Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Design Manual
ETABS
Integrated
Three-Dimensional
Static and Dynamic Analysis and Design
of
Building Systems
COMPUTERS &
STRUCTURES
INC.
Version 7.0
July 2000
COPYRIGHT
The computer program ETABS and all associated documentation are
proprietary and copyrighted products. Worldwide rights of ownership
rest with Computers and Structures, Inc. Unlicensed use of the program
or reproduction of the documentation in any form, without prior written
authorization from Computers and Structures, Inc., is explicitly prohibited.
Further information and copies of this documentation may be obtained
from:
DISCLAIMER
CONSIDERABLE TIME, EFFORT AND EXPENSE HAVE GONE
INTO THE DEVELOPMENT AND DOCUMENTATION OF ETABS.
THE PROGRAM HAS BEEN THOROUGHLY TESTED AND USED.
IN USING THE PROGRAM, HOWEVER, THE USER ACCEPTS
AND UNDERSTANDS THAT NO WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR
IMPLIED BY THE DEVELOPERS OR THE DISTRIBUTORS ON
THE ACCURACY OR THE RELIABILITY OF THE PROGRAM.
THIS PROGRAM IS A VERY PRACTICAL TOOL FOR THE DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES. HOWEVER,
THE USER MUST THOROUGHLY READ THE MANUAL AND
CLEARLY RECOGNIZE THE ASPECTS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN THAT THE PROGRAM ALGORITHMS DO NOT
ADDRESS.
THE USER MUST EXPLICITLY UNDERSTAND THE ASSUMPTIONS OF THE PROGRAM AND MUST INDEPENDENTLY VERIFY THE RESULTS.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER I
Introduction
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Recommended Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
CHAPTER II
Design Algorithms
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78
Table of Contents
Beam/Column Flexural Capacity Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
81
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185
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190
References
Index
iv
193
195
Chapter I
Introduction
Overview
ETABS features powerful and completely integrated modules for design of both
steel and reinforced concrete structures (CSI 1999, 2000). The program provides
the user with options to create, modify, analyze and design structural models, all
from within the same user interface.
The program provides an interactive environment in which the user can study the
stress conditions, make appropriate changes, such as revising member properties,
and re-examine the results without the need to re-run the analysis. A single mouse
click on an element brings up detailed design information. Members can be
grouped together for design purposes. The output in both graphical and tabulated
formats can be readily printed.
The program is structured to support a wide variety of the latest national and international building design codes for the automated design and check of concrete and
steel frame members. The program currently supports the following concrete frame
design codes:
U.S. ACI (ACI 1999),
U.S. UBC (UBC 1997),
Canadian (CSA 1994),
Overview
Organization
This manual is organized in the following way:
Chapter II outlines various aspects of the concrete design procedures of the ETABS
program. This chapter describes the common terminology of concrete design as implemented in ETABS.
Each of six subsequent chapters gives a detailed description of a specific code of
practice as interpreted by and implemented in ETABS. Each chapter describes the
design loading combination, column and beam design procedures, and other special consideration required by the code. In addition Chapter IV describes the joint
design according to the UBC code.
Chapter III gives a detailed description of the ACI code (ACI 1999) as implemented in ETABS.
Organization
Chapter I Introduction
Chapter IV gives a detailed description of the UBC concrete code (UBC 1997)
as implemented in ETABS.
Chapter V gives a detailed description of the Canadian code (CSA 1994) as implemented in ETABS.
Chapter VI gives a detailed description of the British code (BSI 1989) as implemented in ETABS.
Chapter VII gives a detailed description of the Eurocode 2 (CEN 1992) as implemented in ETABS.
Chapter VIII gives a detailed description of the New Zealand code (NZS 1997)
as implemented in ETABS.
Chapter IX outlines various aspects of the tabular and graphical output from
ETABS related to concrete design.
Recommended Reading
It is recommended that the user read Chapter II Design Algorithms and one of six
subsequent chapters corresponding to the code of interest to the user. Finally the
user should read Design Output in Chapter IX for understanding and interpreting
ETABS output related to concrete design. If the users interest is in the UBC concrete design code, it is recommended that the user should also read the chapter related to ACI code.
Recommended Reading
C h a p t e r II
Design Algorithms
This chapter outlines various aspects of the concrete design and design-check procedures that are used by the ETABS program. The concrete design and check may
be performed in ETABS according to one of the following design codes:
The 1995 American Concrete Institute Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, ACI 318-99 (ACI 1999).
International Conference of Building Officials 1997 Uniform Building Code:
Volume 2: Structural Engineering Design Provisions, Chapter 19 Concrete,
UBC 1997 (ICBO 1997).
The 1994 Canadian Standards Association Design of Concrete Structures for
Buildings, CSA-A23.3-94 (CSA 1994).
The 1989 British Standards Institution Structural Use of Concrete, BS 8110-85
R1989 (BSI 1989).
The 1992 European Committee for Standardization, Design of Concrete Structures, EUROCODE 2 (CEN 1992).
The 1995 Standards New Zealand Concrete Structures Standard, NZS 3101-95
(NZS 1995).
Details of the algorithms associated with each of these codes as implemented in
ETABS are described in the subsequent chapters. However, this chapter provides a
background which is common to all the design codes.
Design of Beams
In the design of concrete beams, in general, ETABS calculates and reports the required areas of steel for flexure and shear based upon the beam moments, shears,
load combination factors, and other criteria which are described in detail in the code
specific chapters. The reinforcement requirements are calculated at a user-defined
number of stations along the beam span.
All the beams are only designed for major direction flexure and shear. Effects due
to any axial forces, minor direction bending, and torsion that may exist in the beams
must be investigated independently by the user.
In designing the flexural reinforcement for the major moment at a particular section
of a particular beam, the steps involve the determination of the maximum factored
moments and the determination of the reinforcing steel. The beam section is de+
signed for the maximum positive M u and maximum negative M u factored moment
envelopes obtained from all of the load combinations. Negative beam moments
produce top steel. In such cases the beam is always designed as a rectangular section. Positive beam moments produce bottom steel. In such cases the beam may be
designed as a rectangular- or a T-beam. For the design of flexural reinforcement,
the beam is first designed as a singly reinforced beam. If the beam section is not
adequate, then the required compression reinforcement is calculated.
Design of Columns
In the design of the columns, the program calculates the required longitudinal steel,
or if the longitudinal steel is specified, the column stress condition is reported in
terms of a column capacity ratio, which is a factor that gives an indication of the
stress condition of the column with respect to the capacity of the column. The design procedure for the reinforced concrete columns of the structure involves the following steps:
Generate axial force-biaxial moment interaction surfaces for all of the different
concrete section types of the model. A typical interaction surface is shown in
Figure II-2.
Check the capacity of each column for the factored axial force and bending moments obtained from each loading combination at each end of the column. This
step is also used to calculate the required reinforcement (if none was specified)
that will produce a capacity ratio of 1.0.
Design the column shear reinforcement.
The generation of the interaction surface is based on the assumed strain and stress
distributions and some other simplifying assumptions. These stress and strain distributions and the assumptions vary from code to code. A typical assumed strain
distribution is described in Figure II-1.
Here maximum compression strain is limited to e c . For most of the design codes,
this assumed distribution remains valid. However, the value of e c varies from code
to code. For example, e c = 0.003 for ACI, UBC and New Zealand codes, and
e c = 0.0035 for Canadian, British and European codes. The details of the generation
of interaction surfaces differ from code to code. These are described in the chapters
specific to the code.
Design of Columns
0
c
Reinforcement
Bars
DIRECTION 1
Neutral Axis
Direction
Varying Linear
Strain Plane
DIRECTION
Reinforcement
Bars
Neutral Axis
Direction
Varying Linear
Strain Plane
DIRECTION
Neutral Axis
Reinforcement Direction
Bars
Figure II-1
Idealized Strain Distribution for Generation of Interaction Surfaces
A typical interaction surface is shown in Figure II-2. The column capacity interaction volume is numerically described by a series of discrete points that are generated on the three-dimensional interaction failure surface. The coordinates of these
points are determined by rotating a plane of linear strain in three dimensions on the
section of the column as described in Figure II-1.
The area associated with each rebar is placed at the actual location of the center of
the bar and the algorithm does not assume any simplifications in the manner in
which the area of steel is distributed over the cross section of the column. The interaction algorithm provides corrections to account for the concrete area that is displaced by the reinforcing in the compression zone.
10
Design of Columns
Pmax
Pbx
Curve #1
Curve #NRCV
Pby
Curve #2
M by
M bx
1
My
Mx
-P0
Axial tension
Figure II-2
A Typical Column Interaction Surface
The effects of code specified strength reduction factors and maximum limit on the
axial capacity are incorporated in the interaction surfaces. The formulation is based
consistently upon the general principles of ultimate strength design, and allows for
rectangular, square or circular, doubly symmetric column sections. In addition to
axial compression and biaxial bending, the formulation allows for axial tension and
biaxial bending considerations as shown in Figure II-2.
Design of Columns
11
Lines Defining
Failure Surface
C
L
P
o
Mx
My
MY
MX
Axial Tension
Figure II-3
Geometric Representation of Column Capacity Ratio
The capacity check is based on whether the design load points lie inside the interaction volume in a force space, as shown in Figure II-3. If the point lies inside the volume, the column capacity is adequate, and vice versa. The point in the interaction
volume (P, M x , and M y ) which is represented by point L is placed in the interaction space as shown in Figure II-3. If the point lies within the interaction volume,
the column capacity is adequate; however, if the point lies outside the interaction
volume, the column is overstressed. As a measure of the stress condition of the column, a capacity ratio is calculated. This ratio is achieved by plotting the point L, defined by P, Mx and My, and determining the location of point C. The point C is defined as the point where the line OL (if extended outwards) will intersect the failure
surface. This point is determined by three-dimensional linear interpolation between
the points that define the failure surface. The capacity ratio, CR, is given by the ratio OL OC .
12
Design of Columns
Figure II-4
Moment Capacity M u at a Given Axial Load Pu
If OL = OC (or CR=1) the point lies on the interaction surface and the column is
stressed to capacity.
If OL < OC (or CR<1) the point lies within the interaction volume and the column capacity is adequate.
If OL > OC (or CR>1) the point lies outside the interaction volume and the column is overstressed.
The capacity ratio is basically a factor that gives an indication of the stress condition of the column with respect to the capacity of the column. In other words, if the
axial force and biaxial moment set for which the column is being checked is amplified by dividing it by the reported capacity ratio, the point defined by the resulting
axial force and biaxial moment set will lie on the failure (or interaction volume) surface.
Design of Columns
13
Design of Joints
To ensure that the beam-column joint of special moment resisting frames possesses
adequate shear strength, the program performs a rational analysis of the beamcolumn panel zone to determine the shear forces that are generated in the joint. The
program then checks this against design shear strength.
Only joints having a column below the joint are designed. The material properties
of the joint are assumed to be the same as those of the column below the joint.
The joint analysis is done in the major and the minor directions of the column. The
joint design procedure involves the following steps:
h
Determine the panel zone design shear force, V u
14
Design of Joints
Figure II-5
Beam-Column Joint Analysis
Design of Joints
15
L
R
Mu + Mu
H
See Figure II-6. It should be noted that the points of inflection shown on Figure II-6
are taken as midway between actual lateral support points for the columns.
The effects of load reversals, as illustrated in Case 1 and Case 2 of Figure II-5 are
investigated and the design is based upon the maximum of the joint shears obtained
from the two cases.
Determine the Effective Area of Joint
The joint area that resists the shear forces is assumed always to be rectangular in
plan view. The dimensions of the rectangle correspond to the major and minor dimensions of the column below the joint, except if the beam framing into the joint is
very narrow. The effective width of the joint area to be used in the calculation is
limited to the width of the beam plus the depth of the column. The area of the joint is
assumed not to exceed the area of the column below. The joint area for joint shear
along the major and minor directions is calculated separately (ACI R21.5.3).
It should be noted that if the beam frames into the joint eccentrically, the above assumptions may be unconservative and the user should investigate the acceptability
of the particular joint.
Check Panel Zone Shear Stress
The panel zone shear stress is evaluated by dividing the shear forceV uh by the effective area of the joint and comparing it with the following design shear strengths
(ACI 21.5.3, UBC 1921.5.3) :
16
Design of Joints
= 15 j
12 j
where j = 0.85 .
For joint design, the program reports the joint shear, the joint shear stress, the allowable joint shear stress and a capacity ratio.
POINT OF
INFLECTION
Vu
COLUMN
ABOVE
TOP OF BEAM
COLUMN
HEIGHT
(H)
PANEL
ZONE
L
Mu
TL
CR
Vuh
TR
CL
Mu
COLUMN
BELOW
Vu
POINT OF
INFLECTION
ELEVATION
Figure II-6
Column Shear Force, V u
Design of Joints
17
Me
5
6
Mg
The capacities are calculated with no reinforcing overstrength factor, , and including factors. The beam capacities are calculated for reversed situations (Cases
1 and 2) as illustrated in Figure II-5 and the maximum summation obtained is used.
The moment capacities of beams that frame into the joint in a direction that is not
parallel to the major or minor direction of the column are resolved along the direction that is being investigated and the resolved components are added to the summation.
The column capacity summation includes the column above and the column below
the joint. For each load combination the axial force, Pu , in each of the columns is
calculated from the ETABS analysis load conditions and the corresponding load
combination factors. For each load combination, the moment capacity of each column under the influence of the corresponding axial load Pu is then determined separately for the major and minor directions of the column, using the uniaxial column
interaction diagram, see Figure II-4. The moment capacities of the two columns are
added to give the capacity summation for the corresponding load combination. The
maximum capacity summations obtained from all of the load combinations is used
for the beam/column capacity ratio.
The beam/column flexural capacity ratios are only reported for Special Moment-Resisting Frames involving seismic design load combinations.
P-D Effects
The ETABS design algorithms require that the analysis results include the P-D effects. The P-D effects are considered differently for braced or nonsway and
unbraced or sway components of moments in frames. For the braced moments
in frames, the effect of P-D is limited to individual member stability. For unbraced components, lateral drift effects should be considered in addition to individual member stability effect. In ETABS, it is assumed that braced or
nonsway moments are contributed from the dead or live loads. Whereas,
unbraced or sway moments are contributed from all other types of loads.
18
19
xis
tA
en
m
Ele
J
D
EN
l33
EN
l22
Figure II-7
Axes of Bending and Unsupported Length
20
Figure II-8
Unsupported Lengths and Interior Nodes
Unlike the ACI, UBC, Canadian, and New Zealand codes, the current implementation of the British code and the Eurocode 2 in ETABS does not account for any special requirements for seismic design.
21
C h a p t e r III
23
Acv
Ag
As
As
As (required )
Ast
Av
a
ab
b
bf
bw
Cm
c
cb
d
d
ds
Ec
Es
f c
fy
f ys
h
Ig
I se
Table III-1
List of Symbols Used in the ACI code
24
k
L
M1
M2
Mc
M ns
Ms
Mu
M ux
M uy
Pb
Pc
Pmax
P0
Pu
r
Vc
VE
VD +L
Vu
Vp
a
b1
bd
ds
d ns
ec
es
j
Table III-1
List of Symbols Used in the ACI code (continued)
25
(ACI 9.2.1)
0.9 DL 1.3 WL
0.75 (1.4 DL + 1.7 LL
1.7
WL)
(ACI 9.2.2)
1.7
* 1.1 EL)
(ACI 9.2.3)
These are also the default design load combinations in ETABS whenever the ACI
318-99 code is used. The user is warned that the above load combinations involving
seismic loads consider service-level seismic forces. Different load factors may apply with strength-level seismic forces (ACI R9.2.3).
Live load reduction factors can be applied to the member forces of the live load
condition on an element-by-element basis to reduce the contribution of the live load
to the factored loading.
(ACI 9.3.2.1)
(ACI 9.3.2.2)
(ACI 9.3.2.2)
= 0.75
26
= 0.70
(ACI 9.3.2.2)
(ACI 9.3.2.2)
(ACI 9.3.2.3)
Column Design
The user may define the geometry of the reinforcing bar configuration of each concrete column section. If the area of reinforcing is provided by the user, the program
checks the column capacity. However, if the area of reinforcing is not provided by
the user, the program calculates the amount of reinforcing required for the column.
The design procedure for the reinforced concrete columns of the structure involves
the following steps:
Generate axial force/biaxial moment interaction surfaces for all of the different
concrete section types of the model. A typical biaxial interaction surface is
shown in Figure II-2. When the steel is undefined, the program generates the
interaction surfaces for the range of allowable reinforcement 1 to 8 percent
for Ordinary and Intermediate moment resisting frames (ACI 10.9.1) and 1 to 6
percent for Special moment resisting frames (ACI 21.4.3.1).
Calculate the capacity ratio or the required reinforcing area for the factored axial force and biaxial (or uniaxial) bending moments obtained from each loading
combination at each station of the column. The target capacity ratio is taken as
one when calculating the required reinforcing area.
Design the column shear reinforcement.
The following three subsections describe in detail the algorithms associated with
the above-mentioned steps.
Column Design
27
= 0.003
d'
1
Cs
s1
s2
s3
1c
Ts3
s4
a=
2
Cs
Ts4
Figure III-1
Idealization of Stress and Strain Distribution in a Column Section
(ACI 9.3.2.2)
28
(ACI 9.3.2.2)
Column Design
(ACI 10.3.5.2)
jPb or 0.1 f c Ag to zero, where jPb is the axial force at the balanced condition. The
j factor used in calculating jPn and jPb is the j (compression). In cases involving
axial tension, j is always j (flexure) which is 0.9 by default (ACI 9.3.2.2).
Column Design
29
M ns
+ds M s
(ACI 10.13.3)
The factor d s is the moment magnification factor for moments causing side sway.
The moment magnification factors for sway moments, d s , is taken as 1 because the
component moments M s and M ns are obtained from a second order elastic (P-D)
analysis (ACI R10.10, 10.10.1, R10.13, 10.13.4.1).
The program assumes that a P-D analysis has been performed in ETABS and, therefore, moment magnification factor d s for moments causing sidesway is taken as
unity (ACI 10.10.2). For the P-D analysis the load should correspond to a load combination of 1.4 dead load + 1.7 live load (ACI 10.13.6). See also White and Hajjar
(1991). The user should use reduction factors for the moment of inertias in ETABS
as specified in ACI 10.11. The moment of intertia reduction for sustained lateral
load involves a factor b d (ACI 10.11). This b d for sway frame in second-order analysis is different from the one that is defined later for non-sway moment magnification (ACI 10.0, R10.12.3, R10.13.4.1). The default moment of inertia factor in
ETABS is 1.
The computed moments are further amplified for individual column stability effect
(ACI 10.12.3, 10.13.5) by the nonsway moment magnification factor, d ns , as follows:
Mc
= d ns M
, where
(ACI 10.12.3)
Cm
Pu
10.75 Pc
C m = 0.6 + 0.4
30
Column Design
1.0 ,
Ma
Mb
where
0.4 ,
(ACI 10.12.3)
(ACI 10.12.3.1)
EI
, where
( kl u ) 2
p
(ACI 10.12.3)
k is conservatively taken as 1, however ETABS allows the user to override this value (ACI 10.12.1),
l u is the unsupported length of the column for the direction of bending
considered. The two unsupported lengths are l 22 and l 33 corresponding to
instability in the minor and major directions of the element, respectively.
See Figure II-7. These are the lengths between the support points of the
element in the corresponding directions.
EI is associated with a particular column direction:
EI =
bd =
0.4 E c I g
1 + bd
, where
(ACI 10.12.3)
The magnification factor, d ns , must be a positive number and greater than one.
Therefore Pu must be less than 0.75Pc . If Pu is found to be greater than or equal to
0.75Pc , a failure condition is declared.
The above calculations are done for major and minor directions separately. That
means that d s , d ns , C m , k, l u , EI, and Pc assume different values for major and minor
directions of bending.
If the program assumptions are not satisfactory for a particular member, the user
can explicitly specify values of d s and d ns .
Column Design
31
32
Column Design
=V p
(ACI 21.4.5.1)
+ V D+ L
where,V p is the capacity-shear force obtained by applying the calculated probable ultimate moment capacities at the two ends of the column acting in two opposite directions. Therefore, V p is the maximum of V P1 and V P2 , where
V P1 =
M I- + M J+
, and
L
V P2 =
M I+ + M J, where
L
M I+ , M I-
Column Design
33
For Special moment resisting frames a is taken as 1.25 (ACI 10.0, R21.4.5.1).
V D + L is the contribution of shear force from the in-span distribution of gravity
loads. For most of the columns, it is zero.
For Intermediate moment resisting frames, the shear capacity of the column
is also checked for the capacity-shear based on the nominal moment capacities
at the ends and the factored gravity loads, in addition to the check required for
Ordinary moment resisting frames. The design shear force is taken to be the
minimum of that based on the nominal (j = 1.0) moment capacity and modified
factored shear force. The procedure for calculating nominal moment capacity
is the same as that for computing the probable moment capacity for special moment resisting frames, except that a is taken equal to 1 rather than 1.25 (ACI
21.10.3.a, R21.10). The modified factored shear forces are based on the specified load factors except the earthquake load factors are doubled (ACI
21.10.3.b).
V c = 2 f c 1 +
f c
Vc
100 psi,
3.5 f c
Pu
2000 Ag
Acv , where
and
1+
(ACI 11.3.1.2)
(ACI 11.1.2)
Pu
500 Ag
Acv .
(ACI 11.3.2.2)
The term Pu Ag must have psi units. Acv is the effective shear area which is shown
shaded in Figure III-2. For circular columns Acv is taken to be equal to the gross
area of the section (ACI 11.3.3, R11.3.3).
34
Column Design
Figure III-2
Shear Stress Area, Acv
If the column is subjected to axial tension, Pu is negative,
V c = 2 f c 1 +
Pu
500 Ag
Acv
(ACI 11.3.2.3)
For Special moment resisting concrete frame design, V c is set to zero if the
factored axial compressive force, Pu , including the earthquake effect is small
( Pu < f c Ag / 20) and if the shear force contribution from earthquake, V E , is
Column Design
35
(V u /j - V c ) s
, for rectangular columns and
f ys d
Av =
(V u /j - V c ) s
, for circular columns.
f ys ( 0.8D
)
8 f c Acv
(ACI 11.5.6.9)
Beam Design
In the design of concrete beams, ETABS calculates and reports the required areas
of steel for flexure and shear based upon the beam moments, shears, load combination factors, and other criteria described below. The reinforcement requirements
are calculated at a user defined number of check/design stations along the beam
span.
All the beams are only designed for major direction flexure and shear. Effects
due to any axial forces, minor direction bending, and torsion that may exist in the
beams must be investigated independently by the user.
The beam design procedure involves the following steps:
36
Beam Design
Negative beam moments produce top steel. In such cases the beam is always designed as a rectangular section. Positive beam moments produce bottom steel. In
such cases the beam may be designed as a Rectangular- or a T-beam.
Beam Design
37
d2
2 Mu
0.85 f c
(ACI 10.2.7.1)
= 0.003
0.85f'c
Cs
A's
d'
a=
1c
Ts
As
(ii) STRAIN
DIAGRAM
(i) BEAM
SECTION
Tc
(iii) STRESS
DIAGRAM
Figure III-3
Design of Rectangular Beam Section
where, the value of j is 0.90 (ACI 9.3.2.1) in the above and the following equations. Also b1 and c b are calculated as follows:
b1
= 0.85 - 0.05
38
Beam Design
f c
4000
,
1000
0.65 b1
0.85,
(ACI 10.2.7.3)
cb
e c Es
e c Es
+fy
87 000
d.
87 000 + f y
0.75 b1 c b .
If a
As
Mu
=
j
y d
a
2
= 0.85
f c ba max , and
(ACI 10.2.7.1)
=C d
M uc
a max
2
Mu
M uc .
As
f s
= 0.003 E s
c - d
(ACI 10.2.4)
M uc
a
f y d - max
, and
Beam Design
39
M us
.
f y ( d - d ) j
Therefore, the total tensile reinforcement, As = As1 + As 2 , and total compression reinforcement is As . As is to be placed at bottom and As is to be
placed at top if M u is positive, and vice versa if M u is negative.
Design for T-Beam
In designing for a factored negative moment, M u , (i.e. designing top steel), the calculation of the steel area is exactly the same as above, i.e., no T-Beam data is to be
used. See Figure III-4. If M u > 0 , the depth of the compression block is given by
a
d2
2Mu
.
0.85 f c j b f
0.75 b1 c b .
bf
ds
d'
fs'
0.85f'c
0.85f'c
Cs
As'
Cf
c
d
Cw
As
Ts
Tw
bw
(i) BEAM
SECTION
(ii) STRAIN
DIAGRAM
Figure III-4
Design of a T-Beam Section
40
Beam Design
(iii) STRESS
DIAGRAM
Tf
= 0.85 f c ( b f - b w
Therefore, As1 =
Cf
fy
)d s .
given by
M uf = C f
ds
2
Again, the value for j is j (flexure) which is 0.90 by default. Therefore, the
balance of the moment, M u to be carried by the web is given by
M uw = M u
M uf .
The web is a rectangular section of dimensions b w and d, for which the design
depth of the compression block is recalculated as
a1
If a1
d2
As 2
2 M uw
.
0.85 f c j b w
=
j
As
y d
= As1 + As 2
a1
2
, and
Beam Design
41
= 0.85 f c ba max
(ACI 10.2.7.1)
=C d
a max
2
, and
M uw
M uc .
As
f s
= 0.003 E s
c - d
(ACI 10.2.4)
M uc
a
f y d - max
, and
M us
.
f y ( d - d ) j
The total tensile reinforcement, As = As1 + As 2 + As 3 , and total compression reinforcement is As . As is to be placed at bottom and As is to be
placed at top.
Minimum Tensile Reinforcement
The minimum flexural tensile steel provided in a rectangular section in an Ordinary
moment resisting frame is given by the minimum of the two following limits:
42
Beam Design
As
As
f c
max
( 43
)
fy
b w d and
200
b w d or
fy
(ACI 10.5.1)
(ACI 10.5.3)
As (required ).
max
As(min)
f c
fy
b w d and
200
b w d or
fy
(ACI 10.5.1)
4
As (required ) .
3
(ACI 10.5.3)
0.025 b w d .
(ACI 21.3.2.1)
At any end (support) of the beam, the beam positive moment capacity (i.e. associated with the bottom steel) would not be less than 1/2 of the beam negative
moment capacity (i.e. associated with the top steel) at that end (ACI 21.3.2.2).
Neither the negative moment capacity nor the positive moment capacity at any
of the sections within the beam would be less than 1/4 of the maximum of positive or negative moment capacities of any of the beam end (support) stations
(ACI 21.3.2.2).
For Intermediate moment resisting concrete frames (seismic design), the beam design would satisfy the following conditions:
At any support of the beam, the beam positive moment capacity would not be
less than 1/3 of the beam negative moment capacity at that end (ACI 21.10.4.1).
Neither the negative moment capacity nor the positive moment capacity at any
of the sections within the beam would be less than 1/5 of the maximum of positive or negative moment capacities of any of the beam end (support) stations
(ACI 21.10.4.1).
Beam Design
43
=V p
+ V D+ L
(ACI 21.3.4.1)
where,V p is the capacity-shear force obtained by applying the calculated probable ultimate moment capacities at the two ends of the beams acting in two opposite directions. Therefore, V p is the maximum of V P1 and V P2 , where
44
Beam Design
V P1 =
M I- + M J+
, and
L
V P2 =
M I+ + M J, where
L
M I-
M J+
M I+
M J-
For Special moment resisting frames a is taken as 1.25 (ACI 21.0, R21.3.4.1).
V D + L is the contribution of shear force from the in-span distribution of gravity
loads.
For Intermediate moment resisting frames, the shear capacity of the beam is
also checked for the capacity-shear based on the nominal moment capacities at
the ends and the factored gravity loads, in addition to the check required for Ordinary moment resisting frames. The design shear force in beams is taken to be
the minimum of that based on the nominal moment capacity and modified factored shear force. The procedure for calculating nominal (j = 1.0) moment capacity is the same as that for computing the probable moment capacity for Special moment resisting frames, except that a is taken equal to 1 rather than 1.25
(ACI 21.10.3.a, R21.10). The modified factored shear forces are based on the
specified load factors except the earthquake load factors are doubled (ACI
21.10.3.b). The computation of the design shear force in a beam of an Intermediate moment resisting frame, is also the same as that for columns, which is
described earlier on page 34. See also Table III-2 for details.
Beam Design
45
(ACI 11.3.1.1)
For Special moment resisting frame concrete design,V c is set to zero if both the factored axial compressive force including the earthquake effect Pu is less than
f c Ag / 20 and the shear force contribution from earthquake V E is more than half of
the total maximum shear force over the length of the member V u (i.e. V E 0.5 V u )
(ACI 21.3.4.2).
(V u /j - V c ) s
.
f ys d
( V u /j - V c)
8 f c bd ,
(ACI 11.5.6.9)
Design of Joints
To ensure that the beam-column joint of special moment resisting frames possesses
adequate shear strength, the program performs a rational analysis of the beam-column panel zone to determine the shear forces that are generated in the joint. The
program then checks this against design shear strength.
46
Design of Joints
Design of Joints
47
Vu =
L
R
Mu + Mu
H
See Figure II-6. It should be noted that the points of inflection shown on Figure II-6
are taken as midway between actual lateral support points for the columns.
The effects of load reversals, as illustrated in Case 1 and Case 2 of Figure II-5 are
investigated and the design is based upon the maximum of the joint shears obtained
from the two cases.
= 15 j
12 j
(ACI 9.3.2.3)
For joint design, the program reports the joint shear, the joint shear stress, the allowable joint shear stress and a capacity ratio.
48
Design of Joints
Me
5
6
Mg
(ACI 21.4.2.2)
The capacities are calculated with no reinforcing overstrength factor, , and including
factors. The beam capacities are calculated for reversed situations
(Cases 1 and 2) as illustrated in Figure II-5 and the maximum summation obtained
is used.
The moment capacities of beams that frame into the joint in a direction that is not
parallel to the major or minor direction of the column are resolved along the direction that is being investigated and the resolved components are added to the summation.
The column capacity summation includes the column above and the column below
the joint. For each load combination the axial force, Pu , in each of the columns is
calculated from the ETABS analysis load conditions and the corresponding load
combination factors. For each load combination, the moment capacity of each column under the influence of the corresponding axial load Pu is then determined separately for the major and minor directions of the column, using the uniaxial column
interaction diagram, see Figure II-4. The moment capacities of the two columns are
added to give the capacity summation for the corresponding load combination. The
maximum capacity summations obtained from all of the load combinations is used
for the beam/column capacity ratio.
The beam/column flexural capacity ratios are only reported for Special Moment-Resisting Frames involving seismic design load combinations. If this ratio is
greater than 5/6, a warning message is printed in the output file.
49
Type of
Check/
Design
Ordinary Moment
Resisting Frames
(non-Seismic)
Column
Check
(interaction)
NLDa Combinations
NLDa Combinations
NLDa Combinations
Column
Design
(Interaction)
NLDa Combinations
1% < < 8%
NLDa Combinations
1% < < 8%
NLDa Combinations
= 1.0
1% < < 6%
NLDa Combinations
NLDa Combinations
r 0.025
3 fc
200
,r
r
fy
fy
Column
Shears
Beam
Design
Flexure
NLD Combinations
NLDa Combinations
Intermediate Moment
Resisting Frames
(Seismic)
1
M uEND
3
1
max M u+ , M u5
1
max M u+ , M u5
+
M uEND
Beam Min.
Moment
Override
Check
No Requirement
+
M uSPAN
M uSPAN
Special Moment
Resisting Frames
(Seismic)
1
M uEND
2
1
max M u+ , M u4
1
max M u- , M u4
+
M uEND
+
M uSPAN
uSPAN
END
END
Beam Design
Shear
Joint Design
No Requirement
No Requirement
No Requirement
No Requirement
END
Beam/Column
Capacity
Ratio
a
NLDa Combinations
END
NLDa Combinations
Beam Capacity Shear (VP )
with = 1.25 and = 1.0
plus VD+L
Vc = 0
Table III-2
Design Criteria Table
Beam/Column Flexural Capacity Ratios
50
C h a p t e r IV
51
Acv
Ag
As
As
As (required )
Ast
Av
a
ab
b
bf
bw
Cm
c
cb
d
d
ds
D
Ec
Es
f c
fy
f ys
h
Ig
I se
52
k
L
M1
M2
Mc
M ns
Ms
Mu
M ux
M uy
Pb
Pc
Pmax
P0
Pu
r
Vc
VE
VD +L
Vu
Vp
a
b1
bd
ds
d ns
ec
es
j
Table IV-1
List of Symbols Used in the UBC code (continued)
53
54
(UBC 1909.2.1)
(UBC 1909.2.1)
1.7
(UBC 1909.2.2)
(UBC 1909.2.2)
WL)
1.0 EL)
These are also the default design load combinations in ETABS whenever the
UBC97 code is used.
Live load reduction factors can be applied to the member forces of the live load
condition on an element-by-element basis to reduce the contribution of the live load
to the factored loading.
(UBC 1909.3.2.1)
(UBC 1909.3.2.2)
(UBC 1909.3.2.2)
= 0.75
= 0.70
(UBC 1909.3.2.2)
(UBC 1909.3.2.2)
(UBC 1909.3.2.3)
(UBC 1909.3.2.3)
55
Column Design
The user may define the geometry of the reinforcing bar configuration of each concrete column section. If the area of reinforcing is provided by the user, the program
checks the column capacity. However, if the area of reinforcing is not provided by
the user, the program calculates the amount of reinforcing required for the column.
The design procedure for the reinforced concrete columns of the structure involves
the following steps:
Generate axial force/biaxial moment interaction surfaces for all of the different
concrete section types of the model. A typical biaxial interaction surface is
shown in Figure II-2. When the steel is undefined, the program generates the
interaction surfaces for the range of allowable reinforcement 1 to 8 percent
for Ordinary and Intermediate moment resisting frames (UBC 1910.9.1) and 1
to 6 percent for Special moment resisting frames (UBC 1921.4.3.1).
Calculate the capacity ratio or the required reinforcing area for the factored axial force and biaxial (or uniaxial) bending moments obtained from each loading
combination at each station of the column. The target capacity ratio is taken as
one when calculating the required reinforcing area.
Design the column shear reinforcement.
The following three subsections describe in detail the algorithms associated with
the above-mentioned steps.
56
Column Design
Figure IV-1
Idealization of Stress and Strain Distribution in a Column Section
(UBC 1910.3.5.1)
(UBC 1910.3.5.2)
Column Design
57
(UBC 1909.3.2.2)
(UBC 1909.3.2.2)
The value of j used in the interaction diagram varies from j min to 0.9 based on the
axial load. For low values of axial load, j is increased linearly from j min to 0.9 as
the nominal capacity jPn decreases from the smaller of jPb or 0.1 f c Ag to zero,
where Pb is the axial force at the balanced condition. In cases involving axial tension, j is always 0.9 (UBC 1909.3.2.2).
58
Column Design
M ns
+ds M s
(UBC 1910.13.3)
The factor d s is the moment magnification factor for moments causing side sway.
The moment magnification factors for sway moments, d s , is taken as 1 because the
component moments M s and M ns are obtained from a second order elastic (P-D)
analysis.
The computed moments are further amplified for individual column stability effect
(UBC 1910.12.3, 1910.13.5) by the nonsway moment magnification factor, d ns , as
follows:
Mc
= d ns M 2
, where
(UBC 1910.12.3)
Cm
Pu
10.75 Pc
1.0 ,
where
(UBC 1910.12.3)
Column Design
59
Pc =
EI
,
( kl u ) 2
p
(UBC 1910.12.3)
bd =
0.4 E c I g
1 + bd
C m = 0.6 + 0.4
Ma
Mb
0.4 .
(UBC 1910.12.3)
(UBC 1910.12.3)
(UBC 1910.12.3.1)
M a and M b are the moments at the ends of the column, and M b is numerically
larger than M a . M a M b is positive for single curvature bending and negative
for double curvature bending. The above expression of C m is valid if there is no
transverse load applied between the supports. If transverse load is present on
the span, or the length is overwritten, C m = 1. C m can be overwritten by the user
on an element by element basis.
The magnification factor, d ns , must be a positive number and greater than one.
Therefore Pu must be less than 0.75Pc . If Pu is found to be greater than or equal to
0.75Pc , a failure condition is declared.
The above calculations use the unsupported length of the column. The two unsupported lengths are l 22 and l 33 corresponding to instability in the minor and major directions of the element, respectively. See Figure II-7. These are the lengths between
the support points of the element in the corresponding directions.
If the program assumptions are not satisfactory for a particular member, the user
can explicitly specify values of d s and d ns .
60
Column Design
Column Design
61
=V p
(UBC 1921.4.5.1)
+ V D+ L
where,V p is the capacity-shear force obtained by applying the calculated probable ultimate moment capacities at the two ends of the column acting in two opposite directions. Therefore, V p is the maximum of V P1 and V P2 , where
V P1 =
M I- + M J+
, and
L
V P2 =
M I+ + M J, where
L
M I+ , M I-
62
Column Design
V c = 2 f c 1 +
Pu
2000 Ag
Acv ,
(UBC 1911.3.1.2)
where,
f c
Vc
100 psi,
3.5 f c
The term
and
1+
(UBC 1911.1.2)
Pu
500 Ag
Acv .
(UBC 1911.3.2.2)
Pu
must have psi units. Acv is the effective shear area which is shown
Ag
shaded in Figure IV-2. For circular columns Acv is not taken to be greater than
0.8 times the gross area (UBC 1911.5.6.2).
Column Design
63
V c = 2 f c 1 +
Pu
500 Ag
Acv
(UBC 1911.3.2.3)
For Special moment resisting concrete frame design, V c is set to zero if the
factored axial compressive force, Pu , including the earthquake effect is small
( Pu < f c Ag / 20) and if the shear force contribution from earthquake, V E , is
more than half of the total factored maximum shear force over the length of the
member V u (V E 0.5 V u ) (UBC 1921.4.5.2).
(V u /j - V c ) s
, for rectangular columns (UBC 1911.5.6.1, 1911.5.6.2)
f ys d
Av =
2 (V u /j - V c ) s
, for circular columns,
f ys D
p
8 f c Acv
(UBC 1911.5.6.8)
64
Column Design
Figure IV-2
Shear Stress Area, Acv
Column Design
65
Beam Design
In the design of concrete beams, ETABS calculates and reports the required areas
of steel for flexure and shear based upon the beam moments, shears, load combination factors, and other criteria described below. The reinforcement requirements
are calculated at a user defined number of check/design stations along the beam
span.
All the beams are only designed for major direction flexure and shear. Effects
due to any axial forces, minor direction bending, and torsion that may exist in the
beams must be investigated independently by the user.
The beam design procedure involves the following steps:
Design beam flexural reinforcement
Design beam shear reinforcement
Negative beam moments produce top steel. In such cases the beam is always designed as a rectangular section. Positive beam moments produce bottom steel. In
such cases the beam may be designed as a Rectangular- or a T-beam.
66
Beam Design
d2
2 Mu
0.85 f c
where, the value of j is 0.90 (UBC 1909.3.2.1) in the above and the following equations. Also b1 and c b are calculated as follows:
b1
= 0.85 - 0.05
cb
e c Es
e c Es
+fy
f c
4000
,
1000
0.65 b1
87 000
d.
87 000 + f y
0.85,
(UBC 1910.2.7.3)
0.75 b1 c b .
Beam Design
67
Figure IV-3
Design of Rectangular Beam Section
If a
As
Mu
=
j
y d
a
2
= 0.85
f c ba max , and
(UBC 1910.2.7.1)
68
Beam Design
=C d
a max
2
Mu
M uc .
As
f s
= 0.003 E s
c - d
(UBC 1910.2.4)
M uc
a
f y d - max
, and
M us
.
f y ( d - d ) j
Therefore, the total tensile reinforcement, As = As1 + As 2 , and total compression reinforcement is As . As is to be placed at bottom and As is to be
placed at top if M u is positive, and vice versa if M u is negative.
Design for T-Beam
In designing for a factored negative moment, M u , (i.e. designing top steel), the calculation of the steel area is exactly the same as above, i.e., no T-Beam data is to be
used. See Figure IV-4. If M u > 0 , the depth of the compression block is given by
a
d2
2Mu
.
0.85 f c j b f
0.75 b1 c b .
(UBC 1910.2.7.1)
Beam Design
69
Figure IV-4
Design of a T-Beam Section
= 0.85 f c ( b f - b w
Therefore, As1 =
Cf
fy
)d s .
given by
M uf = C f
70
Beam Design
ds
2
M uf .
The web is a rectangular section of dimensions b w and d, for which the design
depth of the compression block is recalculated as
a1
If a1
d2
As 2
2 M uw
.
0.85 f c j b w
=
j
As
y d
= As1 + As 2
, and
a1
2
= 0.85 f c ba max
(UBC 1910.2.7.1)
=C d
a max
2
, and
M uw
M uc .
M us
, where
f s ( d - d ) j
Beam Design
71
= 0.003 E s
c - d
(UBC 1910.2.4)
M uc
a
f y d - max
, and
M us
.
f y ( d - d ) j
The total tensile reinforcement, As = As1 + As 2 + As 3 , and total compression reinforcement is As . As is to be placed at bottom and As is to be
placed at top.
Minimum Tensile Reinforcement
The minimum flexural tensile steel provided in a rectangular section in an Ordinary
moment resisting frame is given by the minimum of the two following limits:
As
max
As
f c
fy
b w d and
200
b w d or
fy
4
As (required ).
3
(UBC 1910.5.1)
(UBC 1910.5.3)
72
Beam Design
As(min)
max
As(min)
f c
fy
bw d ,
200
b w d or
fy
4
As (required ) .
3
0.025 b w d .
(UBC 1921.3.2.1)
At any end (support) of the beam, the beam positive moment capacity (i.e. associated with the bottom steel) would not be less than 1/2 of the beam negative
moment capacity (i.e. associated with the top steel) at that end (UBC
1921.3.2.2).
Neither the negative moment capacity nor the positive moment capacity at any
of the sections within the beam would be less than 1/4 of the maximum of positive or negative moment capacities of any of the beam end (support) stations
(UBC 1921.3.2.2).
For Intermediate moment resisting concrete frames (seismic design), the beam design would satisfy the following conditions:
At any support of the beam, the beam positive moment capacity would not be
less than 1/3 of the beam negative moment capacity at that end (UBC
1921.8.4.1).
Neither the negative moment capacity nor the positive moment capacity at any
of the sections within the beam would be less than 1/5 of the maximum of positive or negative moment capacities of any of the beam end (support) stations
(UBC 1921.8.4.1).
Beam Design
73
=V p
+ V D+ L
(UBC 1921.3.4.1)
where,V p is the capacity-shear force obtained by applying the calculated probable ultimate moment capacities at the two ends of the beams acting in two opposite directions. Therefore, V p is the maximum of V P1 and V P2 , where
V P1 =
M I- + M J+
, and
L
V P2 =
M I+ + M J, where
L
M I-
74
Beam Design
M I+
M J-
(UBC 1911.3.1.1)
For Special moment resisting frame concrete design,V c is set to zero if both the factored axial compressive force including the earthquake effect Pu is less than
f c Ag / 20 and the shear force contribution from earthquake V E is more than half of
the total maximum shear force over the length of the member V u (i.e. V E 0.5 V u )
(UBC 1921.3.4.2).
Beam Design
75
(V u /j - V c ) s
.
f ys d
( V u /j - V c)
8 f c bd .
(UBC 1911.5.6.8)
Design of Joints
To ensure that the beam-column joint of Special Moment Resisting Frames possesses adequate shear strength, the program performs a rational analysis of the
beam-column panel zone to determine the shear forces that are generated in the
joint. The program then checks this against design shear strength.
Only joints having a column below the joint are designed. The material properties of the joint are assumed to be the same as those of the column below the joint.
The joint analysis is done in the major and the minor directions of the column. The
joint design procedure involves the following steps:
Determine the panel zone design shear force, V uh
Determine the effective area of the joint
Check panel zone shear stress
76
Design of Joints
L
R
Mu + Mu
H
See Figure II-6. It should be noted that the points of inflection shown on Figure II-6
are taken as midway between actual lateral support points for the columns.
The effects of load reversals, as illustrated in Case 1 and Case 2 of Figure II-5 are
investigated and the design is based upon the maximum of the joint shears obtained
from the two cases.
Design of Joints
77
20 j
= 15 j
12 j
where j = 0.85 .
For joint design, the program reports the joint shear, the joint shear stress, the allowable joint shear stress and a capacity ratio.
78
Me
5
6
Mg
(UBC 1921.4.2.2)
79
Type of
Check/
Design
Ordinary Moment
Resisting Frames
(Seismic Zones 0&1)
Column
Check
(interaction)
NLDa Combinations
NLDa Combinations
NLDa Combinations
Column
Design
(Interaction)
NLDa Combinations
1% < < 8%
NLDa Combinations
1% < < 8%
NLDa Combinations
= 1.0
1% < < 6%
NLDa Combinations
NLDa Combinations
r 0.025
3 fc
200
,r
r
fy
fy
Column
Shears
Beam
Design
Flexure
NLD Combinations
NLDa Combinations
Intermediate Moment
Resisting Frames
(Seismic Zone 2)
1
M uEND
3
1
max M u+ , M u5
1
max M u+ , M u5
+
M uEND
Beam Min.
Moment
Override
Check
No Requirement
+
M uSPAN
M uSPAN
Special Moment
Resisting Frames
(Seismic Zones 3 & 4)
1
M uEND
2
1
max M u+ , M u4
1
max M u- , M u4
+
M uEND
+
M uSPAN
uSPAN
END
END
Beam Design
Shear
Joint Design
No Requirement
No Requirement
No Requirement
No Requirement
END
Beam/Colum
n Capacity
Ratio
a
NLDa Combinations
END
NLDa Combinations
Beam Capacity Shear (VP )
with = 1.25 and = 1.0
plus VD+L
Vc = 0
Table IV-2
Design Criteria Table
Beam/Column Flexural Capacity Ratios
80
Chapter V
81
Acv
Acore
Ag
As
As
As (required )
Ast
Av
a
ab
b
bf
bw
Cm
c
cb
d
d
ds
Ec
Es
f c
fy
f yh
h
Ig
I st
k
L
M1
82
b1
a1
bd
db
ds
ec
es
jc
js
jm
l
83
(CSA 8.3.2)
1.25 DL 1.50 WL
0.85 DL 1.50 WL
1.25 DL + 0.7 (1.50 LL
1.00 DL 1.50 EL
1.00 DL + (0.50 LL
1.50
1.00
WL)
EL)
(CSA 8.3.2)
(CSA 8.3.2)
These are also the default design load combinations in ETABS whenever the Canadian Code is used.
In generating the above default loading combinations, the importance factor is
taken as 1. The user should use other appropriate loading combinations if roof live
load is separately treated, other types of loads are present, or pattern live loads are
to be considered.
Live load reduction factors can be applied to the member forces of the live load case
on an element-by-element basis to reduce the contribution of the live load to the
factored loading.
(CSA 8.4.2 )
js
(CSA 8.4.3)
In some special cases, a member resistance factor, j m , is used as an additional reduction factor in addition to j c and j s (CSA 8.4.1). In connection with buckling
resistance, j m is taken as 0.75 (CSA 10.15.3).
84
Column Design
The user may define the geometry of the reinforcing bar configuration of each concrete column section. If the area of reinforcing is provided by the user, the program
checks the column capacity. However, if the area of reinforcing is not provided by
the user, the program calculates the amount of reinforcing required for the column.
The design procedure for the reinforced concrete columns of the structure involves
the following steps:
Generate axial force/biaxial moment interaction surfaces for all of the different
concrete section types of the model. A typical biaxial interaction surface is
shown in Figure II-2. When the steel is undefined, the program generates the
interaction surfaces for the range of allowable reinforcement 1 to 8 percent
for Ordinary and Nominal moment resisting frames (CSA 10.9.1 and CSA
10.9.2) and 1 to 6 percent for Ductile moment resisting frames (CSA 21.4.3.1).
Calculate the capacity ratio or the required reinforcing area for the factored axial force and biaxial (or uniaxial) bending moments obtained from each loading
combination at each station of the column. The target capacity ratio is taken as
one when calculating the required reinforcing area.
Design the column shear reinforcement.
The following three subsections describe in detail the algorithms associated with
the above-mentioned steps.
Column Design
85
1 f'c
c
= 0.0035
d'
1
Cs
s1
s2
s3
1c
Ts3
s4
a=
2
Cs
Ts4
Figure V-1
Idealization of Stress and Strain Distribution in a Column Section
The concrete compression stress block is assumed to be rectangular, with a stress
value of a 1 f c (CSA 10.1.7). See Figure V-1. The depth of the stress block is b1 c,
where
a 1 = 0.85 - 0.0015
f c ,
a 1 0.67
b1 = 0.97 - 0.0025
f c ,
b1 0.67
(CSA 10.1.7)
(CSA 10.1.7)
The limit of f c is taken to be 80 MPa for Ordinary moment resisting frames and 55
MPa for Nominal and Ductile moment resisting frames:
f c
MPa
(Ordinary)
f c
86
80
55
MPa
Column Design
(CSA 8.6.1.1)
(CSA 21.2.3.1)
500
(CSA 8.5.1)
MPa.
The interaction algorithm provides a correction to account for the concrete area that
is displaced by the reinforcement in the compression zone.
The effects of the strength reduction factors are included in the generation of the interaction surfaces. The maximum compressive axial load is limited to Pr,max , where
the maximum factored axial load resistance is given by
Pr,max = 0.80 [ j c
a1
Pr,max = 0.85 [ j c
a1
87
r
P f c Ag
(CSA 10.15.2)
kL
(CSA 10.16.4)
35
P f f c Ag
However, ETABS considers individual member stability effect for all compression
column elements.
Lateral Drift Effect
For all frames, the moment magnification factor for lateral drift effect is applied
only to the sway moment in ETABS.
M
M ns
+ds M s
(CSA 10.16.2)
The moment obtained from analysis is separated into two components: the sway
( M s ) and the nonsway ( M ns ) components. The non-sway or braced components
which are identified by ns subscripts are predominantly caused by gravity load.
The sway components are identified by s subscripts. The sway moments are predominantly caused by lateral loads, and are related to the cause of side sway.
The moment magnification factors in the major and minor directions can, in general, be different. The moment magnification factors for moments causing
sidesway, d sx and d sy , can be taken as 1.0 if a P-D analysis is carried out (CSA
10.16.3.1). The program assumes that a P-D analysis has been performed in
ETABS and, therefore, moment magnification factors for moments causing
sidesway are taken as unity. For the P-D analysis the load should correspond to a
load combination of (1.25 DL + 1.50 LL)/j m (CSA 10.16.5), where j m is the
strength reduction factor for stability and is equal to 0.75 (CSA 10.15.3). See also
White and Hajjar (1991).
The user is reminded of the special analysis requirements, especially those related
to the value of EI used in analysis (CSA 10.14.1). ETABS analysis uses EI of gross
cross-sectional area in conjunction with a multiplication factor. The multiplication
88
Column Design
=db M 2
M2 ,
(CSA 10.15.3)
where M 2 is the column maximum end moment obtained from elastic analysis after considering minimum eccentricity and lateral drift effect, and M c is the maximum moment occurring either at the end or at an interior point within the span of
the column. The moment magnification factor, d b , for moments not causing
sidesway associated with the major or minor direction of the column is given by
db =
1jm
Cm
Pf
jm
1.0 , where
Pc
= 0.75 ,
Pc =
(CSA 10.15.3)
EI
,
( kL) 2
(CSA 10.15.3)
(CSA 10.15.3)
Ma
Mb
0.4 ,
(CSA 10.15.3)
(CSA 10.15.3.1)
M a and M b are the moments at the ends of the column, and M b is numerically larger than M a . M a M b is positive for single curvature bending and
negative for double curvature bending. The above expression of C m is
valid if there is no transverse load applied between the supports. If transverse load is present on the span, or the length is overwritten, or for any
Column Design
89
P f ( 15 + 0.03 h
)
(CSA 10.15.3)
The moment magnification factor, d b , must be a positive number and greater than
one. Therefore P f must be less than j m Pc . If P f is found to be greater than or equal
to j m Pc , a failure condition is declared. d b is taken as 1 for tension members.
The above calculations use the unsupported length of the column. The two unsupported lengths are l 22 and l 33 corresponding to instability in the minor and major directions of the element, respectively. See Figure II-7. These are the lengths between
the support points of the element in the corresponding directions.
If the program assumptions are not satisfactory for a particular member, the user
can explicitly specify values of d s and d b .
90
Column Design
91
V p + V D+ L
(CSA 21.7.2.2)
where,V p is the capacity-shear force obtained by applying the calculated probable ultimate moment capacities at the two ends of the column acting in two opposite directions. Therefore, V p is the maximum of V P1 and V P2 , where
V P1 =
M I- + M J+
, and
L
V P2 =
M I+ + M J, where
L
M I+ , M I-
M J+ , M J-
92
Column Design
(CSA 11.4.3.1)
where, b is a factor indicating the ability of diagonally cracked concrete to resist shear. It is a function of stress condition and its average value is 0.2 usually
with a range of 0.1 to 0.4 (CSA 11.4.4). It is computed from CSA Table 11-1
through an iterative procedure. In computing the b factor, the following two parameters are used:
M
ex =
v ratio
dv
+ 0.5 N f + 0.5 V f
E s As
=
V f bw d v
lj c
f c
cot q
0ex
0.002
(CSA 11.4.6)
(CSA 11.4.5)
In the above equations d v , the distance between the resultants of the tensile and
compressive forces, is conservatively taken to be 0.9d.
dv
= 0.9 d
(CSA 11.0)
Here q is an angle of inclination of diagonal compressive stresses. It is a function of the current stress condition and its approximate value is 34 degrees with
a range of 27 degrees to 45 degrees (CSA 11.4.4). In a similar procedure to calculate the b factor, q is also computed from CSA Table 11-1 using the parameters e x and v ratio through an iterative procedure.
The shear strength factor, l, is taken to be 1, assuming normal density concrete
(CSA 11.0, 8.6.5).
Column Design
93
(CSA 11.4.5)
In the above equation d v , the distance between the resultants of the tensile and
compressive forces, is conservatively taken to be 0.9d for rectangular sections.
dv
(CSA 11.0)
= 0.9 d
For other types of sections b w d v is replaced by 0.9 times Acv , the effective
shear area, which is shown in Figure V-2.
The average shear stress, v, is limited to a maximum limit, v max , given by
v max
0.25 f c .
(CSA 11.4.3)
jc
Av
s
else if
Av
s
vc 2 ,
)
=0,
else if
Av
s
jc
(
=
(CSA 11.2.8.1)
vc 2
)
<
0.06 f c b w
f yh
(CSA 11.2.8.4)
f c cot q
v c ) bw
,
f yh cot q
-j c
js
f c cot q ,
j c v c + j s 0.06
(v
j c v c + j s 0.06
<
jc
v max ,
(CSA 11.4.3.2)
94
Column Design
(CSA 11.3.4)
DIRECTION
OF SHEAR
FORCE
Acv
RECTANGULAR
d'
DIRECTION
OF SHEAR
FORCE
A cv
DIRECTION
OF SHEAR
FORCE
Acv
CIRCULAR
Figure V-2
Shear Stress Area, Acv
The limit of f c is taken to be 80 MPa for Ordinary moment resisting frames and 55
MPa for Nominal and Ductile moment resisting frames:
f c
80
MPa
(Ordinary)
f c
55
MPa
(CSA 8.6.1.1)
(CSA 21.2.3.1)
500
MPa.
(CSA 8.5.1)
Column Design
95
0.45
Ag
-1
Acore
f c h core
f yh 4
(CSA 10.9.4)
0.12
Av
s
0.45
Av
s
0.09
Av
s
0.30
f c h core
f yh 4
Ag
-1
Acore
(Hoops)
f c h core
f yh 4
f c
h core
f yh
Ag
-1
Acore
(CSA 21.4.4.2)
(Hoops)
(Stirrups)
f c
h core
f yh
(CSA 21.4.4.2)
(Stirrups)
(CSA 21.4.4.2)
For the definition of the potential plastic hinge, it is assumed in the current version
of the program that any beam and column segment near the joint is a potential plastic hinge. The length of the plastic hinge, Lhinge , in a column is taken as follows:
Lhinge
max{ h , b , l 6 , 450 mm
}
(CSA 21.4.4.5)
The column shear reinforcement requirements reported by the program are based
purely upon the above considerations. Any other minimum stirrup requirements to
satisfy spacing and/or volumetric requirements must be investigated independently
of the program by the user.
96
Column Design
Beam Design
In the design of concrete beams, ETABS calculates and reports the required areas
of steel for flexure and shear based upon the beam moments, shears, load combination factors and other criteria described below. The reinforcement requirements are
calculated at a user defined number of check stations along the beam span.
All the beams are only designed for major direction flexure and shear. Effects
due to any axial forces, minor direction bending, and torsion that may exist in the
beams must be investigated independently by the user.
The beam design procedure involves the following steps:
Design beam flexural reinforcement
Design beam shear reinforcement
Beam Design
97
80
MPa
(Ordinary)
f c
55
MPa
(CSA 8.6.1.1)
(CSA 21.2.3.1)
500
(CSA 8.5.1)
MPa.
The design procedure used by ETABS for both rectangular and flanged sections (Land T-beams) is summarized below. It is assumed that the design ultimate axial
force in a beam is negligible, hence all the beams are designed for major direction
flexure and shear only.
Design for Flexure of a Rectangular Beam
In designing for a factored negative or positive moment, M f , (i.e. designing top or
bottom steel) the depth of the compression block is given by a, as shown in Figure
V-3, where,
a
d2
2 M
-
a1
fc
jc
(CSA 10.1)
where the value of j c is 0.60 (CSA 8.4.2) in the above and following equations.
Also a 1 , b1 , and c b are calculated as follows:
98
Beam Design
0.0015 f c
0.67
(CSA 10.1.7)
0.0025 f c
0.67
, and
(CSA 10.1.7)
= 0.85
= 0.97
cb =
700
d.
700 + f y
(CSA 10.5.2)
= b1 c b
(CSA 10.1.7)
Figure V-3
Design of a Rectangular Beam Section
If a
by
As
=
js
f y d
a
2
Beam Design
99
= j ca 1
f c ba b , and
(CSA 10.1.7)
=C d
fc
ab
.
2
fs
fc
f s
(j s f s
fs
- j ca 1
f c )( d
c - d
0.0035 E s
- d )
fy .
, where
yd
fc
ab
2
, and
js
M
f y( d
fs
- d j s
Therefore, the total tensile reinforcement, As = As1 + As 2 , and total compression reinforcement is As . As is to be placed at the bottom and As is to be
placed at the top if M f is positive, and vice versa.
100
Beam Design
> 0,
d2
2M
f cj c b f
a1
(CSA 10.1)
where the value of j c is 0.60 (CSA 8.4.2) in the above and following equations. See
Figure V-4. Also a 1 , b1 , and c b are calculated as follows:
a1
b1
= 0.85
= 0.97
cb =
0.0015 f c
0.67
(CSA 10.1.7)
0.0025 f c
0.67
, and
(CSA 10.1.7)
700
d.
700 + f y
(CSA 10.5.2)
= b1 c b
(CSA 10.1.7)
=a1
f c ( b f
Therefore, As1 =
- bw
C fjc
f yj s
)d s .
(CSA 10.1.7)
Beam Design
101
= Cf
ff
ds
2
jc
fw
= M
M ff .
The web is a rectangular section of dimensions b w and d, for which the depth of
the compression block is recalculated as
a1
d2
2M
a1
fc
fw
bw
jc
(CSA 10.1)
'
1 fc
= 0.0035
ds
bf
d'
fs'
'
1 fc
Cs
As'
Cf
c
d
Cw
As
Ts
Tw
Tf
bw
Beam Section
Strain Diagram
Stress Diagram
Figure V-4
Design of a T-Beam Section
=
js
102
Beam Design
fw
y d
a1
2
, and
As1
+ As 2
f c ba b , and
j c a1
(CSA 10.1.7)
the factored moment resisted by the concrete web and tensile steel is
M
fc
C d
ab
.
2
fs
fw
fc
f s
(j s f s
fs
-j c a 1
f c )( d
c - d
0.0035 E s
- d )
fy .
, where
yd
fc
ab
2
, and
js
M
f y (d
fs
- d ) j s
Total tensile reinforcement, As = As1 + As 2 + As 3 , and total compression reinforcement is As . As is to be placed at the bottom and As is to be placed at the top.
Beam Design
103
As
0.2 f c
fy
b w h, or
4
As (required ) .
3
(CSA 10.5.1.2)
(CSA 10.5.1.3)
In addition, the minimum flexural tensile steel provided in a T-section with flange
under tension is given by the limit:
As
0.004 ( b - b w d s .
)
(CSA 10.5.3.1)
An upper limit of 0.04 times the gross web area on both the tension reinforcement
and the compression reinforcement is arbitrarily imposed as follows:
As
0.04 b d
0.04 b w d
Rectangular beam
T -beam
As
0.04 b d
0.04 b w d
Rectangular beam
T -beam
1.4
bw d
fy
(CSA 21.3.2.1)
104
Beam Design
0.025 b w d .
(CSA 21.3.2.1)
Beam Design
105
=V p
(CSA 21.7.2.1)
+ V D+ L
where,V p is the capacity-shear force obtained by applying the calculated probable ultimate moment capacities at the two ends of the beams acting in two opposite directions. Therefore, V p is the maximum of V P1 and V P2 , where
V P1 =
V P2 =
M I- + M J+
M I+ + M J-
L , and
L, where
The overstrength factor a is always taken as 1.25 for Ductile moment resisting
frames (CSA 21.1).V D + L is the contribution of shear force from the in-span distribution of gravity loads.
106
Beam Design
(CSA 11.4.3.1)
where, b is a factor indicating the ability of diagonally cracked concrete to resist shear. It is a function of the stress condition and its average value is 0.2 usually with a range of 0.1 to 0.4 (CSA 11.4.4). It is computed from CSA Table
11-1 through an iterative procedure. In computing the b factor, the following
two parameters are used:
M
ex =
v ratio
dv
+ 0.5 V f
E s As
=
V f bw d v
lj c
f c
cot q
, 0ex
0.002
(CSA 11.4.6)
(CSA 11.4.5)
In the above equations d v , the distance between the resultants of the tensile and
compressive forces, is conservatively taken to be 0.9d.
dv
= 0.9 d
(CSA 11.0)
Beam Design
107
v=
bw d v
(CSA 11.4.5)
In the above equation d v , the distance between the resultants of the tensile and
compressive forces, is conservatively taken to be 0.9d.
dv
(CSA 11.0)
= 0.9 d
For other types of sections b w d v is replaced by 0.9 times Acv , the effective
shear area, which is shown in Figure V-2.
The average shear stress, v, is limited to a maximum limit, v max , given by
v max
0.25 f c .
(CSA 11.4.3)
jc
Av
s
else if
Av
s
108
Beam Design
vc 2 ,
)
=0,
jc
(CSA 11.2.8.1)
vc 2
)
<
0.06 f c b w
f yh
j c v c + j s 0.06
f c cot q ,
(CSA 11.2.8.4)
else if
Av
s
j c v c + j s 0.06
(v
f c cot q
<
jc
v max ,
v c ) bw
,
f yh cot q
-j c
js
(CSA 11.4.3.2)
(CSA 11.3.4)
The limit of f c is taken to be 80 MPa for Ordinary moment resisting frames and 55
MPa for Nominal and Ductile moment resisting frames:
f c
80
MPa
(Ordinary)
f c
55
MPa
(CSA 8.6.1.1)
(CSA 21.2.3.1)
500
MPa.
(CSA 8.5.1)
The maximum of all the calculated Av s values, obtained from each load combination, is reported for the major directions of the beam along with the controlling
shear force and associated load combination number.
The beam shear reinforcement requirements reported by the program are based
purely upon the above considerations. Any other minimum stirrup requirements to
satisfy spacing and/or volumetric requirements must be investigated independently
of the program by the user.
Beam Design
109
Type of
Check/
Design
Ordinary Moment
Resisting Frames
(non-Seismic)
Strength of
materials
fc 80
MPa
Ductile Moment
Resisting Frames
(Seismic)
fc 55
MPa
MPa
Column
Design
(Interaction)
fy 500 MPa
fy 500 MPa
NLDa Combinations
NLDa Combinations
NLDa Combinations
NLDa Combinations
1% < < 8%
NLDa Combinations
1% < < 8%
NLDa Combinations
1% < < 6%
= 1.0
NLDa Combinations
Column
Check
(interaction)
fy 500 MPa
Column
Shears
Minimum hoop
NLDa Combinations
Beam
Design
Flexure
r 0.04
r 0.2 fc fy
Beam Min.
Moment
Override
Check
Beam Design
Shear
NLDa Combinations
r 0.025
r 0.2 fc fy , r 14 fy
.
+
M uEND
No Requirement
+
M uSPAN
M uSPAN
NLDa Combinations
r 0.04
r 0.2 fc fy
1
M uEND
3
1
max M u+ , M u5
1
max M u+ , M u5
1
M uEND
2
1
max M u+ , M u4
1
max M u+ , M u4
+
M uEND
END
END
+
M uSPAN
M uSPAN
END
Table V-2
Comparison of Ordinary, Ductile, and Nominal Moment Resisting Frame Design
110
Beam Design
END
C h a p t e r VI
111
e min
f cu
Acv
As
As
Asc
Asv
a
b
b
bf
bw
C
d
d
Ec
Es
fs
fy
f yv
h
hf
K
k1
k2
le
1/ 3
Table VI-1
List of Symbols Used in the BS code
112
l0
M
M1 , M 2
M add
Mi
Mx ,M y
N
sv
T
V
v
vc
vc
v x ,v y
x
x bal
z
b
bb
g f
gm
ec
es
es
Table VI-1
List of Symbols Used in the BS code (continued)
113
(BS 2.4.3)
1.0 DL 1.4 WL
1.4 DL 1.4 WL
1.2 DL + 1.2 LL 1.2 WL
(BS 2.4.3)
1.0 DL 1.4 EL
1.4 DL 1.4 EL
1.2 DL + 1.2 LL
1.2
EL
These are the default load combinations. In addition to the above load combinations, the code requires that all buildings should be capable of resisting a notional
design ultimate horizontal load applied at each floor or roof level. The notional load
should be equal to 0.015 times the dead load (BS 3.1.4.2). It is recommended that
the user define additional load cases for considering the notional load in ETABS.
Live load reduction factors, as allowed by some design codes, can be applied to the
member forces of the live load case on a member-by-member basis to reduce the
contribution of the live load to the factored loading.
Design Strength
The design strength for concrete and steel are obtained by dividing the characteristic strength of the material by a partial factor of safety, g m . The values of g m used in
the program are listed below (BS 2.4.4.1).
1.15,
g m = 1.50,
for reinforcement,
for concrete in flexure and axial load, and
1.25, for shear strength without shear reinforcement.
(BS 2.4.4.1)
Column Design
The user may define the geometry of the reinforcing bar configuration of each concrete column section. If the area of reinforcing is provided by the user, the program
checks the column capacity. However, if the area of reinforcing is not provided by
the user, the program calculates the amount of reinforcing required for the column.
114
Design Strength
Column Design
115
0.67 fcu/
c
= 0.0035
d'
1
Cs
s1
s3
s4
(i) CONCRETE
SECTION
(ii) STRAIN
DIAGRAM
a = 0.9 x
2
Cs
s2
3
Ts
4
Ts
(iii) STRESS
DIAGRAM
Figure VI-1
Idealized Stress and Strain Distribution in a Column Section
116
Column Design
(BS 3.8.3.1)
where, a u is the deflection at the ultimate limit state which is obtained from
au =
be
b e Kh
1
=
2000
and
le
(BS 3.8.3.1)
(BS 3.8.3.1)
(BS 3.8.1.6.1)
where b is the effective length factor, and l 0 the unsupported length corresponding to instability in the major or minor direction of the element, l x or l y in
Figure II-7. In calculating the value of the effective length, the b factor is conservatively taken as 1. However, ETABS allows the user to override this default value.
b is the dimension of the column in the plane of bending considered,
Column Design
117
(BS 3.8.3.2)
M 1 + M add
(BS 3.8.3.2)
M i + M add / 2
(BS 3.8.3.2)
N e min
(BS 3.8.3.2)
where,
M i is the initial moment in a column due to design ultimate loads at the point of
maximum additional moment and is given by
Mi
= 0.4
M 1 + 0.6 M 2
0.4 M 2 .
(BS 3.8.3.2)
M 1 and M 2 are the smaller and the larger end moments respectively. Both moments are assumed to be positive if the column is in single curvature. If the column is in double curvature, M 1 is assumed to be negative.
e min is the minimum eccentricity which is taken as 0.05 times the overall dimension of the column in the plane of bending considered but not more than 20
mm (BS 3.8.2.4).
e min
h
20
20 mm
(BS 3.8.2.4)
Unbraced Column
In the case of the unbraced column, it is assumed that the ETABS analysis includes
P-D effects so that the analysis results include the effects of the additional moments. Therefore, no additional computation is required. That means moment magnification factors for moments causing sidesway are taken as unity. However, it is
recommended that for P-D analysis a factor be used to obtain a P equivalent to 1.2
DL + 1.2 LL (White and Hajjar 1991).
118
Column Design
N e min ,
(BS 3.8.3.2)
where, e min is the minimum eccentricity which is described in the previous section.
In biaxial bending the algorithm ensures that the eccentricity exceeds the minimum
about both the axes simultaneously.
Column Design
119
V
, Acv
Acv
0.8 f cu , and
5 N/mm
= bd
, where
(BS 3.4.5.2)
(BS 3.4.5.12)
(BS 3.4.5.12)
N Vd
, with
Ac M
0.79 k1 k 2 100 As
bd
gm
vc =
(BS 3.4.5.12)
1
400 4
,
d
(BS 3.4.5.4)
where,
k1 is the enhancement factor for support compression and taken conservatively as 1,
(BS 3.4.5.8)
k2
gm
f cu
25
1.25 ,
0.15
100 As
bd
400
d
1,
Vd
M
120
Column Design
(BS 3.4.5.4)
1,
(BS 2.4.4.1)
3,
(BS 3.4.5.4)
(BS 3.4.5.4)
(BS 3.4.5.12)
40 N/mm2, and
(BS 3.4.5.4)
Asv
sv
0.4 b
,
0.87 f yv
(BS 3.4.5.3)
( v - v c ) b
,
0.87 f yv
(BS 3.4.5.3)
Beam Design
In the design of concrete beams, ETABS calculates and reports the required areas
of steel for flexure and shear based upon the beam moments, and shears, load combination factors, and other criteria described below. The reinforcement requirements are calculated at a user defined number of check stations along the beam
span.
All the beams are only designed for major direction flexure and shear. Effects
due to any axial forces, minor direction bending, and torsion that may exist in the
beams must be investigated independently by the user.
The beam design procedure involves the following steps:
Design beam flexural reinforcement
Design beam shear reinforcement
121
122
Beam Design
(BS 3.4.4.4)
K = 0.156 .
0.67fcu/
= 0.0035
fs'
A's
d'
Cs
a=0.9x
Ts
Tc
As
(ii) STRAIN
DIAGRAM
(i) BEAM
SECTION
(iii) STRESS
DIAGRAM
Figure VI-2
Design of Rectangular Beam Section
If M
As =
M
, where
(0.87 f y ) z
z = d 0.5 + 0.25
K=
(BS 3.4.4.4)
K
0.9
0.95d , and
M
.
f cu bd 2
This is the top steel if the section is under negative moment and the bottom
steel if the section is under positive moment.
Beam Design
123
>
As =
M single
f s ( d - d )
where d is the depth of the compression steel from the concrete compression
face, and
f s
700 1
fy
1
,
1
2 800
if
f s= 0.87 f y
2d
d
d
d
if
fy
d
1
.
>
1d
2 800
This is the bottom steel if the section is under negative moment. From equilibrium, the area of tension reinforcement is calculated as
As =
M single
(0.87 f y ) z
f y ( d - d )
z = d 0.5 + 0.25
M single
0.9
, where
(BS 3.4.4.4)
0.776 887 d .
Design as a T-Beam
(i) Flanged beam under negative moment
The contribution of the flange to the strength of the beam is ignored. The design
procedure is therefore identical to the one used for rectangular beams except that in
the corresponding equations b is replaced by b w . See Figure VI-3.
(ii) Flanged beam under positive moment
With the flange in compression, the program analyzes the section by considering
alternative locations of the neutral axis. Initially the neutral axis is assumed to be located in the flange. Based on this assumption, the program calculates the exact
depth of the neutral axis. If the stress block does not extend beyond the flange thickness the section is designed as a rectangular beam of width b f . If the stress block
extends beyond the flange width, then the contribution of the web to the flexural
strength of the beam is taken into account. See Figure VI-3.
124
Beam Design
M
.
f cu b f d 2
0.9
z = d 0.5 + 0.25
0.95d ,
1
( d - z ) , and
0.45
bw ) h f ( d
0.5 h f ) ,
M f , and
Mw
f cu b w d 2
Beam Design
125
= 0.0035
0.67 fcu/
hf
bf
d'
fs'
0.67 fcu/
Cs
As'
Cf
x
d
Cw
As
Ts
Tw
Tf
bw
(ii) STRAIN
DIAGRAM
(i) BEAM
SECTION
(iii) STRESS
DIAGRAM
Figure VI-3
Design of a T-Beam Section
M
0.87 f y ( d
0.5 h f )
z = d 0.5 + 0.25
Mw
, where
0.87 f y z
Kw
0.9
0.95d .
126
Beam Design
M w - M uw
,
f s ( d - d )
where, d is the depth of the compression steel from the concrete compression
face, and
f s
0.87 f y ,
f s= 700 1
d
d
if
fy
1
, and
1
2
800
fy
d
1
.
>
1d
2
800
2d
, if
d
Mf
M uw
M - M uw
1
+
+ w
.
d - d
0.87 f y d - 0.5 h f 0.777 d
V
, Acv
Acv
0.8 f cu , and
5 N/mm
= bd
, where
(BS 3.4.5.2)
(BS 3.4.5.2)
(BS 3.4.5.2)
bd
gm
400 4
,
d
(BS 3.4.5.4)
where,
k1 is the enhancement factor for support compression, and is conservatively taken as 1,
(BS 3.4.5.8)
Beam Design
127
k2
gm =
f cu
25
1,
and
1.25 .
(BS 3.4.5.4)
(BS 2.4.4.1)
100 As
bd
400
d
1 , and
(BS 3.4.5.4)
(BS 3.4.5.4)
f cu
3,
(BS 3.4.5.4)
Asv
sv
0.4 b
,
0.87 f yv
(BS 3.4.5.3)
(v - v c ) b
,
0.87 f yv
128
Beam Design
(BS 3.4.5.3)
C h a p t e r VII
129
e
e min
e tot
f cd
f ck , f c
f cwd
f cwk , f cs
f yd
f yk , f y
f s
f ywd
f ywk , f ys
h
hf
l0
l col
M
Ac
Acv
As
As
Asw
a
b
bf
bw
d
d
Ec
Es
Table VII-1
List of Symbols Used in the Eurocode 2
130
M1 , M 2
Mx ,M y
M Rd
M Sd
m
N
sv
V Rd 1
V Rd 2
V Sd
V x ,V y
V wd
a
b
g f
gc
gm
gs
d
ec
es
e s
n
r
s cp
w
w
wlim
Table VII-1
List of Symbols Used in the Eurocode 2 (continued)
Design Load Combinations
131
(EC2 2.3.3)
1.35 DL 1.50 WL
1.00 DL 1.50 WL
1.35 DL + 1.35 LL 1.35 WL
(EC2 2.3.3)
1.00 DL 1.00 EL
1.00 DL + 1.5*0.3 LL
(EC2 2.3.3)
1.0
EL
These are the default load combinations. These default loading combinations are
produced for persistent and transient design situations (EC2 2.2.1.2) by combining
load due to dead, live, wind, and earthquake loads according to the simplified formula (EC2 2.3.3.1) for ultimate limit states.
In addition to the above load combinations, the code requires that all buildings
should be capable of resisting a notional design ultimate horizontal load applied at
each floor or roof level (EC2 2.5.1.3). It is recommended that the user define additional load cases for considering the notional load in ETABS.
Live load reduction factors, as allowed by some design codes, can be applied to the
member forces of the live load condition on a member-by-member basis to reduce
the contribution of the live load to the factored loading.
Design Strength
The design strength for concrete and steel are obtained by dividing the characteristic strength of the materials by a corresponding partial factor of safety as shown below.
f cd
f cwd
f yd
f ywd
132
f ck
f cwk
=
=
gc
f yk
f ywk
Design Strength
gc
gs
(EC2 2.3.3.2)
,
,
gs
(EC2 2.3.3.2)
(EC2 2.3.3.2)
, where
(EC2 2.3.3.2)
(EC2 2.3.3.2)
gc
(EC2 2.3.3.2)
Column Design
The user may define the geometry of the reinforcing bar configuration of each concrete column section. If the area of reinforcing is provided by the user, the program
checks the column capacity. However, if the area of reinforcing is not provided by
the user, the program calculates the amount of reinforcing required for the column.
The design procedure for the reinforced concrete columns of the structure involves
the following steps:
Generate axial force/biaxial moment interaction surfaces for all of the different
concrete sections types of the model (EC2 4.3.1.2). A typical biaxial interaction
surface is shown in Figure II-2. When the steel is undefined, the program generates the interaction surfaces for the range of allowable reinforcement. The
minimum reinforcement is taken to be
N Sd
0.15
As , min = max
f yd
0.003A
c
(EC2 5.4.1.2.1)
Column Design
133
Figure VII-1
Idealized Stress and Strain Distribution in a Column Section
The stress in the steel is given by the product of the steel strain and the steel modulus of elasticity, e s E s , and is limited to the design yield strength the steel, f yd (EC2
4.2.3.3.3). The area associated with each reinforcing bar is placed at the actual location of the center of the bar and the algorithm does not assume any simplifications
in the manner in which the area of steel is distributed over the cross section of the
column (such as an equivalent steel tube or cylinder).
The concrete compression stress block is assumed to be rectangular, with a stress
value of af ck g c , where f ck is the characteristic compressive cylinder strength of
concrete and a is the reduction factor to account for sustained compression. a is
generally assumed to be 0.80 (EC2 4.2.1.3). See Figure VII-1. The interaction algo-
134
Column Design
e0
e0
+ ea + e2
0.4
M1
N
, where
+ 0.6
M2
N
(EC2 4.3.5.6.2)
0.4
M2
, where
N
M1
M 2 , (EC2 4.3.5.6.2)
Column Design
135
ea
nl 0
(EC2 4.3.5.4)
is taken as 1/100, however the user can override this value (EC2 2.5.1.3),
b l col
(EC2 4.3.5.3.5)
where b is the effective length factor depending on the end conditions and
resistance against side-sway, b is conservatively taken as 1 for braced
frames, and l col is the unsupported length corresponding to instability in
the major or minor direction of the element, l x and l y in Figure II-7.
e2
2
k1 k 2 l 0 f yd
4.5 E s d
(EC2 4.3.5.6.3)
0
=
k1
for
l
- 0.75,
for
l = bl 0
20
1
l 15,
l > 35,
rG ,
N ud
N ud
N sd
- N bal
-
1 , k 2 is taken as 1.0.
>
N Sd e min , where
(EC2 4.3.5.5.3)
e min is the minimum eccentricity which is taken as 0.05 times the overall dimension of the column in the plane of bending and is given by
e min
=h
20 .
(EC2 4.3.5.5.3)
Finally the design moments are computed from the maximum of the three,
M Rd
136
Column Design
factored
).
(EC2 4.3.5.6)
N e min ,
(EC2 4.3.5.5.3)
where, e min is the minimum eccentricity which is described in the previous section.
In biaxial bending the algorithm ensures that the eccentricity exceeds the minimum
about both the axes simultaneously.
Column Design
137
or V 3
V2
Calculate the design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement.
V Rd 1
138
= b t Rd k
Column Design
(EC2 4.3.2.3(1))
t Rd =
gc
0.7 f ctm ,
(EC2 3.1.2.3)
f ctk 0. 05
f ctm
0.3 f cwk
r1 =
(EC2 3.1.2.3)
As1
Acv
0.02 ,
(EC2 4.3.2.3)
(EC2 4.3.2.3)
(EC2 4.3.2.3)
N Sd
, (EC2 4.3.2.3)
Ac
(EC2 4.3.2.3)
1.67 V Rd 2 1
V Rd 2 , red V Rd 2
V Rd 2
s cp , eff
f cd
1
n f cwd ( 0.9 Acv ,
)
2
, where
(EC2 4.3.2.2(4))
(EC2 4.3.2.2(4))
(EC2 4.3.2.3(3))
Column Design
139
d'
DIRECTION
OF SHEAR
FORCE
Acv
RECTANGULAR
d'
DIRECTION
OF SHEAR
FORCE
A cv
DIRECTION
OF SHEAR
FORCE
Acv
CIRCULAR
Figure VII-2
Shear Stress Area, Acv
n = 0.7 -
s cp , eff =
140
Column Design
f ck
0.5 , the effectiveness factor,
200
N Sd
f yd As 2
Ac
(EC2 4.3.2.3)
(EC2 4.3.2.2(4))
400 MPa,
The shear reinforcement per unit spacing is computed following the Standard
method as follows (EC2 4.3.2.4.3):
If V Sd
V Rd 1
Asw
=0,
s
(EC2 4.3.2.4.3)
else if V Rd 1 < V Sd
Asw
s
( V Sd
< V Rd 2. red
- V Rd 1
0.9 f ywd
Acv
b w , where
(EC2 4.3.2.4.3)
f ywd is the design yield strength of the shear reinforcement.
else if V Sd
V Rd 2. red
Column Design
141
(EC2 5.4.2.2(5))
r w bw
the concrete compression strength for shear use f cs which is the same as f cwk
and the shear rebar yield strength f ys which is the same as f ywk . r w is determined from the following table (EC2 Table 5.5).
Concrete Strength
(MPa)
fcwk 20
0.0016
0.0009
0.0007
20 < fcwk 35
0.0024
0.0013
0.0011
fcwk > 35
0.0030
0.0016
0.0013
Table VII-2
Minimum shear reenforcement ratio, r w
Beam Design
In the design of concrete beams, ETABS calculates and reports the required areas
of steel for flexure and shear based upon the beam moments, shears, load combination factors, and other criteria described below. The reinforcement requirements
are calculated at a user defined number of check stations along the beam span.
All the beams are only designed for major direction flexure and shear. Effects
due to any axial forces, minor direction bending, and torsion that may exist in the
beams must be investigated independently by the user.
The beam design procedure involves the following steps:
Design beam flexural reinforcement
Design beam shear reinforcement
142
Beam Design
Beam Design
143
M
bd
af cd
, where
gc
x
x
1 - 0.4 ,
d lim
d lim
x
where the limiting value of the ratio, , of the neutral axis depth at the ultimate
d
limit state after redistribution to the effective depth, is expressed as a function
of the ratio of the redistributed moment to the moment before redistribution, d,
as follows:
d lim
144
d lim
is assumed to be 1.
Beam Design
d - 0.44
1.25
d - 0.56
1.25
, if
f ck
35 ,
(EC2 2.5.3.4.1)
, if
f ck
> 35 ,
(EC2 2.5.3.4.1)
= 0.0035
fs'
A's
Cs
a=0.8x
d'
Ts
Tc
As
(ii) STRAIN
DIAGRAM
(i) BEAM
SECTION
(iii) STRESS
DIAGRAM
Figure VII-3
Design of a Rectangular Beam
w =1 -
As = w
cd
bd
f yd
This is the top steel if the section is under negative moment and the bottom
steel if the section is under positive moment.
If m > mlim , the beam will not suffice as a singly reinforced beam. Both top and
bottom steel are required.
Calculate the normalized steel ratios w,
wlim =
wlim ,
and w .
x
,
d lim
0.807
Beam Design
145
w =
m - mlim
, and
1 - d / d
w = wlim + w
f s
As =
As =
af bd
cd
w
f yd
f s
, and
where
E s e c , max 1
2d
d
fy
gs
Design as a T-Beam
(i) Flanged beam under negative moment
The contribution of the flange to the strength of the beam is ignored if the flange is
in the tension side. See Figure VII-4. The design procedure is therefore identical to
the one used for rectangular beams. However, the width of the web, b w , is taken as
the width of the beam.
(ii) Flanged beam under positive moment
With the flange in compression, the program analyzes the section by considering
alternative locations of the neutral axis. Initially the neutral axis is assumed to be located within the flange. Based on this assumption, the program calculates the depth
of the neutral axis. If the stress block does not extend beyond the flange thickness
the section is designed as a rectangular beam of width b f . If the stress block extends
beyond the flange, additional calculation is required. See Figure VII-4.
Calculate the normalized design moment, m.
m=
M
, where
b f d 2 af cd
146
Beam Design
hf
bf
d'
fs'
fck/
fck/
Cs
As'
Cf
a = 0.8x
x
d
Cw
As
Ts
Tf
Tw
bw
(ii) STRAIN
DIAGRAM
(i) BEAM
SECTION
(iii) STRESS
DIAGRAM
Figure VII-4
Design of a T-Beam Section
x
, of the neutral axis depth at the
d lim
ultimate limit state after redistribution to the effective depth, which is expressed as a function of the ratio of the redistributed moment to the moment before redistribution, d, as follows:
d lim
d lim
d - 0.44
1.25
d - 0.56
1.25
, if
f ck
35 ,
(EC2 2.5.3.4.1)
, if
f ck
> 35 ,
(EC2 2.5.3.4.1)
is assumed to be 1.
1 - 2m .
Beam Design
147
0.807
x hf
d d
, the neutral axis lies within the flange. Calculate the area of
af cd b f
w
hf
>
f yd
If
(b f
- bw
)h f af cd
f yd
As 2 f yd d
hf
2
mlim
M1
b w d 2 af cd
If m1
x
x
1 - 0.4 ,
d lim
d lim
w1 = 1 -
As1 = w1
148
Beam Design
, and
mlim ,
1 - 2m 1 , and
af
cd
bw d
f yd
m1 - mlim
,
1 - d / d
wlim =
x
,
d lim
0.807
w1 = wlim + w
As =
af cd bd
f s
, and
As1 =
af b d
cd w
w1
f yd
f s
E s e c , max 1 -
2d
d
where
fy
gs
As1
+ As 2
149
V2
Calculate the design shear resistance of the member without shear reinforcement.
V Rd 1
b
= b t Rd k
(1.2 + 40 r 1 ) + 0.15 s cp
]
t Rd =
gc
0.7 f ctm ,
(EC2 3.1.2.3)
f ctk 0. 05
f ctm
0.3 f cwk
r1 =
(EC2 3.1.2.3)
As1
bw d
0.02 ,
(EC2 4.3.2.3)
(EC2 4.3.2.3)
(EC2 4.3.2.3)
N Sd
, (EC2 4.3.2.3)
Ac
(EC2 4.3.2.3)
Calculate the maximum design shear force that can be carried without crushing
of the notional concrete compressive struts, V Rd 2 , red .
V Rd 2 , red
1.67 V Rd 2 1
150
Beam Design
s cp , eff
f cd
, where
(EC2 4.3.2.2(4))
V Rd 2 , red V Rd 2
V Rd 2
(EC2 4.3.2.2(4))
1
n f cwd ( 0.9 Acv ,
)
2
n = 0.7 -
s cp , eff =
(EC2 4.3.2.3(3))
f ck
0.5 , the effectiveness factor,
200
N Sd
f yd As 2
Ac
(EC2 4.3.2.3)
(EC2 4.3.2.2(4))
f yd
(EC2 4.3.2.2(4))
400 MPa,
(EC2 4.3.2.2(4))
The shear reinforcement per unit spacing is computed following the Standard
method as follows (EC2 4.3.2.4.3):
If V Sd
Asw
s
V Rd 1
=0,
(EC2 4.3.2.4.3)
else if V Rd 1 < V Sd
Asw
s
( V Sd
< V Rd 2. red
- V Rd 1
0.9 f ywd
Acv
b w , where
(EC2 4.3.2.4.3)
V Rd 2. red
(EC2 4.3.2.2(4))
The maximum of all the calculated Asw s values, obtained from each load combination, is reported for the major directions of the beam along with the controlling shear force and associated load combination number.
Beam Design
151
r w bw
(EC2 5.4.2.2(5))
the concrete compression strength for shear use f cs which is the same as f cwk
and the shear rebar yield strength f ys which is the same as f ywk . r w is determined from Table VII-2 according to the EC2 Table 5.5.
152
Beam Design
C h a p t e r VIII
153
Acv
Ag
As
As
As (required )
Ast
Av
a
ab
a max
b
bf
bw
Cm
c
cb
d
d
ds
Ec
Es
f c
fy
f yt
h
Ig
k
L
154
M1
M2
Mc
M ns
Ms
M*
M*
x
M*
y
Nb
Nc
N max
N0
N*
vb
vc
Vc
VD +L
Vp
V*
Vs
a
a1
b1
bd
db
ds
ec
es
jb
Table VIII-1
List of Symbols Used in the New Zealand code (continued)
155
1.2 DL 1.0 WL
0.9 DL 1.0 WL
1.2 DL + 0.4 LL 1.0 WL
1.0 DL 1.0 EL
1.0 DL + 0.4 LL
1.0
EL
These are also the default design load combinations in ETABS whenever the NZS
3101-95 code is used. The user should use other appropriate loading combinations
if roof live load is separately treated, other types of loads are present, or pattern live
loads are to be considered.
Live load reduction factors can be applied to the member forces of the live load
case on an element-by-element basis to reduce the contribution of the live load to
the factored loading.
(NZS 3.4.2.2)
jc
(NZS 3.4.2.2)
js
(NZS 3.4.2.2)
156
Column Design
The user may define the geometry of the reinforcing bar configuration of each concrete column section. If the area of reinforcing is provided by the user, the program
checks the column capacity. However, if the area of reinforcing is not provided by
the user, the program calculates the amount of reinforcing required for the column.
The design procedure for the reinforced concrete columns of the structure involves
the following steps:
Generate axial force/biaxial moment interaction surfaces for all of the different
concrete section types of the model. A typical biaxial interaction surface is
shown in Figure II-2. When the steel is undefined, the program generates the
interaction surfaces for the range of allowable reinforcement ratios 0.008 to
0.08 for Ordinary moment resisting frames (NZS 8.4.6.1) and 0.008 to 18 f y
for Seismic (Ductile, Limited, and Elastic) moment resisting frames (NZS
8.5.4.2).
Calculate the capacity ratio or the required reinforcing area for the factored axial force and biaxial (or uniaxial) bending moments obtained from each loading
combination at each station of the column. The target capacity ratio is taken as
one when calculating the required reinforcing area.
Design the column shear reinforcement.
The following three subsections describe in detail the algorithms associated with
the above-mentioned steps.
Column Design
157
1 f'c
c
= 0.003
d'
1
Cs
s1
s2
s3
1c
Ts3
s4
a=
2
Cs
Ts4
Figure VIII-1
Idealization of Stress and Strain Distribution in a Column Section
The stress in the steel is given by the product of the steel strain, e s , and the steel
modulus of elasticity, E s , and is limited to the yield stress of the steel, f y (NZS
8.3.1.4). The area associated with each reinforcing bar is assumed to be placed at
the actual location of the center of the bar and the algorithm does not assume any
further simplifications in the manner in which the area of steel is distributed over
the cross section of the column (such as an equivalent steel tube or cylinder). See
Figure VIII-1.
The concrete compression stress block is assumed to be rectangular, with a stress
value of a 1 f c (NZS 8.3.1.7) and a depth of the stress block of b1 c, where
a 1 = 0.85 - 0.004 (
b1 = 0.85 - 0.008 (
0.75 a 1
0.65 b1
0.85,
0.85,
f c
f c
- 55),
- 30),
(NZS 8.3.1.7)
(NZS 8.3.1.7)
and
(NZS 8.3.1.7)
and
(NZS 8.3.1.7)
In designing the column longitudinal reinforcement, the following limits are imposed on the steel tensile strength and the concrete compressive strength:
158
Column Design
500
MPA
(NZS 3.8.2.1)
f c
100
(NZS 3.8.1.1)
f c
70 MPa
(NZS 3.8.4.4)
The interaction algorithm provides correction to account for the concrete area that
is displaced by the reinforcement in the compression zone.
The effects of the strength reduction factor, j , are included in the generation of the
interaction surfaces. The maximum compressive axial load is limited to N max ,
where the maximum factored axial load resistance is given by:
N max = 0.85 j c [a 1 f c ( Ag
- Ast
(NZS 8.4.1.5)
N max = 0.70 j c [a 1 f c ( Ag
- Ast
(NZS 8.5.1.4)
Column Design
159
M ns
+ds M s
The moment magnification factors for moments causing sidesway in the major and
minor directions, d sx and d sy , can be different. The moment magnification factors,
d sx and d sy , can be taken as 1.0 if a P-D analysis is carried out. The program assumes that the ETABS analysis models P-D effects, therefore,
d sx
and d sy are
taken as 1.0.
It is suggested that the P-D analysis be done at the factored load level (White and
Hajjar 1991). The necessary factors for a P-D analysis for the NZS 3101-95 code
should be (1.0 DL + 0.4 LL)/j c with the loading standard NZS 4203, where j c is
the strength reduction factor for compression and is equal to 0.85.
The user is reminded of the special analysis requirements, especially those related
to the value of EI used in analysis (NZS 8.4.11.5). In ETABS, the EI values are
computed based on gross cross-section areas. The user has the option to reduce the
EI values for analysis purposes using a scale factor on a section-by-section basis. If
the program assumptions are not satisfactory for a particular member, the user can
explicitly specify values of d sx and d sy .
Member Stability Effects
All compression members are designed using the factored axial load, N * , obtained
from the analysis and a magnified factored moment, M c . The magnified moment is
computed as,
160
Column Design
=db M 2
(NZS 8.4.11.5)
where M 2 is the column maximum end moment obtained from elastic analysis after considering minimum eccentricity and lateral drift effect, and M c is the maximum moment associated with the major or minor direction of the column occurring
either at the end or at an interior point within the span of the column. The moment
magnification factor, d b , for moments not causing sidesway is given by
db
Cm
=
1-
Nc =
N*
j c Nc
1.0 , where
(NZS 8.4.11.5)
EI
,
( kL) 2
bd
0.40 E c I g
1 + bd
, and
C m = 0.6 + 0.4
Ma
Mb
0.4 ,
(NZS 8.4.11.5)
(NZS 8.1)
(NZS 8.4.11.5)
M a and M b are the moments at the ends of the column, and M b is numerically larger than M a . M a M b is positive for single curvature bending and
negative for double curvature bending. The above expression of C m is
valid if there is no transverse load applied between the supports. If transverse load is present on the span, or the length is overwritten, or for any
other case, C m = 1 (NZS 8.4.11.5). C m can be overwritten by the user on an
element by element basis.
The magnification factor, d b , must be a positive number and greater than one.
Therefore N * must be less than j c N c . If N * is found to be greater than or equal to
j c N c , a failure condition is declared.
The above calculations use the unsupported lengths of the column. The two unsupported lengths are l 22 and l 33 corresponding to instability in the minor and major di-
Column Design
161
= Rm
(NZS A7.2)
where,
M * = the design moment for column,
M col, joint,elastic = the column moment at the center of the joint obtained from linear
elastic analysis,
*
V col = the design shear for column,
R m = the moment reduction factor which is taken as a function of axial force and
the dynamic magnification factor, w, for Ductile moment resisting frames
(NZS Table A3). It is taken as 1 for frames with Limited ductility. The
user can overwrite this,
j0
= an overstrength factor, and is taken as 1.25 j b (NZS A4.1.6), and the user
can overwrite this,
= the dynamic magnification factor. It is taken as 1, and the user can overwrite
this, and
162
Column Design
Column Design
163
V p + V D+ L
whereV p is the shear force obtained by applying the calculated overstrength ultimate moment capacities at the two ends of the column acting in two opposite
directions. Therefore, V p is the maximum of V P1 and V P2 , where
V P1 =
164
Column Design
M I- + M J+
, and
L
V P2 =
where
M I+ , M I-
M J+ , M J-
For Seismic moment resisting frames, a , is taken as 1.25 for both Ductile moment resisting frames and frames with Limited ductility (NZS A4.1.6). j is
taken as 1 (NZS 4.4.3.3). V D + L is the contribution of shear force from the
in-span distribution of gravity loads. For most of the columns, it is zero. See
also Table VIII-2 for more details.
For Ductile moment resisting frames, the shear capacity of the column is also
checked for additional factored loads, in addition to the checks required for capacity design and factored loads. The factored shear force is based on the specified load combinations which are regular load combinations except the earthquake load factor is taken to be 1.7 (NZS 4.4.5.8).
v b = 0.07 + 10
Ast
bw d
f c
(NZS 9.3.2.1)
where,
f c
0.08 f c
70 , and
vb
(NZS 9.3.2.1)
0.2 f c .
(NZS 9.3.2.1)
Column Design
165
vc =
1 +12
N*
f c Ag
1 +3
= 0,
N*
> 0.
(NZS 9.3.2.1)
c Ag
N*
if under compression,
vb
N * < 0,
vb
vb
N * is negative for tension. In any case, v c is not taken less than zero.
For Seismic moment resisting Ductile frames, the shear strength of a column
section is taken as zero if the axial force is tensile or compression is very small.
This is given as
v c = 0 if N *
0.10 f c Ag .
(NZS 9.4.2.2)
If the axial compression is higher than the above limit, the concrete shear capacity for columns is taken as follows:
vc
4v b
N*
Ag f c
- 0.1
if N *
>
0.10 f c Ag .
(NZS 9.4.2.2)
vc =
0.5 + 6
N*
f c Ag
0.5 v b
N * < 0,
vb
N*
= 0, (NZS
if under compression,
N*
> 0.
17.3.7.4)
0.5 +1.5
f c Ag
vb
N * is negative for tension. In any case, v c is not taken less than zero (NZS
17.3.7.4).
166
Column Design
v* =
(NZS 9.3.1.1)
For other types of sections b w d is replaced by Acv , the effective shear area
which is shown in Figure VIII-2.
The average shear stress, v * , is limited to a maximum limit, v max , which is given
for Ordinary frames and Elastically responding seismic frames as,
v max
= min
(NZS 9.3.1.8)
js
and for Ductile frames and frames with Limited ductility as,
v max
= min
js
(NZS 9.4.4.2)
js
vc 2 ,
)
=0,
vc 2
)
js
v*
<
vc
(v*
else if v *
f yt
+ 0.35 <
-j svc
js
> v max
f yt
js
0.35b w
,
f yt
js
(NZS 9.3.4.1)
) bw
v*
vc
+ 0.35
500
j s v max
, f yt
MPa ,
(NZS 9.3.4.3)
500
MPa ,
(NZS 9.3.6.3)
(NZS 9.3.1.8)
Column Design
167
500 Mpa.
The maximum of all the calculated Av s values, obtained from each load combination, is reported for the major and minor directions of the column along with the
controlling shear force and associated load combination number.
In designing the column shear reinforcement, the following limits are imposed on
the concrete compressive strength:
f c
100
f c
70 MPa
(NZS 3.8.1.1)
(NZS 3.8.4.4)
For all columns and at any station, the minimum area of transverse stirrup and circular hoop reinforcement is imposed as follows:
Av
s
1 - r m
t
Av
s
1 - r m
t
3.3
2.4
Ag f c
Ac f yt
N*
j c f c Ag
- 0.0065
Ag f c
Ac f yt
N*
j c f c Ag
- 0.0084
h core (Stirrups)
(NZS 8.4.7.2)
h core
(Hoops)
4
(NZS 8.4.7.1)
1.3 - r m
t
Av
s
1.3 - r m
t
3.3
2.4
Ag f c
Ac f yt
N*
j c f c Ag
- 0.0060
Ag f c
Ac f yt
N*
j c f c Ag
- 0.0084
h core (Stirrups)
(NZS 8.5.4.3)
h core
(Hoops)
4
(NZS 8.5.4.3)
In the above four equations for calculating minimum shear reinforcement, the following limits are imposed:
Ag
Ac
1.2
r t m 0.4
f yt
168
800
Column Design
MPa
DIRECTION
OF SHEAR
FORCE
Acv
RECTANGULAR
d'
DIRECTION
OF SHEAR
FORCE
A cv
DIRECTION
OF SHEAR
FORCE
Acv
CIRCULAR
Figure VIII-2
Shear Stress Area, Acv
For the definition of the potential plastic hinge, it is assumed in the current version
of the program that any beam and column segment near the joint is a potential plastic hinge. The length of the plastic hinge, Lhinge , in a column depends on the level of
axial compression in it and it is taken as follows:
Lhinge = 2h
3h
if
if
0.25 N
N*
if
jc
jc
jc
f c Ag
f c Ag
f c Ag
< 0.25
< 0.50
(NZS 8.5.4.1)
0.50
Column Design
169
Beam Design
In the design of concrete beams, ETABS calculates and reports the required areas
of steel for flexure and shear based upon the beam moments, shears, load combination factors and other criteria described below. The reinforcement requirements are
calculated at a user defined number of check stations along the beam span.
All the beams are only designed for major direction flexure and shear. Effects
due to any axial forces, minor direction bending, and torsion that may exist in the
beams must be investigated independently by the user.
The beam design procedure involves the following steps:
Design beam flexural reinforcement
Design beam shear reinforcement
In designing the beam flexural and shear reinforcement, the following limits are
imposed on the steel tensile strength and the concrete compressive strength:
fy
500
MPa
(NZS 3.8.2.1)
f c
100
(NZS 3.8.1.1)
f c
(NZS 3.8.4.4)
170
Beam Design
2 M*
-
a1
f c
jb
(NZS 8.3.1)
Beam Design
171
= 0.85
0.004( f c
- 55) ,
0.75
a1
0.85 .
(NZS 8.3.1.7)
0.85 , and
(NZS 8.3.1.7)
= 0.85
cb =
0.008( f c
30) , 0.65
b1
600
d.
600 + f y
(NZS 8.4.1.2)
1 f'c
= 0.003
b
Cs
d'
A's
a=
1c
As
Beam Section
Strain Diagram
Ts
Tc
Stress Diagram
Figure VIII-3
Design of a Rectangular Beam Section
172
= 0.75 b1 c b
Beam Design
a max (NZS 8.4.2), the area of tensile steel reinforcement is then given
As
M*
y d
jb
a
2
=a1
f c ba max , and
(NZS 8.3.1.7)
=C d
a max
2
j b
M*
*
Mc .
f s
*
Ms
( f s - a 1 f c )( d
0.003 E s
- d ) j b
c - d
fy .
, where
M*
c
, and
a max
) jb
f y (d 2
*
Ms
.
f y ( d - d ) j b
Beam Design
173
> 0,
2 M*
-
a1
f c
jb
bf
(NZS 8.3.1)
= 0.75 b1 c b
If a d s (NZS 8.4.2), the subsequent calculations for As are exactly the same
as previously done for the rectangular section design. However, in this case the
width of the beam is taken as b f . Whether compression reinforcement is required depends on whether a > a max .
If a > d s (NZS 8.4.2), calculation for As is done in two parts. The first part is for
balancing the compressive force from the flange, C f , and the second part is for
balancing the compressive force from the web, C w . As shown in ,
Cf
=a1
f c ( b f
Therefore, As1 =
- bw
Cf
fy
)d s .
(NZS 8.3.1.7)
given by
M *f = C f
ds
2
jb
174
Beam Design
M *f .
The web is a rectangular section of dimensions b w and d, for which the depth of
the compression block is recalculated as
a1
d2
a1
2M *
w
.
f c j b bw
(NZS 8.3.1)
*
Mw
=
jb
As
As1
y d
+ As 2
, and
a1
2
bf
1 f'c
= 0.003
ds
d'
fs'
1 f'c
Cs
As'
a=
Cf
1c
c
d
Cw
As
Ts
Tw
Tf
bw
Beam Section
Strain Diagram
Stress Diagram
Figure VIII-4
Design of a T-Beam Section
Beam Design
175
= a1
f c ba max , and
(NZS 8.3.1.7)
Cw d
a max
2
jb
M*
w
M* .
c
f s
M*
s
( f s - a 1 f c )( d
0.003 E s
- d ) j b
c - d
, where
fy .
*
Mc
a
f y d - max
, and
j b
f y(
*
Ms
d - d)
jb
Total tensile reinforcement, As = As1 + As 2 + As 3 , and total compression reinforcement is As . As is to be placed at the bottom and As is to be
placed at the top.
Minimum and Maximum Tensile Reinforcement
The minimum flexural tensile steel provided in a rectangular section in an Ordinary
and Elastic moment resisting frame is given by the minimum of the two limits:
176
Beam Design
As
As
f c
4f y
b w d , or
4
As (required ) .
3
(NZS 8.4.3.1)
(NZS 8.4.3.3)
An upper limit of 0.04 times the gross web area on both the tension reinforcement
and the compression reinforcement is imposed upon request as follows:
As
0.04 b d
0.04 b w d
Rectangular beam
As
0.04 b d
0.04 b w d
Rectangular beam
T -beam
T -beam
f c
4f y
bw d .
(NZS 8.5.3.2)
0.025 b w d and
As
f c + 10
bw d .
6f y
At any section of a beam within a potential plastic hinge region for Ductile moment resisting frames, as defined later on page 182, the compression reinforcement area, As , shall not be less than1 2 of the tension reinforcement area, As , at
the same section (NZS 8.5.3.2). At any section of a beam within a potential
plastic hinge region for moment resisting frames with Limited ductility, the
Beam Design
177
178
Beam Design
V p + V D+ L
M I- + M J+
, and
L
V P2 =
M I+ + M J,
L
where
M I+ = Moment capacity at end I, with bottom steel in tension, using a steel
yield stress value of af y and no j factors (j = 1.0),
M J+ = Moment capacity at end J, with bottom steel in tension, using a steel
yield stress value of af y and no j factors (j = 1.0),
M I- = Moment capacity at end I, with top steel in tension, using a steel yield
stress value of af y and no j factors (j = 1.0),
M J- = Moment capacity at end J, with top steel in tension, using a steel yield
stress value of af y and no j factors (j = 1.0), and
L = Clear span of beam.
For Seismic moment resisting frames, a is taken as 1.25 for both Ductile moment resisting frames and frames with Limited ductility (NZS A4.1.6). j is
taken as 1 (NZS 4.4.3.3). V D + L is the contribution of shear force from the load
in-span distribution of gravity loads.
v b = 0.07 + 10
As
bw d
f c
(NZS 9.3.2.1)
where,
f c
70 , and
(NZS 9.3.2.1)
Beam Design
179
vb
0.2 f c .
(NZS 9.3.2.1)
For Ordinary and Elastically responding moment resisting frames, the concrete
shear capacity for beams is taken as follows:
vc = vb.
(NZS 9.3.2.1)
For Seismic moment resisting Ductile frames, the shear strength of a beam section is taken as zero since the axial force is considered to be very small or tensile. This is given as
vc = 0 .
(NZS 9.4.2.1)
For Seismic moment resisting frames with Limited ductility, the concrete shear
capacity for the beam is taken as follows:
v c = 0.5 v b .
(NZS 17.3.7.3)
v* =
(NZS 9.3.1.1)
For other types of sections b w d is replaced by Acv , the effective shear area
which is shown in Figure VIII-2.
The average shear stress, v * , is limited to a maximum limit, v max , which is given
for Ordinary frames and Elastically responding seismic frames as,
v max
= min
(NZS 9.3.1.8)
js
and for Ductile frames and frames with Limited ductility as,
v max
= min
js
(NZS 9.4.4.2)
js
Av
s
180
Beam Design
=0,
vc 2 ,
)
(NZS 9.3.4.1)
else if
Av
s
vc 2
)
js
0.35b w
,
f yt
js
v*
<
+ 0.35 <
-j svc
js
else if v *
f yt
vc
(v*
js
> v max
) bw
f yt
v*
,
vc
+ 0.35
500
(NZS 9.3.4.3)
MPa
j s v max
f yt
500
(NZS 9.3.6.3)
MPa
(NZS 9.3.1.8)
500 Mpa.
The maximum of all the calculated Av s values, obtained from each load combination, is reported for the beam along with the controlling shear force and associated
load combination number.
For all beams and at any station, the minimum area of transverse stirrup reinforcement is imposed as follows:
Av
s
1 - r m
t
3.3
Ag f c
Ac f yt
N*
j c f c Ag
- 0.0065
h core
(NZS 8.4.7.2)
In potential plastic hinge locations, as described below, of Seismic moment resisting Ductile frames and frames with Limited ductility, the minimum area of transverse stirrup is imposed as follows:
Av
s
1.3 - r m
t
3.3
Ag f c
Ac f yt
N*
j c f c Ag
- 0.0060
h core
(NZS 8.5.4.3)
In the above two equations for calculating the minimum shear reinforcement, the
following limits are imposed:
Ag
Ac
1.2
Beam Design
181
r t m 0.4
f yt
800
MPa
For the definition of the potential plastic hinge, it is assumed in the current version
of the program that any beam and column segment near the joint is a potential plastic hinge. The length of the plastic hinge, Lhinge , in a beam is taken as follows:
Lhinge
= 2h
(NZS 8.5.3.1)
The column shear reinforcement requirements reported by the program are based
purely upon the above considerations. Any other minimum stirrup requirements to
satisfy spacing and/or volumetric requirements must be investigated independently
of the program by the user.
182
Beam Design
Type of
Check/
Design
Ordinary (non-Seismic)
or Elastically
Responding
(Seismic)
Column
Check
(interaction)
NLDa Combinations
NLDa Combinations
Rm = 1
NLDa Combinations
Rm is from NZS Table A3
NLDa Combinations
= 1.0
0.008 < < 18 fy
NLDa Combinations
= 1.0
0.008< < 18 fy
(Elastic only)
Rm = 1
NLDa Combinations
Column
Design
(Interaction)
Column
Shears
NLDa Combinations
0.008 < < 0.08
0.008 <
< 18 fy
= 1.0 and
= 1.25
NLDa Combinations
Beam
Design
Flexure
NLDa Combinations
Beam Min.
Moment
Override
Check
6 fy
3 AsEND
8
1
max AsEND
4
+
AsEND
+
AsSPAN
NLDa Combinations
Beam Design
Shear
vc = vb
a
fc
4 fy
No Requirement
(Seismic)
NLDa Combinations
r 0.025
f + 10
r c
6 fy
r 0.025
f + 10
r c
r
Ductile Moment
Resisting Frames
NLDa Combinations
Beam Capacity Shear (V p )
with = 1.25 and = 1.0
plus VD+L
vc = vb / 2
fc
4 fy
1 AsEND
2
1
max AsEND
4
+
AsEND
+
AsSPAN
NLDa Combinations
Beam Capacity Shear (V p )
with = 1.25 and = 1.0
plus VD+L
vc = 0
Table VIII-2
Comparison of Ordinary and Seismic Moment Resisting Frame Design
Beam Design
183
C h a p t e r IX
Design Output
Overview
ETABS creates design output in three major different formats graphical display,
tabular output, and member specific detailed design information.
The graphical display of concrete design output includes input and output design
information. Input design information includes design section labels, C m -factors,
live load reduction factors, and other design parameters. The output design information includes longitudinal reinforcing, shear reinforcing, and column capacity
ratios. All graphical output can be printed.
The tabular output can be saved in a file or printed directly. The tabular output includes most of the information which can be displayed. This is generated for added
convenience to the designer.
The member specific detailed design information shows the details of the calculation. It shows the design forces, design section dimensions, reinforcement, and
some intermediate results for any load combinations at any design sections of a specific frame member. For a column member, it can also show the position of the current state of design forces on the column interaction diagram.
In the following sections, some of the typical graphical display, tabular output, and
member-specific detailed design information are described. Some of the design inOverview
185
d ns -factors
d s -factors
186
j -factors.
187
188
d ns -factors,
and
d s -factors.
189
190
d ns -factors
d s -factors
191
192
References
ACI, 1999
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-99) and Commentary (ACI 318R-99), American Concrete Institute, P.O. Box 9094,
Farmington Hills, Michigan, June 1999.
BSI, 1989
BS 8110 : Part 1, Structural Use of Concrete, Part 1, Code of Practice for Design and Construction, British Standards Institution, London, UK, 1985, Issue
2, 1989.
CEN, 1992
ENV 1992-1-1, Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures, Part 1, General
Rules and Rules for Buildings, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium, 1992.
CEN, 1994
ENV 1991-1, Eurocode 1: Basis of Design and Action on Structures
Part 1,
Basis of Design, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium,
1994.
CSA, 1994
A23.3-94, Design of Concrete Structures, Canadian Standards Association,
Rexdale, Ontario, Canada, 1994.
193
194
Index
Additional moment
British, 117
Balanced condition
ACI, 39, 41
British, 123
BS, 126
Canadian, 99, 101
Eurocode, 145, 148
New Zealand, 172, 175
UBC, 68, 71
Beam flexural design, 2, 8
ACI, 36
British, 121
Canadian, 97
Eurocode, 142
New Zealand, 170
UBC, 66
Beam shear design, 9
ACI, 44
British, 127
Canadian, 105
Eurocode, 149
New Zealand, 178
UBC, 73
Beam/column capacity ratio
ACI, 18, 49
UBC, 18, 78
Braced frames
ACI, 30
British, 117
Canadian, 87
Eurocode, 135
New Zealand, 160
UBC, 59
Check station, 7
Code total moment
Eurocode, 135
Column capacity ratio, 12
ACI, 29, 31
British, 116, 119
Canadian, 87, 90
Eurocode, 135, 137
New Zealand, 159, 163
UBC, 58, 60
Column flexural design, 9
ACI, 27
British, 114
Canadian, 85
Eurocode, 133
New Zealand, 157
UBC, 56
195
196
Index
Canadian, 85
Eurocode, 133
New Zealand, 157
UBC, 56
Graphical output, 186
Identification of beams, 8
Identification of columns, 8
Interaction diagram, 9
ACI, 27
British, 115
Canadian, 85
Eurocode, 133
New Zealand, 157
UBC, 56
Interactive environment, 1
Joint design
ACI, 14, 46
UBC, 14, 76
Lateral drift effect, 19, 88
See also P-Delta analysis
Live load reduction factor, 7, 26, 55, 84,
114, 132, 156
Maximum column reinforcement
ACI, 27
British, 115
Canadian, 85
Eurocode, 133
New Zealand, 157
UBC, 56
Member specific output, 190
Minimum column reinforcement
ACI, 27
British, 115
Canadian, 85
Eurocode, 133
New Zealand, 157
UBC, 56
Minimum eccentricity
ACI, 29
British, 118
Canadian, 87
Eurocode, 136 - 137
New Zealand, 159
UBC, 58
Minimum tensile reinforcement
ACI, 42
Canadian, 104
New Zealand, 176
UBC, 72
Moment magnification
ACI, 29
British (additional moment), 117
Canadian, 87
Eurocode (total moment), 135
New Zealand, 160
UBC, 58
Nominal moment capacity, 92
Nonsway frames
ACI, 30
British, 117
Canadian, 87
Eurocode, 135
New Zealand, 160
UBC, 59
Notation
ACI, 24
British, 112
Canadian, 82
Eurocode, 130
New Zealand, 154
UBC, 52
Output, 1
details, 191
graphical, 185 - 186
interaction diagram, 192
member specific, 185, 190
197
Canadian, 84
Eurocode, 132
New Zealand, 156
UBC, 55
P-Delta analysis, 18
ACI, 30
British, 118
Canadian, 88
Eurocode, 137
New Zealand, 160
UBC, 59
Sway frames
ACI, 30
British, 117
Canadian, 87
Eurocode, 135
New Zealand, 160
UBC, 59
198
Index
UBC, 54
Unsupported length, 31, 60
199