UNIVERSITY OF SZCZECNSK

HUMANSTC FACULTY
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS UNIT

INTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATION AND MEDIATION


WHAT IS THE ROLE OF UNITED NATION IN AFGHAN
WAR FOR NEGOTIATION AND MEDIATION



Barbara PATLEWICZ



Ltf NAM






SZCZECIN
2014









What is the Role of the United Nations in Afghanistan War for
International Negotiation and Mediation

One of the main organizations of the United Nations aim is to ensure international peace . In
recent years, the experiences of the United Nations in a way more intense than before the
construction of peace -that will strengthen peace -building efforts and to reinforce the focus
on infrastructure has caused . Experience gained , lasting peace , but social justice, respect for
human rights , good governance and economic development of the countries with democratic
processes can be achieved by helping the shows . No institution is necessary for attaining that
objective international experience , qualification, ability to coordinate and unbiased attitude of
the United Nations does not have more . The United Nations in East Timor and Kosovo
peace-building tasks as well as it does ; Central African Republic , Guinea-Bissau , Liberia
and Tajikistan has established offices in support of peace to people .
The Security Council, General Assembly and the General Secretariat plays a complementary
role in ensuring peace and security . Activities of the United Nations conflict prevention ,
mediation , peacekeeping , and peace building as the main areas of application are covered .
To be effective, this type of commitment and overlapping of work must be done
simultaneously .

Security Councl

Which serve as an international agreement of the United Nations Charter, the member states
to endanger international peace and security issues to be solved in a peaceful way obliges.
These states are a threat and use of force against other states should be avoided. States have
the right to bring issues to the Security Council.

Security Council of the United Nations responsible for ensuring peace and security is the
competent authority. Pursuant to the Agreement, member states must adopt and implement
the decisions of the Council. The recommendations of other United Nations bodies, including
the Council's decision has no binding character; but expressed the opinion of the international
community can influence the situation.

When the disputes brought before the Council, the Council, usually the parties to resolve this
dispute peacefully warns. The Council may make recommendations for reaching a peaceful
solution; may appoint special representatives; Play the role of the Secretary-General may
request in good faith; launched an investigation and make mediation.

If the conflict comes to the size of the dispute as soon as the Council tries to put an end to it.
Most times larger than the Council of hostilities cease-fire instructions to avoid data. The
Council, in order to support the peace process in the conflict zone may send observers or
peacekeepers.

VII of the Treaty. Department of the Council, the necessary measures to give effect to the
decision-making authority data. Fulfillment of orders and to ensure that the embargo may
impose sanctions or peacekeeping forces can engage.

VII. In accordance with Section Council, all the way to the blockage of the peace, a threat that
concluded the peace, breach of or aggressive attitude to continue in the event of the member
states, regional organizations or embodiments joint use of military force may permit.

Again VII. In accordance with Section Council, including genocide, serious violations of
international human rights accused can establish an international tribunal to judge people.

General Councl

The United Nations Charter (Article 11) to the General Assembly "international peace and
security for the protection of the cooperation of the general principles of the review" and these
principles in accordance with the member states as well as the Security Council advise
"authorization data. Board consensus on thorny issues, which enables the solution of problems
as a forum for bringing together side carries. In this context, to support the preservation of
peace, disarmament, Palestine and Afghanistan has made on issues such as special and
extraordinary sessions.

Peace and security issues, the General Assembly First (Disarmament and International
Security) and the Fourth Committee (Political and Termination of colonialism) in the opinion
of the Committee. Established over the years by the publication of the declaration of peace
between nations to maintain peaceful relations disputes to be resolved in a peaceful manner
and has helped international cooperation.

Founded in 1980 in San Jos (Costa Rica), issues related to peace studies and conduct
research, provide information to an international institution, which has approved the
establishment of the University of Peace.

Assembly on September 21 each year as the World Day of Peace was declared.

Conflict Prevention

Dispute and conflict re-igniting the conflict to come to the size of the main strategies in
preventing, protecting diplomacy, preventive deployment and preventive disarmament
Madiran military.

Preventive diplomacy, to take measures to prevent the escalation of disputes, conflicts or
resolve conflicts before they become when the means to prevent the spread. Mediation,
conciliation or negotiation may be through. Early warning, prevention is an important part of
the United Nations international peace and security threats against the elements to identify the
world's political and other developments followed, and this circumstance Security Council
and the Secretary General of the protective actions execute is provided.

Delegates and the special representative of the Secretary-General of mediation and preventive
diplomacy work all over the world engages. Some distressed areas the presence of a
competent special representative may prevent escalation. This task is usually carried out in
cooperation with regional organizations.

Preventive diplomacy and preventive deployment of military forces protecting
complementing elements of Madiran disarm. Preventive deployment of military force - to
avoid potential conflicts of peacekeepers to be deployed - tense areas to prevent conflicts by
building trust aims to create a fine line. The examples in this issue of the United Nations, FYR
Macedonia and Central Africa are in the mission. Preventive deployment of military forces in
other conflicts are also taken into account and is an important option.

Preventive disarmament, conflict areas conducive to yararyneli to reduce the number of light
weapons. In this respect, El Salvador and Mozambique, as part of an overall peace agreement
has been demobilized combatant forces, weapons collected were destroyed. Prior to the
destruction of the weapons prevents their use in future battles.

Ensuring of Peace

Ensuring peace, putting an end to hostilities between the parties disputed provision and for a
peaceful solution to the dispute through diplomatic means use of. The United Nations could
take control of the conflict, to solve and has developed various methods that can examine the
roots. The Security Council can recommend several ways to resolve the dispute or the
Secretary General may request mediation. Secretary-General of the negotiation process to
ensure continued support and quickly found some diplomatic initiatives.

As well as personal representative of the Secretary-General and the research has an important
role through commissions. Pursuant to the Agreement, the Secretary-General may threaten the
maintenance of international peace and security that can each bring to the attention of the
Security Council.

Secretary-General to assist the resolution of disputes by mediation or good offices mission to
implement preventive diplomacy can follow the path. The impartiality of the Secretary-
General of the United Nations is one of the largest value. In many cases, the Secretary
General of threats to peace and a peace treaty in turn has been instrumental in providing.

Secretary-General in 1988; Between Iran and Iraq at the end of the war that erupted in 1980,
which led to this action is an example. The Secretary General and his representatives to
mediate in Afghanistan that resulted in the withdrawal of Soviet troops from the country in
1988 has paved the way for the deal. Cambodia, Central America, the Middle East,
Mozambique and Namibia in various ways how a mediator role of the Secretary-General
underlines that.

Securty of Peace

Sixty years ago, on May 29, the United Nations Security Council has launched the first
peacekeeping operation. In the intervening 60 years, also known as Blue Berets of the
peacekeeping mission, the UN has become one of the most recognizable activities. Today,
about 110 thousand male and female staff from 120 countries with conflicts in various regions
of the world are on duty. These numbers are of the belief that the UN us and showing the
culmination of demand. Personnel serving in peacekeeping big or small, rich or poor, or even
later freed from the conflict comes from many countries. These people came together to keep
the peace with them and experience the different cultures carry. Military personnel
peacekeeping forms part of, a portion of the non. Tasks are increasingly goes beyond
observation, are becoming a beacon of hope for people.

Working Peacekeeper
Peacekeeping is training police officers; is disarming warring parties; provides support in the
elections; contribute to the creation of public institutions. Also, is building bridges; repairing
schools; is helping the victims; exposure to sexual violence prevents women; protecting
human rights; encourages gender equality. They can be delivered to those in need through
humanitarian aid, economic development can be the first steps.

Many peacekeeping operation successfully completed in 2007 continued to be hope for the
people: to ensure security and stability in Liberia, UNMIL has contributed; UN peacekeepers
in Haiti working with the Haitian National Police are in control of the mobs once helped
provide security in cities; Timor-Leste (East Timor) UNMIT presidential and parliamentary
elections led to the successful enforcement; With the restructuring of UNIFIL in South
Lebanon was relatively calm spent a year; Temporary UN administration in Kosovo was the
ninth anniversary. Also, a very positive development in addition to their more signatures were
taken.

Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon's efforts for global peace will continue uninterrupted.
Finally, for a solution to the humanitarian tragedy in Darfur weighed. Visiting South Sudan
peace prevail across the country to the entire international community has stressed the need to
support fully. As a result of all these efforts with the African Union hybrid peacekeeping
force to Darfur, the UN first began to deploy. These developments hold delicate peace to life
the importance of cooperation between the UN and regional organizations, has once again
revealed.

However, an important consideration for all of these advances are paid well. 60 years, more
than 2 thousand 400 men and women sacrificed their lives in the name of peacekeeping. Just
this past year peacekeeping personnel who lost their lives 87 the number found. To celebrate
the 60th anniversary of Peace Corps life, keep peace at the expense of UN personnel are also
respectfully commemorate.

Needing Support of Member Countries

In recent years, the need for peacekeepers, the face of peacekeeping operations, and policies
that would radically change the structure of a qualification gained.

Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon under the auspices initiated restructuring efforts within the
framework of the office the relevant units as well as peacekeeping operations are carried out
in areas where activities disputes timely and effective intervention to allow the re-configured.
UN activities have now turned into a human tragedy of the conflict can be removed from the
focused on.

To help us achieve this goal, the UN's preventive diplomacy, peace, ensuring the preservation
of peace and peacebuilding able to play a full role in the field should provide. UN's preventive
diplomacy and peace-building for sustainable through enhancing the capacity of the
international community to intervene more effectively to conflicts and will have the
opportunity to find long-term solutions.

Therefore, it is imperative that the support of the UN member countries . 60th anniversary of
the UN peacekeeping force in the international community at the expense of life keep peace
with these brave people must continue to pay the debt of gratitude , his support for the UN's
peace efforts must continue uninterrupted . However, the agreement envisaged in the UN safe
in doing so , developed and respectful of human rights can step into a world .
Today's conflicts demonstrate a rather complex structure . Roots can be based on mainly
domestic reasons . However, for various reasons, other states may result in cross-border
interventions . Africa to buy weapons in illicit trade of natural resources such as diamonds
occur as a result of how terrible it is laid bare . In addition, conflicts, illegal arms trafficking,
terrorism, drug trafficking, refugee flows and reasons such as environmental degradation can
be quickly acquired an international dimension .

United Nations where they have operations in the resolution of disputes through the universal
nature offers unique advantages. This contributes to the legitimacy of the universal
characteristics and the host country's sovereignty will prevent the emergence of negative
consequences in terms. Located peacekeeping troops out of the conflict, joint efforts for peace
by opening doors otherwise will remain closed while taking global attention to local issues
also encourages negotiations between the warring parties.

The mission success for the parties' differences in a peaceful way to resolve sincerely wishes,
peacekeeping tasks and responsibilities of the net as the determination of the international
community's strong political support and campaign objectives to reach the necessary financial
and human resources to provide is required.

This support may also require the commitment of non-state elements. Lately ongoing conflicts
in Africa for the sake of financial gain inner turmoil has shown that the exploitation. Yet at
the same time, private capital injection if it is coordinated with international efforts to
establish peace after conflict can provide an important contribution to economic recovery.

The international community has learned lessons from past operations in many areas and to
strengthen the capacity of the United Nations peacekeeping is working. A detailed report
published in 2000 as a reform bill which was chaired by Ambassador Lakhdar Brahimi Panel
presented at the General Secretariat of the Peace Operation.

Security Council and other organizations, strengthening of emergency aid facilities,
increasing the rate of troop deployments, peacekeeping and strengthening of the deterrent
force of the full political and financial support from member states, such as the provision
gives priority to urgent matters.

Operations can be carried out in different ways. In the light of evolving circumstances
enacting constantly innovating application. Peace operations over the years among the tasks
performed are:

Cease-fire and Separation of each of conflicting forces: a comprehensive action Dar
breathing even when the parties will recognize can be an opportunity for the initiation of
negotiations.

Preventive deployment of military force: Conflict outbreak deployed peacekeeping
contributing to restore confidence and ensure transparency of political progress.

Providing protection to humanitarian operations: Many conflicts, the civilian population is
being targeted deliberately to achieve political results. In such cases, the protection of
peacekeeping operations and humanitarian aid from the deck were requested me; but this kind
of peacekeeping tasks can be put in a difficult position politically and could pose a threat to
their safety.

Comprehensive peace agreement implementation of: Comprehensive peace agreement
implemented in practice for the purpose of humanitarian action, human rights monitoring unit
creation, elections supervised done and economic restructuring in the areas relevant UN
support to countries give.

The problems encountered in these matters, and acquired a new identity is always changing, it
is important to maintain the faith of the international community and using resources in the
best way to find creative solutions for peace.

Task of Unted Naton for Negotaton and Medaton
Cooperation with Regional Organizations

United Nations Treaty Section 7 of the power vested in the United Nations and regional
organizations in the quest for peace while increasing cooperation with other elements and
mechanisms operate. In the former Yugoslavia to the European Union, Libya and Sierra
Leone, the West African States Economic Community with and Western Sahara, the Great
Lakes Region, Sierra Leone, Ethiopia-Eritrea and Darfur in Sudan, the African Union with the
(Au ) worked together.

United Nations military observers in Libya, Sierra Leone, Georgia and Tajikistan have
collaborated with the regional organizations peacekeepers.

The United Nations human rights in the former Yugoslavia general election support,
mediation for peace and economic development in the areas of the Council of Europe and the
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) have worked together. UN
hybrid mission in Kosovo, brought together the European Union and the OSCE

Enforcement Measures

Security Council under Chapter 7 of the Treaty, to maintain international peace and security
and can take measures to improve enforcement. These measures of economic sanctions
international covers a wide range of military operations.

Sanctions

Council, where peace is threatened and diplomatic efforts failed to apply sanctions in cases
where it is necessary as a means of execution. In the last decade, Iraq, the former Yugoslavia,
Libya, Haiti, Liberia, Rwanda, Somalia, Angola, the UNITA forces, Sudan, Sierra Leone, the
former Yugoslavia Federal Republic (Kosovo including), Afghanistan, Ethiopia, and Eritrea
sanctions was applied. Sanctions, comprehensive economic and trade sanctions or arms
embargoes, travel bans, financial or diplomatic restrictions have been applied in certain areas,
such as.

The purpose of the sanctions pressure on a state or creating a formation without the need to
use force established by Security Council is to achieve the goal of peace. So I decided to
Council sanctions are an important tool in the exercise of their. Universal structure of the
United Nations, it is especially suitable for the application of sanctions put in place and makes
an organ.

Meanwhile, many states and humanitarian aid organization, sanctions, civil society, the
elderly, the disabled, refugees and the most vulnerable sections of society such as mothers
with children in the creation of possible negative side effects are voicing their concern.
Economic, social and even political impact of sanctions created, sanctioned trade and
economic relations between the state and other states also economically cut will adversely
affect said.

In this context, an increasingly common practice in the blood sanctions in accordance with
plans and new methods must be developed. The negative effects of sanctions on humanitarian
issues or exceptions to be specified directly in the decisions of the Security Council or
reduced by better identification of targets of sanctions. Instead of aiming to put pressure on
the ruling power of the people and thus reduce the human cost of "smart sanctions" now
began to see more support. Smart sanctions, for example, the freezing of financial assets and
outstanding or due to unlawful behavior triggered the sanctions in the form of block parties
may make financial transactions.

Authorization for Military Force

VII of the Agreement. Pursuant to Part mediation is unsuccessful, the case studies to the
member states are given the authority to take stronger action. The Security Council, Iraq's
invasion of Kuwait, Kuwait's sovereignty to protect from (1991); Humanitarian work in
Somalia to prepare for a more secure environment (1992); Contribute to the protection of
civilians in Rwanda (1994); Democratically elected government in Haiti to protect the head
(1994); Protect humanitarian work in Albania (1997); and to maintain peace and security in
East Timor, as did the coalition forces consisting of member states to put an end to the
conflict, including military action, 'all necessary paths' may give the authorization to use.

Of this operation, although it is considered by the Security Council fully under the control of
the participating states. With the approval of the Security Council by the Secretary General of
the United Nations peace operations were not managed.

Buld of Peace

For the United Nations peacebuilding, countries and regions to support their transition into a
state of war and peace will strengthen efforts refers to actions and programs covering.
Peacebuilding process normally previously at war with the parties sign a peace treaty and the
United Nations has undertaken to facilitate the application starts to roll. This is to overcome
the challenges cling to guns instead of resorting to mutual negotiations to ensure that the UN's
role includes an ongoing diplomatic.

On the other hand the military forces as peacekeepers determination, of refugees repatriation
and community reintegration, elections to avoid, disarmament, military demobilization or
reintegration such as the many different types of housing in the support given to express. On
the basis of the concept of peacebuilding capacity to resolve disputes in a peaceful manner,
which is protecting civilians and respecting basic human rights and new laws are a state-
building efforts.

Peace building, the World Bank, and other regional economic organizations, non-
governmental organizations (NGOs) and local citizens' groups, including the actions of many
organizations in the United Nations system is. Peace building of the United Nations in
Kosovo, Timor-Leste (formerly East Timor), Cambodia, El Salvador, Guatemala,
Mozambique, Liberia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Sierra Leone operations in has come
forward. Between states of the United Nations peacebuilding efforts is the latest example of
the UN Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea.

Election Support

Namibiya of the United Nations in 1989, which resulted in the liberation of a policy by
checking the selection process was signed. Since then, the United Nations, at the request of
the government, Nicaragua and Haiti (1990), in Angola (1992), in Cambodia (1993), El
Salvador, South Africa and in Mozambique (1994), Eastern Slavonia (Croatia ) and in Liberia
(1997) and in the Central African Republic (1998 and 1999) gave support to the elections.
Also in 1993, in Eritrea in a referendum supervised made in 1999, in East Timor, the
plebiscite and East Timor Timor Leste declared independence, which resulted in 2001 and
2002 elections were organized and conducted.

The degree and type of intervention by the United Nations to demand of the government, to
the requirements of the peace agreement, or the General Assembly and the Security Council
will vary according to the orders. The United Nations, with the technical support of the
electoral process to the actual administration has undertaken various roles. In many cases,
such as the United Nations in general and coordinate the work of international observers.
These observers voter rolls, the election campaign and polling arrangements will follow.

Political Affairs Division of the Electoral Assistance Office 1992 since the UN system in the
selection support coordinator takes over the role from over 85 countries, consultancy services
, logistics , education, civics, computer usage and short-term observer in such diverse species
selection support has given . In recent years, through the UN Electoral Assistance Office as
part of the peace negotiations call is made to guide the selection process . United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP ) provides technical support to the electoral process , help
to institutionalize in the selection of countries , mostly UN electoral support and coordinate
the work . United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights to help the
training of election officials , provides guidance on the drafting of electoral laws , and
informative activities on human rights and elections are conducted .

United Nations operation in FYROM exemplifies a successful protective troop deployments.
Concerned that it will be drawn into the conflict in Yugoslavia, the country in question has
requested the UN to appoint observers. The Security Council agreed to the demand and the
country's peacekeeping force has led to the Albanian border. For the prevention of conflict
that the United Nations create a 1,100-strong peacekeeping force (UNPREDEP) or that could
threaten the country's security forces to disrupt stability in the border areas to monitor
developments were stationed. Countries have repeatedly requested an extension of the
mission. Until 1999, the military continued to deploy mission is exemplary protective

Organization of African Unity (OAU) in 1963, first as a new independent States of Africa
unity, solidarity and international co-operation was established to provide; In 10 July 2002
African Union (AU) was restructured by name. Located in central Ethiopia has 53 members
and institutions of the Union in the European Union (EU) is based on the model.
Build of Peace with Development Polcy

Apply for the United Nations to consolidate peace is to support the development of the most
important methods. UNDP, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), World Food
Programme (WFP) and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 's
including the many organizations, who have been displaced helping people and national and
local institutions against re-build trust in order to ensure significant the roles.

United Nations refugees to return to their homeland, to be cleared of landmines, sub-structure
to be repaired, to mobilize resources and help the economic recovery triggered. The greatest
enemy of development militant, the best form of conflict prevention is a healthy and balanced
development.

United Nations Peace Effort for Afghanistan

The United Nations, the Taliban in Afghanistan, page opening of the civil war in
Afghanistan captured a large part of the country and the capital, Kabul dates back to
September 1995 taken. President Rabbani northernmost Burhannu holding the "Northern
Alliance" na escapes from participating countries. Security Council and the General
Assembly, former president of Afghanistan and his brother four years ago Nacibullah taken
refuge from the UN building in Kabul, abduction and barbaric execution of the condemned in
October 1996.

The Security Council again the Afghan conflict create a fertile ground for terrorism and drug
trafficking expresses its concern. Continuing Conflict, Secretary-General of Algeria in 1997,
former Secretary of State as special envoy to Afghanistan Lakhdar Brahimi throws. In
October, Brahmi, political relations Assistant Secretary General for Afghanistan with
bordering countries (China, Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) and the
United States and Russia formed by the "six plus two" group, which was attended by a
number of informal meetings are held.

Kenya's capital Nairobi and Tanzania's capital Dar-es Salaam embassies in the United States
held on August 7, 1998 terrorist bomb attacks claimed the lives of hundreds of people would.
The Council passed resolution 1193 in Afghanistan, his concern over the continuing presence
of terrorist repeats. Council on 8 December 1214 that takes no decision, the Taliban no longer
hosts international terrorists and their organizations and to give them training and guilty of all
Afghan groups to cooperate to bring to justice the terrorists want. It comes to responding to
the call of the Taliban in Afghanistan as a result of the application of sanctions is started.

Council on October 22, among them children under the age of 14, where the non-Afghan
Taliban thousands of people in clashes take place in stages from the deep sorrow about the
report explains. Council forced displacement of the civilian population, mass executions, ill-
treatment and arbitrary detention of civilians, violence against women and girls, and deeply
concerned about reports that the indiscriminate bombing of action. Iranian Consulate in
Mazar-e-Taliban kidnap and murder of Iranian diplomats and a journalist are also discussed.
UN, especially in areas under Taliban control plants produced significantly increased drug
cultivation, production and trafficking of such substances is extremely uncomfortable explain
and want to put an end to such illegal action.

The Taliban's religious intolerance is largely condemned. In March 2001, the Taliban, Bambi,
located in the valley and one of the world's largest Buddha statue carved from sandstone
statue of Buddha about 1,300 years old can blow two. Humanitarian staff baseless "immoral
behavior" crimes are subjected to harassment and ill-treatment. In May, an Indian Muslim
women with veils as both sexes who want to shut down an edict issued and all Muslims are
told to put labels indicating their identity. In August, eight international aid workers and after
the arrest of "Christian Propaganda", claiming they are removed.

In the same period, ie, 11 September 2001 Bin Laden is the leader of Al Qaeda members in
the United States missed four passenger aircraft, two of New York's World Trade Centre, the
capital of one the Pentagon and a fourth passenger terrorists to stop work falls on an empty
field in Pennsylvania. The nearly 3,000 people lost their lives in the terrorist attack. In the
days following the attacks, the U.S. government the Taliban, Bin Laden and submission to
stop terrorist activities in Afghanistan, stating that otherwise would organize an intensive
military operation gives an ultimatum. Taliban rejects U.S. demand.

Military Actions: U.S. and UK on October 7, the Taliban's military targets and rocket
attacks on Bin Laden's training camps in Afghanistan began editing. After two weeks into the
bombing of the U.S. Army was dispatched to the region. In December, the Afghan militia
soldiers, with the support of the American bombardment of Osama bin Laden and Al Qaeda
forces in eastern Afghanistan on the border with Pakistan suspected of hiding in Tora Bora
region began to organize violent attacks.

Security Council September 11 in the following weeks, the country's terrorist base to be used
as permitted and Osama Bin Laden a safe haven for providing the re-condemn the Taliban
regime undermine the efforts of Afghan public support has announced.

Secretary General of the General Assembly in October on terrorism organized a one-week
special session by pointing out: "Everyone against terrorism, to win the war is necessary will
and resources to mobilize calling terror victims ignored should not." He said, and the
international community, 7.5 million to meet the humanitarian needs of Afghan civilians and
U.S. $ 584 million was requested to supply.

The UN, as well as to establish a broad-based and comprehensive Afghan government to
establish a dialogue between the parties continued to work. Member states of the UN in
Afghanistan and in neighboring states to support humanitarian work in refugee camps
established pledged. On November 27, UNDP, the World Bank and the Asian Development
Bank in Islamabad in support of the conference began to rebuild Afghanistan. Focusing on
immediate and long-term needs in a later conference was held in Berlin in early December.

Provisional Regulations: Meanwhile, the Northern Alliance; Mazar-i-Sharif, Herat and
Kabul has ensured the defeat of the Taliban entering. UN in Bonn in late November, the
Afghan political leaders held a meeting of the invention. On the last day of the meeting on
December 5, also found in the four groups of the Northern Alliance, the government will
cover the period until the establishment of the transitional arrangements agreed. As a first
step, the Afghan Interim Government was formed.

Security Council Resolution 1386 on 20 December 2001, the Government's decision to
provide security in and around Kabul to assist the International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) has approved the establishment. On December 22, President Rabbani Management
which is recognized by international public power established in Bonn Afghan President
Hamid Karzai-led government handed them over to the new temporary. Brahmi, went to
Kabul to support the new Afghan government, and the first ISAF troops were shipped into the
country.

Settle conflicts with WFP in December, six million people in the region for two months to
meet the food needs of 114,000 tons of food aid was a record. Nevertheless charity work for
the UN until December 20 of about 662 million U.S. dollars claimed, but the portion of U.S. $
358 million were collected. In January in Tokyo International Conference on Support to
Rebuild Afghanistan was held.

The Secretary General said at a conference on 21 December 2002 in his talk , the first for the
restructuring to be used for urgently 1.3 billion USD is needed , " application -ready" projects
to implement additional 376 million U.S. dollars to provide necessary and finally 10 expected
to be completed within the year of restructuring efforts in order to be complete, a total of 10
billion U.S. dollars announced that must be transferred to the relevant institutions . Projects
awaiting financial contribution of 1.5 million Afghan children to return to school within two
months there was provision of . 4.5 billion U.S. dollars of aid commitments given on the
Tokyo Conference noted quite a success . In the country there was a lot of space just waiting
to be rebuilt .

World Bank, UNDP and the Asian Development Bank in the initial assessment of
restructuring activities ; maternal and child mortality to reduce the basic health services, over
a million boys and girls in the school to be printed , food production increased rapidly in and
clean water supply , national urban management capacity re-establishment and development
on one hand, the existing energy system while maintaining emergency power support to
provide urban and rural employment, restructuring at the local level to ensure the return of
refugees and decided to create socio- economic environment .

Bonn Agreement, the first milestone on the same day of tribal leaders matters to adjudicate
come together for the traditional having a forum Extraordinary Loya Jirga (the bastard
language "Grand Council") for the collection of Special Independent Commission was the
establishment. Extraordinary Loya Jirga, to elect the head of transition management and
management structure and personnel at key points of the proposal would be approved. In
accordance with the Bonn Agreement, Loja Jirga, the establishment of free and fair elections
would be held within the next two years.

In December 2002, through the Security Council presidential statement after the fall of the
Taliban regime in Afghanistan, the positive changes announced his satisfaction. Sanctions
targeting Al-Qaeda and its supporters decided to reorganize according to the new realities.

Council, the Secretary-General on the recommendation on March 28 Bonn Agreement in the
context of human rights, rule of law and gender equality in areas such as the UN
responsibilities to fulfill the United Nations in Afghanistan Support Mission (UNAMA)
founded. The mission is managed by a special representative of the Secretary-General in
Afghanistan with the Provisional Government and its successor, the UN humanitarian co-
ordinate the work of all in when editing was also instigated the national peace.

Extraordinary election of members of the Loya Jirga began in April of 2002. The Afghan
people, as of May 1500 members will be selected to create a pool of 300 potential members
would choose from the region. Women's Loya Jirga special provisions regarding the
participation was made. Nine-day council, Hamid Karzai nominated to manage the country's
former king Zahir Shah of Afghanistan opened on June 11. On June 13, Hamid Karzai, who
will rule the country for two years, was elected president of the transitional government

A year later, on April 26, 2003, 35-member commission was established constitutional
inspections. To ascertain the views of Afghans in Afghanistan and abroad made public
consultations. The resulting draft constitution prepared, individual rights and liberties, form of
government, central government and local institutions separate powers, all Afghan citizens of
ensuring equality, the role of Islam, and linguistic and religious sects status issues such as
involved. Commission in October, the draft presented to the Loya Jirga. Were printed and
distributed in November. Loja Jirga, has decided to collect in 5 weeks.

Before the 2004 parliamentary and presidential elections in Afghanistan in December 2003 in
eight cities voter registration began. 29 December 2003 Loya Jirga in the draft constitution
was circulated from hand to hand in the general assembly. Loya Jirga reconciliation
committee deems appropriate changes of text containing previously, has significant powers of
the presidency and obtained a minimum number of female members of parliament formed
consisting of two legislative bodies led to the establishment. also; has codified the
fundamental human rights and incompatible with Islamic principles of national law calls
made.

Loja Jirga on 4 January 2004 there was agreement on the draft. On January 26, Dari-language
version of the bastard completely overlap with the signature of President Hamid Karzai of
Afghanistan after the constitution was formally adopted.

Disarmament: During the transition period, with the support of unmaa many obstacles that
arise in the process and the process to be suspended from time to time, despite continued
efforts to disarm. Mazar-i-Sharif on 18 July 2002 near three Afghan group under UN auspices
- the first held in Afghanistan is of such voluntary work - began to lay down arms. Unmake on
24 October 2003, in the northern province of Kunduz disarmament, reintegration of militias to
be disbanded and the program was officially launched.

Narcotc Control: Afghanistan towards the end of 1990, worldwide, 80 percent of the
opium used to make heroin as having had a reputation. Approximately 1 percent of total
arable land, ie 640 square kilometers, were allocated to poppy cultivation. In October 2003,
the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in Afghanistan issued a report meets about
three quarters of the world's opium, he said. Approximately 1.7 million Afghans-about 7
percent of the population - was working in this sector and poppy cultivated land had increased
by 8 percent compared to the previous year. In December 2003, Minister of Foreign Affairs of
Afghanistan, with UNODC drug control efforts met in Vienna to discuss the subject.

In the 2008 report of the International Narcotics Control Board of the drug problem in
Afghanistan seems to worsen.

In the areas of opium cultivation in Afghanistan despite the recession, 90 percent of global
illicit opium in the country in question is the origin. The INCB report, due to security
problems in Afghanistan in the fight against drugs is stated to serious problems. In the report,
the fight against drugs in the field of cutting more and more compromised they said.
2007/2008 harvest period, opium disposal team who lost their lives while working in a six-
fold increase compared to the old number has reached 78.

Only 10 percent of the targeted destruction of opium fields could be destroyed. Despite the
slow progress provided opium production dropped 19 percent. Despite the narrowing of the
total crop area, ncbuyuturuc all countries of the trade and influenced a large part of the
population, he says. Of the population is 1.4 percent of the opiate drugs of abuse as a serious
problem in Afghanistan, where drug use is starting to come up. The high volume of
smuggling of opium in both the countries concerned as well as from the expansion of
organized crime groups in neighboring countries, so a lot of corruption in social negativity
leads. This is one of the results in Iran in recent years the increase in the number of opiate
drug addicts. In the last few years, the Iranian world countries where opium type most
commonly used drugs.

However, opium production is far from the only problem. With the increase of the profits
ratio and in the production of jute cultivation has increased. INCB, the Afghan government to
end this situation and will provide from their legitimate livelihood of farmers to implement
new applications calling.

Afghanistan and the international community of heroin used in making acid anhydride
substance illegal purposes use in preventing the success INCB welcomed by, the production
of heroin and heroin used for the production side of the substances in the trafficking of the
increase is causing concern. INCB applicable succumbing to the belief that ineffective control
mechanisms. The INCB report from the government of Afghanistan, used to make heroin
smuggling of chemicals are required to be tightening.

INCB, taken by the Security Council in June 2008, wants the full implementation of
resolution 1817. The resolution, Afghanistan and drug traffickers often they use as transit
countries, as substances used in the production of heroin smuggling are asked to hand speed.

INCB to the Afghan government to find a lasting solution to the drug problem and said the
government is calling the 1961 United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs under
Article 14 of the talks continue. The contract referred to the substance in question, and a
serious case of persistent breach in a way that can be put into practice. INCB, uncooperative
or take the necessary measures in accordance with Article 14 against the government, the UN
imposed economic sanctions can ask.

Breeding, Reconstruction and Humanitarian Aid: In December 2002, the
Secretary-General with a U.S. $ 815 million humanitarian aid, reconstruction and
development aid campaign launched. UNESCO, the remainder of the biggest Buddha statue
in the country, including Afghanistan tried to protect the cultural heritage. A year later, after
the fall of the Taliban UNICEF's 16 million children vaccinated against measles and polio,
said. 700,000 more women had a tetanus vaccination; approximately 50,000 primary school
teachers were trained; including 1.2 million girls and 4 million children returned to school.
UNHCR, more than 2.5 million Afghan refugees from Iran and Pakistan to return to their
homes and more than half a million people from their homes in the country has helped.

FAO, around 60,000 farmers new agricultural season before Afghan families - that means
over half a million people - has distributed high-quality seeds and fertilizers. Towards the end
of 2003, the World Bank, 95 million U.S. dollars for reconstruction to provide interest-free
loans approved. In addition, at border crossings, customs at the points, transit control points
and Acceptance at airport customs and communication infrastructure to set up the 31 million
U.S. dollar interest-free lending Besides, the country's five in the river basin irrigation system
to rebuild the 40 million U.S. dollar interest-free lending approved.

Safety: Line of success in the post-Taliban period, the weak point of the formation of
political and physical infrastructure was threatening security conditions. In the first half of
2002, many civil servants were killed, and the assassination attempt on President Karzai was
performed. Gradually the UN and other aid workers, especially workers in these organizations
began to target Afghans.
Secretary-General in July 2002 greatly weakened the Taliban announced that despite not give
up completely. Many other armed groups was also a source of instability. National police
forces and the army nurtured by the international community to provide security was of the
utmost importance.
Before the fall of the Taliban in Afghanistan, the UN Mine Clearance by software, with 9.7
million land mines in the world have been identified as the most mined countries. As of May
of 2003 I was working in the country deminers 8000, the UN Mine Action Center for safety
reasons cleaning the road connecting Kabul and Kandahar suspended in demining work.
Exactly mine clearing work done by hand thanks to a new technology that reduces continued
from where it left off.
Security Council Secretary-General of 13 October ISAF beyond Kabul has approved a
proposal to dispatch.
Meanwhile, the UN in 2004, Mazar-i-Sharif, Kunduz, Bamiyan, Jalalbad and in Heart of one
of the police academy is scheduled to open in November in Gardez, has announced that it
explained.
Previously received little or no education have targeted police courses; the principles of
democratic policing, human rights and fundamental legal rules, as well as some police arrest
techniques covered. More than 80 Afghan police officers how to detect counterfeit will, you
will learn how to make DNA and blood tests began their three-year technical program.