This document provides a summary of the key objectives and concepts relating to atomic structure and bonding. It compares the structures and properties of ionic, covalent and metallic substances. Ionic compounds form giant crystal lattices held together by electrostatic attractions between positive and negative ions. Covalent substances have strong covalent bonds within molecules from shared electron pairs. Metals exist as giant lattices of positive ions in a "sea" of delocalized electrons that are free to move, allowing electrical conductivity.
This document provides a summary of the key objectives and concepts relating to atomic structure and bonding. It compares the structures and properties of ionic, covalent and metallic substances. Ionic compounds form giant crystal lattices held together by electrostatic attractions between positive and negative ions. Covalent substances have strong covalent bonds within molecules from shared electron pairs. Metals exist as giant lattices of positive ions in a "sea" of delocalized electrons that are free to move, allowing electrical conductivity.
This document provides a summary of the key objectives and concepts relating to atomic structure and bonding. It compares the structures and properties of ionic, covalent and metallic substances. Ionic compounds form giant crystal lattices held together by electrostatic attractions between positive and negative ions. Covalent substances have strong covalent bonds within molecules from shared electron pairs. Metals exist as giant lattices of positive ions in a "sea" of delocalized electrons that are free to move, allowing electrical conductivity.
Syllabus Objectives : (a) Compar e te struct ur e o! mol ecul ar subst a"ces e#$ met a"e% io&i"e% 'it tos e o! #ia"t mol ecul ar subst a"ces e#$ poly(et e"e) ( sa"&( &iamo"&( #rapi t e i" or&er to &e&uce teir proper ti es$ (b) Compar e te bo"&i "# a"& struct ur es o! &iamo"& a"& #rapi t e i" or&er to &e&uce teir proper ti es suc as elect rical co"&uctivit y% lubricati "# or cutti"# actio" ("ot re)uire& to &ra' struct ur es)$ (c) De&uce te pysical a"& cemi cal proper ti es o! subst a"ces !rom teir struct ur es a"& bo"&i "# a"& vice versa$ Ioni c Bondi ng (&) Describe te !ormat i o" o! io"s by elecro" loss*#ai " i" or&er to obt ai " te elect ro"ic co"!i#ur ati o" o! a" i"ert #as$ (e) Describe te !ormat i o" o! io"ic bo"&s bet 'ee" met al s a"& "o"- met al s e#$ NaCl( M#Cl + $ (!) Stat e tat io"ic mat eri al s co"t ai " a #ia"t lattice i" 'ic te io"s are el& by elect ros t at i c att r acti o"% e#$ NaCl$ ("ot re)uir e& to &ra' &ia#r a ms o! io"ic lattices) (#) De&uce te !ormul ae o! oter io"ic compou"&s !rom &ia#r ams o! teir lattice struct ur es% limit e& to bi"ary compou"&s$ () ,elat e te pysical proper ti es (i"clu&i"# elect rical proper t y) o! io"ic compou"&s to teir lattice struct ur e$ Coval ent Bondi ng (i) Describe te !ormat i o" o! a coval e"t bo"& by te sari"# o! a pair o! elect ro"s i" or&er to #ai" te elect ro"i c co"!i#ur at i o" o! a" i"ert #as$ (j) Describe% usi"# -&ot a"& cross. &ia#r a ms % te !ormat i o" o! coval e"t bo"&s bet 'ee" "o"- met allic eleme"t s % e#$ / + ( O + ( / + O( C/ 0 ( CO + $ (1) De&uce te arra"#e me "t o! elect ro"s i" oter coval e"t mol ecul es$ (l) ,elat e te pysical proper ti es (i"clu&i"# elect rical proper t y) o! coval e"t subst a"ces to teir struct ur e a"& bo"&i "#$ Met al li c Bondi ng (m) Describe met al s as a lattice o! positive io"s i" a -sea o! elect ro"s.$ (") ,elat e te elect rical co"&uctivit y o! met al s to te mobility o! te elect ro"s i" te struct ur e$ 2ON2C S34STANCES CO5ALENT METALS S2M6LE MAC,OMOLEC3LES E7ampl es NaCl( M#O O+( CO+( /+O( 2+ Sa"& (silico" &io7i&e% SiO+)% &iamo"&( #rapi t e( polyet e"e Na% Cu% 8e Eleme"t or Compou"& 9 Compou"&s Eleme"t s (e#$ O+( 2+) or Compou"&s (e#$ /+O) Eleme"t s (e#$ &iamo"&% #rapi t e) or Compou"&s (e#$ SiO+( polyt e"e) Eleme"t s Type o! particle pres e"t Ions e#$ Na : % Cl - (i" NaCl) Small mol ecul e s 5ery lar#e mol ec ul e s Atoms Type o! struct ur e ;ia"t cryst al latti ce Simpl e mol ec ul e s ;ia"t mol ec ul ar latti ce ;ia"t latti ce o !osi ti ve met al ions in a sea o el ect rons /o' struct ur e comes about 4y te trans er o! elect ro"s !rom te met al to "o"- met al 4y te sari "# o! elect ro"s 4y te s"ari ng o! elect ro"s Met als te"& to lose teir vale"ce elect ro"s easily( tes e elect ro"s become &elocalise& a"& are !ree to move about te lattice o! positive met al io"s$ Type o! bo"&i "# 2o"ic bo"&i "# < elect rost at i c !orce bet 'ee" positive a"& "e#ati ve io"s Coval e"t bo"& within te mol ecul e < elect ros t at i c !orce bet 'ee" te sar e& elect ro"s a"& te "uclei o! te atoms 2"ter mol ecul ar !orces (5a" &er 'aal s !orces) < !orces bet wee n te Coval e"t bo"& < elect rost at i c !orce bet 'ee" te sar e& elect ro"s a"& te "ucl ei o! te at oms Met allic bo"& < elect rost at i c !orce bet 'ee" te &elocalise& elect ro"s a"& te positve met al io"s + mol ecul es Stre"#t o! bo"& Stro"# Coval e"t bo"& < stro"# 2"ter mol ecul ar !orces < 'ea1 Stro"# Stro"# 6,O6E,T2ES 2ON2C S34STANCES CO5ALENT METALS S2M6LE MAC,OMOLEC3LES Melti"# * 4oili"# poi"t /i# Lo' /i# /i# 5olatility No"- volatile 5olatile No"- volatile No"- volatile ,easo" Stro"# io"ic bo"&s "ee& to be bro1e" to melt* boil te subst a"ce% ter e!or e a lot o! eat is re)uir e& O"ly te 'ea1 i"t er mol ecul ar !orces are bro1e" &uri"# melti"#* boili"#% ter e!or e less eat re)uir e& Stro"# coval e"t bo"&s "ee& to be bro1e"% ter e!or e a lot o! eat is re)uire& Stro"# met allic bo"& "ee&s to be bro1e"% ter e!or e a lot o! eat is re)uire& 6ysical st at e at room temper at ur Soli&s 3sually #ases or volatile li)ui&s soli&s Soli&s (e7cept !or mecur y) a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a electro"s = e Solubility Solubl e i" 'at er( i"solubl e i" or#a"i c solve"t s 2"solubl e i" 'at er( solubl e i" or#a"ic solve"t s (e7cepti o"s li1e et a"ol% Cl+% /Cl) 2"solubl e i" 'at er or or#a"ic solve"t s 2"solubl e i" 'at er or or#a"ic solve"t s /ar&"es s /ar& but brittl e NA /ar& but brittl e /ar& but malleabl e 6,O6E,T2ES 2ON2C S34STANCES CO5ALENT METALS S2M6LE MAC,OMOLEC3LES Electrical co"&ucti vit y Co"&uct or 'e" molt e" or i" a)ueous solutio"( No"- co"&uct or i" soli& st at e No"- co"&uct or No"- co"&uct or (e7cept #rapi t e) Co"&uct or i" soli& a"& molt e" st at es 6articles i" struct ur e tat co"&uct elect ricit y Movi"# io"s No"e pres e"t (!ree) elect ro"s o"ly i" #rapi t e 8ree elect ro"s ,easo" !or its elect rical co"&ucti vit y Movi"# io"s co"&uct elect ricity( tus 'e" molt e" or i" a)ueous solutio"% io"s are !ree to move to co"&uct electicit y( i" soli& st at e io"s are "ot !ree to move to co"&uct elect ricity$ No io"s or elect ro"s pres e"t O"ly #rapi t e co"t ai "s !ree elect ro"s i" its struct ur e 8ree elect ro"s pres e"t (i" soli& or molt e" st at es) 0
Standard Specification For Steel, Sheet and Strip, Hot-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy With Improved Formability, and Ultra-High Strength