or more function calls.
Transitions between states may be controlled by the passage of time, by system
Inputs or by a combination of time and inputs.
Transitions between states may also involve function calls
13. What is a cross-compiler?
A cross-compiler is a compiler that runs on one type of machine but generates code for
another
14.What is test bench?
The testbench generates inputs to simulate the actions of the input devices; it may also take the output values and compare them against expected values, providing valuable early debugging help.
15. What is a breakpoint?
Very important debugging tool is the breakpoint. The simplest form of a breakpoint is for the user to specify an address at which the programs execution is to break.
16. What is ICE?
The microprocessor in-circuit emulator (ICE) is a specialized hardware tool that can help debug software in a working embedded system. In-circuit emulator has a special version of the microprocessor that allows its internal registers to be read out when it is stopped.
17. What is logic analyzer?
Logic analyzer is an array of inexpensive oscilloscopesthe analyzer can sample many different signals simultaneously (tens to hundreds) but can display only 0, 1, or changing values for each. All these logic analysis channels can be connected to the system to record the activity on many signals simultaneously IT 2354 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2 MARKS & 16 MARKS QUESTION BANK DEPARTMENT OF IT/SVSCE 22
18. What are the two modes of logic analyzer?
A typical logic analyzer can acquire data in either of two modes that are typically called
state and timing modes
19.What are debugging challenges?
Logical errors in software can be hard to track down, but errors in real-time code can create problems that are even harder to diagnose. Real-time programs are required to finish their work within a certain amount of time; if they run too long, they can create very unexpected behavior
20. Differentiate a host and a target?
It is common to do at least part of the software development on a PC or workstation known as a host. The hardware on which the code will finally run is known as the target. The host and target are frequently connected by a USB link, but a higher-speed link such as Ethernet can also be used.
21. What is task level debugging?
It works at the OS level.
22. Why emulation?
It is needed to resolve problems within a design quickly. IT 2354 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2 MARKS & 16 MARKS QUESTION BANK DEPARTMENT OF IT/SVSCE 23
16 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Explain in detail about programming in C.
2. Compare assembly language and C.
3. Explain multistate system n detail
4. Explain Real time constraints with example
5. Explain Multi state system in detail
6. Implement multistate system with example
7. Explain emulators and debuggers
8. Explain embedded software development tools. IT 2354 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2 MARKS & 16 MARKS QUESTION BANK DEPARTMENT OF IT/SVSCE 24
UNIT V
EMBEDDED SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
Design issues and techniques Case studies Complete design of example embedded systems.
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. What are the specification of the product?
Fuctionality
Performance
Manufacturing cost
2. What are the three important objectives of a design process?
Time to market
Design cost
Quality
3. On which factors does the quality of the product rely?
Correctness
Reliability
Usability
4. What are the internal and external forces that modify a process?
Changing customers
Changing requirements
Changing products
Changing components
5. What are design tools?
Compilers
CAD systems IT 2354 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2 MARKS & 16 MARKS QUESTION BANK DEPARTMENT OF IT/SVSCE 25
6. What are the steps in software development process?
Requirement analysis
Architecture design
Coding
Testing
Maintenance
7. What is the advantage of spiral model?
It is more realistic then waterfall model
Design is fulfilled due to many iterations
8. What is concurrent engineering?
It allows broader approach among the people in design of complex embedded systems.
It optimizes the total flow
Its main goal is to reduce design time
8. What are the elements of concurrent engineering?
Cross functional teams
Concurrent product realization process activities
Incremental information sharing
Integrated project management
Early and continual supplier environment
Customer focus
9. What are the types of requirements?
Functional
Non-functional IT 2354 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2 MARKS & 16 MARKS QUESTION BANK DEPARTMENT OF IT/SVSCE 26
10. What are the ways to determine requirements?
Conducting surveys
Organizing focus groups
Asking customers to test a prototype.
11. What is state chart model?
It is a well known technique for state based specification.It uses an event driven model .It permits states to be combiled together to express common functionality.
12. What are the two types of grouping?
OR group
AND group
13.Define CRC method
CRC refers classes, Responsibilities and collaborators
It is a technique used for identifying classes and responsibilities
It helps to identify classes
14.What are the 3 steps in CRC process?
Identify class responsibilities
Assign responsibilities
Identify collaborators.
15.What is CMM?
It stands for capability Maturity model that includes software and system engineering capability assessment IT 2354 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2 MARKS & 16 MARKS QUESTION BANK DEPARTMENT OF IT/SVSCE 27
16.What is six point scale in CMM?
Not performed
Performed
Managed
Defined
Quantitatively managed
Optimizing
17. What is control oriented specification language?
To specify control in UML state machines are generally used.E.g SDL.It is a language used to specify control in UML.
18. Define specification.
It represents the more detailed, precise and more constant , consistent descriptions of a system which can be used to create the architecture
19. What is the use of successive refinement development model?
It is used to understand the system on which designer is working by a series of design
cycles
20. What are non-functional requirements?
It refers to attribute collection
e.g cost, physical size, power consumed, reliability etc IT 2354 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2 MARKS & 16 MARKS QUESTION BANK DEPARTMENT OF IT/SVSCE 28
16 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Write short notes on design process and design methodologies.
2. Explain design flow.
3. Explain waterfall model and spiral model
4. With neat diagram explain successive refinement development model.
5. Write short notes on Concurrent engineering and specification
6. Explain CRC.
7. Explain ISO 9000 certification in detail
8. Give techniques for quality assurance and explain