....

, 2006

....

, M.Sc.

.
, M.Sc.

, 2006


- .....................................................................................3

: .....................................................5
1. .........................................................................................................6
2. ......................................................................................................................8
2.1. .........................................................................................................8
2.2. ......................................................................................................10
2.3. .........................................................................................................12
2.4. .................................................................................................12
2.5. .......................................................................................................13
3. ...............................................................................................................13
3.1. ...................................................................14
3.2. ........................................................................................14
3.3. .................................................................15
4. ............................................................................................15

: ....................................................................16
.....................................................................................................................17
...........18
..............................................................................................................20
....................................................................................................22
- .........................................................................24
-...................................................................................................26
................................................................................................................27
..............................................................................................................29
...................................................................................................................33
..................................................................................................................35
.....................................................................................35
1. - ................................................38

2. ...........................................................................................43
3. .......................................................................................43
4. .............................................................................44
5. ............................................................................................45
.............................46
...........................................................................................................56
.............................................................................................................58




, , , ...,
, .
, ,

25 .

.

, .
.
,
, ,
.
(384-322 ..) ,
,
, ()
.

.
, ,
(70-12 ..) (1-68 ..),
,
.
, ,
,
. ,
(, ,
).

19 20 ,
,
,
,
(, 1984 & 1990, , 1987).

,
, .
.

.

,
, ,

, .
1.
.
:
1.1.

,
.
1960 ,

,
, .


.
,
..
:
1. -.
2. .

3. ,
.
4.

km

.
5. .
6.
.
7.
(, 1993).
1.2.
, ,
( ).
, , ,
.
1.3.
,
.
, ,
, , , , ,
..
, .
1.4.


, .. , ..

(, 1993).

2.

. ,
,
.
2.1.
2.1.1. .
Vespidae Sphecidae ,
.
,
, ,
Vespidae. ,
Vespa crabro (. 1), , Vespula germanica
Pollistes gallicus, (. 2).
.

1. Vespa crabro.

2. Pollistes gallicus.

2.1.2. . Galleria mellonella, (. 3).

.
Bacillus thurigiensis.
, .. Achroea

grisella ( ) Achroea innotata,

.

3. Galleria mellonella.

2.1.3. . Braula coeca, (. 4, 5).

, ,
, .
.

4. Braula coeca.

5. Braula coeca.

2.1.4. . Acherontia atropos,

(. 6).

.

6. Acherontia atropos.

,
.
2.2.

2.2.1.
Varroa destructor.
,
.
.
2.2.2.
Acarapis woodi (. 7, 8).
,
. 1964
(...).
. 1983
.

10

,
.

7. Acarapis woodi

8. .

2.2.3.

.

Apis mellifera
. Varroa jacobsoni
Trorilaelaps clareae Apis cerana Apis dorsata
, , Apis
mellifera .
,
. ,
, ,
, .
, V. jacobsoni,
.
T. clareae ,
V. jacobsoni.
, ,
. Varroa underwoodi Apis cerana,
Euarroa sinhai A. florae Trorilaelaps koenigerum A.
dorsata. A. mellifera.

11

 ,
A. mellifera, , Acarapis woodi,
...
,
, ,
.
A. woodi, A. mellifera
Acarapis,
(, 1983, , 1990, , 1993).
2.3.
Merops apiaster, (. 9)
Hirundo rustica, ,
.

(, 1993).

9. .

2.4.
,
.

12

2.5.

.
3.


, .

. ,
,
.

.
1. .
,
,
, .
2. .
3. .
.
4.
,
.
5.

. ,
, .
6.
.
.
Nosema apis (, 1983,
, 1987).

13


,
, ,
.
.
3.1
3.1.1.
Nosema apis. .

.
. .
.
3.1.2.
Malphighamoeba melificae.
. .
.
3.1.3.
.
.

.
.
3.2
3.2.1. .
Paenibacillus larvae.
(
,

, .

14

 ,
.
3.2.2. .
Streptococcus pluton.
.
,
. , .
3.2.3. .
Ascosphaera apis Aspergillus spp.
.
1988 .

.
, , .
o
o (, 1983, , 1990,
, 1993, & , 1983, Pierre Jean-Prost, 1980).
3.3
3.3.1. .
Aspergillus flavus.
.

.
4.
.. , ..

.

15

 II

16


Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman(:Varroidae),
. 70
, ,
.

,
Apis cerana. A. cerana,
.

.
Edward
Jacobson 1904, ()
Apis indica (. cerana),
, , Apis mellifera ,
, .
A. C. Oudemans
. Varroa jacobsoni, E.
Jacobson,
. ,
.
Buttel Reepen, 1918,
.
, 1951 G. Gunther
Apis indica.
, Myrnozercon reidi.


Apis indica.
.
Apis mellifera
. Pollten,
17

, Apis indica Apis

mellifera, Apis mellifera
Apis cerana
.
Apis mellifera
( 40)

,
.

Apis mellifera 1960
. , 1964
.
,
(1967), , , ,
. (
. ,
), , .
(, .., 1978 1979, ,
1990).

, .
1977 . 1978

- . .
, ,
.
.
: )
)
,
18

 ,
.

1981,
.
.

, 10 60%.
1981 1980 2.616
20%.
220.000
. 1984
1980.
1981.

1.000.000
1.100.000 1982.

,

.
..
1978,


.
1 0/00
1981

.
.
100
,

19

, (,
.., 1978, , 1990, , 1987, ..., 1987).

,
Varroa destructor Varroidae,
.
(. 10) ,
, 1-1,75 mm 1,55-2 mm ,
.
.

. .
, .
,
.
, .


.

10. Varroa destructor.

(. 11) , 0,80-0,95
x 0,70-0,93 mm .
.

20

 .
, . ,
.

11. Varroa destructor.

, Braula coeca,
.
, ,
,
(), () (. 12).

12. Varroa destructor , Braula coeca .

,
,
.

21


,
.
,
, , (.
13). ,
(Teworson & Engels, 1982)
.
,
.

13. .

. ,
.
,

22

 ,

. .
.
,
,
(, 1987).
, ,
.
(Juvenile
Hormone) .

, , .
.
,
.
. 6
7 .
.
.
, ,
,
12 . , ,
14 ,
. , ,

. ,
1-1,2 2,7
(, 1987). , ,

.
, ,
.
. , 1%,
23

 .
,
.
. 5-15
.
17-28% 5%
.
.
,
. ,
.
. 500 , 50%
. ,
. ,
,
.

V. destructor
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
, .
1,
6-7
7-8 .

24

 1. .

, 0,55x0,40 mm.
.

. , ,

, 0,6x0,5 mm
4-5

2-3

,
.

-,

1x1,2 mm.

0,7x0,7 mm.

1-2 .

1-2 .

, ,

0,8x0,8 mm.

1,8x1,2 mm.

, , , .
, , ,
, . , -
2-3 . - 5-8 ,
(, 1986,
.., 1978, , 1981 1990, , 1987).

14. Varroa destructor.

25

-
.
,
, .
.

.
, ,

.

.

. ,
.
.

. .


.
,
,
.

,
.

. .
,
,
,
.
-. ,
,
26

. -
. ,
, .
.
.
, ,
.
2-3
10 30 C. 35

. .
28 C 85%
9 . 35 C 58% 3
35 C 10-20% 24
(, 1983, , 1981, 1990, , 1987).

,
, .
, ,
, ,
.

,
, ,
.
,
.
,
.
, .

,

27

 . , ,
.

.
8 , .
, .

(. 15).

15. .

:
) ,
) ,
) ,
) ,
) ,
) ,
.
,
. ,
, (. 16).

28

 16. .

, ,
.
, , ,

.
, :
1. , ,
.
2.
, ,
.
3.
.
, ,
, .
,
.

.

,
.

29


. ,
, ,

. ,
, ,
.
,

() ,
. 1,5
2 .
1-10 , 2
, 15-20 1,4 1,8
.
. ,
, ,
. ,
15%.
, .
,
.
,
.
, .
.
.
.
,
.

,
(. 15, 16). 30%,
30

 .
1-3 , ,
.
.


.

.
.
.

. .

.
,

.
:
1. ( ).
2. .
3. (
, ),
(
).
4. (
).
5. (. 17, 18).
6. ,
.
7. - .
,

31

(. 19) (, 1986, , 1983, , 1981 1990, ,

1987).

17, 18. Varroa destructor .

19. Varroa destructor .

32

 20. .

21. .

33

. ,
,
.

,
.
:

.
24
.
.
, 50-85%
.
:
,
.

. 10 ,
.
:
.

.

.
.
.
100 30%.

, .
, %
100 .

34


.
,
. , ,
, . 20
100 50
.

,

,
.

.
.

,
, ,
. Apis cerana,
, .
,
. ,
. ,
, ,
. .
,
. Apis cerana

Apis mellifera.

99,6% 10 .

.
35

 97%. Apis mellifera

0,3% . Apis mellifera
,
. ,
, , Apis mellifera
. Apis
mellifera
.
,
.
,
,
.
, ,
,

. ,
,
,
.

.
,
,
,
, ,
.

, ,
. ,

( )
.
36

 ,
,
,
,
. : )
, ,
() , ,
)
, 14
,
,
.
,

( ,
...)
.
,

.

, .
, ,
, .

37

1. -

.
.
.
, ,
.
,
, , ,
.
, . ,
.

.
.

.

:

.
.
.
, . ,
,
.
,
.
.
.
.
,
.

38

 . 18
. ,
.
16

( & , 2001).
.
. 12
.
.

.
.
,
.

.

,
. ,
.
20 ,
( & , 2001).
. (,
22) 18 .

. , ,
.
,
. 18

(Ruttner & Koeniger, 1979, Santas, et. al., 1983).

39

 22. .

.
,
,
.
,


.
:
i) .

.
.
ii)
.
.


.
iii)

.
20
.

40

 . .
, 16
Varroa destructor
.
. (,
) . ,
(, )
. (, , ,
, , , ) (>
75%) (> 10%).
(, , )
.
, , -, , , 1,8-
( .., 2002).
, .
,
. ,
, .

. , .
,
.

.
.
,

&

, 2001).
Apiguard. Apiguard gel
12 g . ,


15 C.
41

96,6% , 93,4%.
Apiguard .

,
. ,
( ..,
2002).
ApilifeVAR. ApilifeVAR ,
76% , 16,4% , 3,8% 3,8% .
.
(95,2%) 18 C,
24 12 .
(90,7%) ,
12 . (83,1%)
18 C, 24
, 12 .
( &
, 2002).
. 15%
, 96,6%,
.
.

.
, 24 , .
.

. 15%,
, ,
. , , (> 25 C)
(, .., 2002).
.
.

42

 (80-95%), (
), .
. 100 g 10 g
100 g .
5 cm3, - ,
. 45-50
cm3, 20-25.
. .
100 C . 29
200,15 cm, 22 g 65%
. 4 , 4
.
,
.
120 , .
. ,
,
.
2.
. 40 C
44-45 C 4-5
. .
, ,
. .
3.
. ,
. 6 4
.
. ,

.

43

 .
. ,
, . , ,
,
, , .

, .
, ,
.
.
, .

( & , 2001).
4.

.
. ,
,
.
:
, , 3-5
.
,
.
.

, .
,
5-6 .

.
, .

44

 .

5-6 . ,
.
,
, .
- .

. .
.
:
.
,
,
.

.
. ,
.
,
. ,
( &
, 2001).
5.

.

. ,
.
:
i)
.
..
45


.
ii)

.
iii)
.
fluvalinate,
flumethrin coumaphos.
,
.

,
.


' :
1.
. 45
.
2.
.
3. , ,
.
4.
.
,
, , .

, istan.
5.
, ,

46

 .
6.
.

.
.
. 45
.
7.
.
:
Apistan. PVC 25x3 cm,
Fluvalinate. 8 g 800 mg
. (. 23),
, 3-4 7-8.
4-8 , .

23. Apistan.

.
.
.

47

Perizin. 3,2% Coumaphos.

. 10
ml. 500 ml .
30-50 ml , (.
24). 2 7
, .

24. Perizin.

Perizin,
, ,
, ,
.
Perizin
21/199 (3chloro-4methylumbeliferase-O,Odiethyl-triophosphare)
.
50 ml
.
,

(Moritz, 1980, & Ritter, 1983, Ruttner, et. al., 1980, Santas, 1984).

coumaphos.
48

ayvarol.

(PVC)

252,5

flumethrin.
, ,
3-4 7-8. 4-8 ,
. flumethrin
.
Check Mite+. To Check Mite+ ()
,
. ,
- - , 42
. Check Mite+
(, 2004):
coumaphos
Check Mite+.
.
coumaphos

.

.
, 103
, , 100mg/kg,
.


coumaphos .


42 .

90% 12 15
: )
14 42 , )

49

 4-5 6-7 )
.
,
.
Asuntol 50. BAYER.
, ,---(3-4--7-).
,
.
,

Varroa destructor.
Asuntol 50.
Asuntol 50 :
i. .
0,05 o/oo ,
Asuntol
.
ii. ,
,
Asuntol,
, .
Asuntol 0,5o/oo 2,5o/oo
.
iii. .
3
.
iv.

.
, 99,46%
.
v. (Santas, et. al., 1983, ,
1983, Santas, 1984).
50

. , ,
,
.
. 2
:
) : 1 g 5% 1 kg
' .
40-60 g .
) : 20 g 5% 980 g .
2 g .
,
,
24 .
, , 6
8 , .
,

.

2 g .
,
,

.

,
, .
,
,
, .
3-4 5-6
.

.
51

 ,
.
. 50%,
.
, , 1 ml
( ).
.
(, 1990).
o. .
. ,
5%,

,
. .
:
, .
, .
.

, , 0,15 g. ,

. ,
,
.
.
. .
(7 1 5% )
, .
1 cm 10x5 cm.
10 3 .
. g
5% 1 kg (100 g
900 g ).
.
52

. 3 .

. , ,
. 7
(Pelekasis, et al., 1979 1981, Ifantidis, 1981, Santas, 1983).
6.

, , , ,
. (Sammataro
Needham, 1996):
.
,
.

.
, , ,

.

, .
, .
,
.

, ,
.
.
.
) Sammataro Needham, 1996.
:

53

.
.
.
, .
.
:
( )
.
,
.

.
- ( ):
.
.
, .
,
, . ,
.
) Calderone, 1999.
:
. .
.

. 6
. ,
.
: .
. ,
.
6 .
.

54

,

. ,


.

.
,

.

.

.

.

.
,
,
(, 2003).

55


1. Varroa destructor (,
, ), (,
, ).
2. .
3.
, .
.
4. , ,
.
5. 12-14 ,
.
6. ,
,
.
7. ,
, ,

.
8. ,
.
9. ,
,
.
10. ,
, 13-15 ,
. ,
,

.
11.
,
.
56

 ,
. ,

.
fluvalinate, flumethrin,
coumaphos.
12.
:
) ,
)
) ,
.

57

1. , 1987.
.
2. , ., , ., 2001.
.
, 15 (9): 396-400.
3. , . ., 1986. . .
4. , ., 2004. coumafos
Check Mite strips 10%. 2
-, , 75-78.
5. , ., 1983. , .
6. ,

.,

2003.

, 17 (4): 215-217.
7. , ., , ., 2002.
ApilifeVAR. 1
-, , 398-405.
8. ,

.,

.,

.,

2002.

,
. 1 , , 383-395.
9. , . ., 1993. , -, . , 25-121, 144-173.
10. , ., , ., , ., , ., 2002.
APIGUARD
. 1
-, , 396-397.
11. , . ., , . ., , . ., 1978. .
. 23: 1-7.
12. , . ., 1981. ,
25: 1-20.
13. , . ., , . ., 1983.
. 2 1558

17 1983. (14.15): 14-17, 1984. ,

. 80-91, 1985.
14. , . ., 1983. .
(2,3):28-29.
15. , . ., Ritter, W., 1983. FOLBEX-VA
.
, (20-21): 3-5.
16. , . ., 1984. , .
17. , . ., 1990. , .
18. , ., , ., , ., , ., 2002.

. 1 , , 439-450.
19. , . ., ., 1983.
.
, 15-17
1983, 106-110.
20. , . ., 1987. . , .

21. Calderone, N., 1999. Varroa mites: A seasonal plan for managing this pest. Bee
World, Volume 127(11), 20-25.
22. Ifantidis, . D., 1981. Malathion als Kontaktmittel zur bekmpfung der Varroamilbe. Intern. Symposium ber Diagnose und Therapie der Varroatose, Oberusel,
29/9 - 1/10/1980, 144-149 Apimondia. Bukuresti.
23. Moritz, ., 1980. Altersabhnginge empfindlichkeit von Varroa jacobsoni
Oudemans gegen -79 (Chlrordimeformhydrochlorid), Intern. Symposium und
Therapie der Varroatose, Oberusel, Bad Homburg, 29/9 - 1/10/1980.
24. Pelekasis, K. D., Santas, L. ., mmanuel, N. G., 1979. Varroa disease in Greece
(Distribution, Morphology-Control measures). XXVIIth Intern. Congr. off
Apiculture of Apimondia 359-365 Apimondia publishing House, Bukuresti,
Romania.
25. Pelekasis, K. D., Santas, L. ., mmanuel, N. G., 1981. Vorlufige unders
59

chungen ber die Wirksamkeit einer Malathion-behandlung und einer einrichtung

zur langsamen abgbe von S02 gegen die Griechenland. Inter. Symposium ber
Diagnose und Therapie Varroatose, Oberusel 29/9-1/10/1980, 127-139 Apimondia,
Bukuresti.
26. Prost, P. J., 1980. -
, , .132-160.
27. Ruttner, F., Koeniger, ., 1979. Experiments to eliminate Varroa mites by
biological methods. 27

th

Intern. Congr. of Apiculture of Apimondia, 366-368.

Apimondia Publishing House, Romania.

28. Ruttner, F., Ritter, W., Gutz, W., 1980. Chemotherapie der Varroatose ber die
Hamolymphe der Honigbiene. D 14(5) 160-166.
29. Ritter, W., Delaitre, ., Ifantidis, ., 1983. Use of Folbex VA in smoker to control
Varroa disease. n proceeding of Intern., Congr. of Apiculture of Apimondia,
Budapest, Hungary, 25-31 August 1983.
30. Ritter, W., Eyrich, U., Jehle, ., 1987. Distribution of L (CIBA-GEIGY) a
systemic active drug in colonies treated in topical and in feed application.
Intern. Congr. of Apicultural of Apimondia, held in Warsaw, Poland, August 1925, 1987 Abst, 111-112.
31. Sammataro, D., Needham, G., 1996. Parasitic mites of honeybees; Life history,
implications and impact. Annual Reviews of Entomology, Volume 45, 519-548.
32. Sammataro, D., Gerson, U., Needham, G., 2000. Developing an integrated pest
management (IPM) scheme for managing parasitic bee mites, American Bee
Journal, Volume 136(6), 440-443.
33. Santas, L. ., mmanuel, N. G., Pelekasis, K. D., 1983. The present status and
further developments n control of Varroa disease in Greece. n proceeding of
Intern. Congr. of Apiculture Apimondia, Budapest, Hungary, 25-31 August.
34. Santas, L. ., 1983. Winter treatment with Folbex V against Varroa disease In
Greece. n Proceeding of Intern. Congr. of Apiculture of Apimondia
Budapest. Hungary, 25-31 August 1983.
35. Santas, L. ., 1983. Varroa disease in Greece and its control with Malathion. n
proceedings of the meeting of the EC Experts Group Varroa jacobsoni Ouds.
Affecting Honey bees Present Status and needs 73-76, Wageningen, 7-9 February.
36. Santas, L. ., 1984. Preliminary of data n using Asuntol (R) 50 against Varroa
disease. APIACTA (2) 33-37.
60

37. Schmid, N. J., 1985. L (R) a new acaridice with systematic activity against
Varroa, Ciba-Geigy AG, Switzerland.
38. Schmid, N. J., 1986. New trends in Apitol development a product for the control of
varroa mites. Varroa-Workshop held in Feldafing/Starnberg, August 24-26, 1986.

61