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COMPLEX NUMBERS

De Moivres Theorem:

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Relations involving Modulus and
Argument:

(cos + isin )n = cos (n) + isin (n)


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Geometric relationship between z, ,
cz, iz
.
cz
iz
z
z
z
.
.

|z1z2| = |z1| |z2|


z1= |z1|
z2 |z2|

|z|2 = z

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|z | = |z|
_ ________
|z| = x2 + y2

Vectors

arg(z1z2) = arg(z1) + arg(z2)


z1
argz
= arg(z1) arg(z2)
2
arg(z)n = n arg(z)
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Z1

Z1 + Z 2

Z1

Z2

Z2 Z1
Z2

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The triangle inequality
|z1 + z2| |z1| + |z2|
Im(z)

Ex: Find the square roots of 10 24i


Solution: If x + iy is a square root of
10 24i, then (x + iy)2 = 10 24i
x2 + 2xyi y2 = 10 24i
2

z1 + z2
z2

|z2|
|z1 + z2|

Finding the Square Root of a


complex number:

z1
|z1|

Re(z)

(x y ) + 2xyi = 10 24i
x2 y2 = 10__________

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2xy = -24
-24
y = 2x

-12
=x

___________

-12
Sub into x2 x
-144
x2 x2

= 10
= 10

x4 10x2 144 = 0
x2 = 18 or x2 = -8
____

x = 3 2

____

or x = 2 2 i
____

choose x = 3 2
-12_
sub into y =32

-4
=2

= -2 2
_____

____

the square roots are 3 2 -2 2 i


_____

____

and -3 2 + 2 2 i

Complex Roots of unity

COMPLEX NUMBERS
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Sketching curves and regions:
To sketch |z (x + iy)| = r
is a circle with centre (x,y) and
radius, r.
Graphically, |z (x + iy)| = r is the
vector joining (x + iy) to z
Eg 1: Sketch the graph where |z 1 + i| < 2
and arg(z 1) 45 both hold:
|z

(1 i)| < 2,
45

arg(z (1))

45

.
1-i
2

Eg 2: Sketch |z| = |z + 2 i|

|z 0| = |z (2 + i)|

Consider z3 = 1
z3 1 = 0
(z 1)(z2 + z + 1) __
z = 1 or 1 i 3
2
These are called the three complex
cube roots of unity
Using deMoivres theorem to find the
complex roots of unity:
Eg: For z3 = 1
Let z = r (cos + isin ) be a solution
Then z3 = r3 (cos + isin )3
= r3 (cos (3) + isin (3))
1 as a complex number in mod arg form is
1(cos 0 + isin 0)

r3 (cos (3) + isin (3)) = 1(cos 0 + isin 0)


r3 = 1 and
(cos (3) + isin (3)) = 1(cos 0 + isin 0)
Then r = 1 and 3 = 0, 360, 720
= 0, 120, 240
z = 1(cos 0 + isin 0) = 1
_
or z = 1(cos 120 + isin 120) = -1 - i3
2 _
or z = 1(cos 240 + isin 240) = -1 + i3
2

Note there are 3 solutions


There will be n solutions to zn = 1
2 + i

The roots of unity graphically:


Perpendicular
bisector of line joining
0 to 2 + i

of z3 = 1
Roots of z4 =Roots
1

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