By

SUMAN PAUL CHOUDHURY(13-24-209)

What is noise?
What is noise cancellation?
Simple idea.
Wave cancellation.
Adaptive Filter
Active noise cancellation (ANC).
Adaptive filter.
Adaptive algorithm (LMS & RMS).
ANC and its principles
Results
Conclusion.
What is noise?
Fiq(1):AWGN
Noise consists of unwanted waveforms that can
interfere with communication.
sound noise: interferes with your normal hearing
Loud noises
Subtle noise
White noise (AWGN)
Noise cancellation is a method to reduce or completely
cancel out undesirable sound
Special case of optimal filtering which can be applied
when some information about the reference noise signal is
available
Cancellation processes depend on simple principle
adding two signals with the same .
Amplitude and opposite phase the result will be zero
signals.
(H)
Simple sine wave for single
sound frequency
One pure sound a fraction of
a second after the next
Sum of two waves
slightly out of phase
Sum of two waves slightly
out of phase
The signal and/or noise characteristics are often nonstationary
and the statistical parameters vary with time
An adaptive filter has an adaptation algorithm, that is meant to
monitor the environment and vary the filter transfer function
accordingly
Based in the actual signals received, attempts to find the
optimum filter design
The basic operation now involves two processes :
1. a filtering process, which produces an output signal in
response to a given input signal.
2. an adaptation process, which aims to adjust the filter
parameters (filter transfer function) to the (possibly time-
varying) environment
An optimal filter to find out the estimate of noise
Compares input signal with reference signal
The error reduces with no. of iterations.
In order to reduce the Mean square error ,two error reduction techniques are being
introduced
LMS
RMS
Taking Expectations of the above we have also assuming S and n are uncorrelated
S, n0, n1 and y are statistically stationary and have zero means
Adjusts the filter coefficients to minimize the cost function
Do not involve matrix operations
Requires fewer resources and memory than other algorithms
Less complicated and high convergence speed
More efficient than RLS
The standard LMS algorithm performs the following
operations to update the coefficients of an adaptive filter:
Calculate the output y(n)= s+n from the adaptive filter.
Calculates the error signal e(n) by using the following
equation: e(n) = n-n
Updates the filter coefficients by using the following
equation:
where is the step size of the adaptive filter, is the filter
coefficients vector, and is the filter input vector.
2 inputs: Primary: s+n and Reference input: n
0
Reference is then passed through filter to get n which is very closed version of n
This n is subtracted from s+n to get the desired output
Objective is accomplished by feeding the system output back to the adaptive
filter and adjusting the filter through an LMS adaptive algorithm to minimize the
errors
Noise cancellation is a method to cancel out undesirable sound in real
time.
Advantage of the method are its adaptive capability, its low output noise,
and its low signal distortion
The adaptive filter is used to estimate the error in noisy wave
Many algorithms are used in adaptive filter like LMS & MSE
[1] B. Widrow and E. Walach, Adaptive Inverse Control, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
S.S.Series, N.J. (1996).
[2] S. Haykin, Adaptive Filter Theory, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:Prentice-Hall, Inc., 3rd
Edition (1996).
[3] M. Feder, A.V. Oppenheim, E. Weistein, Maximum likelihoodnoise cancellation
using the EM algorithm,IEEE Trans. onAcoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, 37
(1989) 04-216.
[4] S.A. Billings and C.F. Fung, Recurrent radial basis functionnetwork for adaptive
noise cancellation, Neural Networks, 8(1995) 273-290.