Section 1

1. Calculate: 4320 cm x 1034.24 cm = 4.45 x 10

6
cm
2

2. How would you classify jello? colloid
3. Why is scientific notation used? To easily use large or small numbers while keeping their magnitude.
4. Calculate: 2.02s x 4s =8s
2
2.02 + 4=6
5. What is a heterogeneous mixture? a mixture having a non-uniform composition.
6. Does temperature change during a phase change? Explain. No, the energy added goes to break the
intermolecular bonds.
7. Describe the differences and similarities between ions, elements and compounds.
Ions have charges and can be one or more elements. Elements are neutral atoms of single elements.
Compounds are made from 2 or more elements and are neutral in charge.
8. What number does the prefix milli represent? 1000
th
.
9. What direction does the hearing curve have to be going for an exothermic phase change, list those phase
changes. Down, condensing, freezing, deposition.
10. What type of matter is a substance that can be separated by physical means and has many particles?
Heterogeneous.
11. Give an example of a reaction which has both physical and chemical changes? Dying and cutting hair, burning
wood.
12. What does King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk help us remember? Kilo Hecta Deca base deci centi milli
Section 2
1. Do ions have a positive or negative charge when they loose and electron? positive
2. What accomplishments is Rutherford responsible for? Gold foil experiment discovering the neucleus, protons.
3. What accomplishments is Bohr responsible for? The planetary model of the atom.
4. What accomplishments is Thompson responsible for? Discovery of electrons through the cathode ray tube
experiment, plum pudding model of the atom.
Fill in the blanks:
5. Alpha is blocked by paper. Beta is blocked by metal foil. Gamma is blocked by cement and lead (but not
completely).
6. What is quantum theory? Electrons have an area of space where they are most likely to be found.
7. What is the isotopic notation of an element of potassium with a mass of 42 and a charge of 2+?

K
2+

8. Who did the gold foil experiment? What did it discover? Rutherford, protons in the nucleus.
9. What does niobium-93 produce after alpha decay?

10. Explain the difference between a nuclear reaction and a chemical reaction. Nuclear reactions form new
elements, chemical reactions form new substances.
Section 3
1. What is the charge of an electron? Negative
2. What does a quantum model show within its diagram? Areas where electrons are most likely to be found.
3. What is the flame test used for? The colors are from the electrons gaining energy from the heat for the flame
and jumping energy levels and the release of energy as they fall back. This also allowed the viewer to see the
visible spectra for the element which is unique for each clement.
4. What are the differences between the s,p,d and f orbitals? S is a sphere and holds 2 electrons in its 1 orbital. P is
a dumbbell shape and holds 6 electrons in its 3 orbitals. D is a double dumbbell or clover and holds 10 electrons
in its 5 orbitals. F is able to hold 14 electrons in its 7 orbitals.
5. Where are the electrons located in the atom? How do they move? They are located outside of the nucleus and
move in constant random motion.
6. What is the electron configuration of neon? [He] 2s
2
2p
6
or 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6

7. Explain the trend of electronegativity. What does it mean to be highly electronegative? Increases L to R and
decreases going down a group. Electronegativity means being able to attract electrons.
8. Explain the trend of ionization energy. What does it mean to have a high ionization energy? Increases L to R and
decreases going down a group. Ionization energy is the amount of energy needed to remove an electron, having
a high ionization energy means it takes a lot of energy to remove an electron.
9. Explain the trend of atomic radius. What does it mean to have a large atomic radius? Decreases L to R and
increases going down a group. Having a large radius means being the valence electrons are farther away from
the nucleus.
10. What is the name of the 2 periods below the periodic table? Lanthanide and actinide series.
11. What is the charge of an element with equal protons and neutrons? Neutral, zero.
12. What is the noble gas configuration of manganese? [Ar] 4s
2
3d
5

13. To which family does gallium belong? Boron group.
Section 4
1. Name 3 acids and explain why they are acids. Hydrochloric acid, HCl. Nitric acid, HNO
3
. Nitrous acid, HNO
2
. Acids
contain the element hydrogen.
2. What is the main difference between intermoclecular and intramolecular forces?
3. Explain the differences between ionic and covalent compounds.
4. What is the difference between trigonal planar and trigonal pyramidal shapes? Trigonal planar is made up of 4
atoms with a center of boron, has no central lone pairs and is all in the same plane. Trigonal pyramidal are made
up of 4 atoms with a lone pair on the central atom. This lone pair
5. Why are there dots around the F in F
2
represented as a linear compound? What do they represent? They
represent the valence electrons from the Lewis dot structure.
6. When do you use the prefix hydro for naming acids? When there is only one element with the hydrogen and
there are no oxygens present.
7. Write the formula for hydrophosphoric acid and phosphoric acid? How do they differ? H
3
P and H
3
PO
4

8. What is the bond structure of an acid? (What is going on with the electrons) Acids are a type of covalent bond
and so they share electrons, however they are strong polar bonds and thus have the ability to dissociate when
dissolved in water.
9. Draw the VSEPR shape for water. ------------------------------>
10. What is the formula for nonanitrogen heptaoxide. N
9
O
7

11. Is H
2
SO
4
ionic, covalent or acidic? Acidic
12. What VSEPR shape includes boron? Trigonal planar
Section 5
1. How do moles apply to chemistry? (how are they used) moles are used to determine the amount of a substance.
2. How do formula units relate to moles? 1 mole = 6.02 x 10
23
formula units
3. What is a limiting reactant and how does it apply to a chemical reaction? The limiting reactant is the substance
that stops a chemical reaction because it is consumed first.
4. Compare particles and molecules. Particles is a generic term meant to describe any type of substance, molecules
is used specifically for covalent, acid and diatomic molecules.
5. Given the following reaction: NaCl + H
2
O NaOH + HCl how many moles of NaOH will you make with 74.62g
of H
2
O?
74.62 g H2O 1 mol H2O 1 mol NaOH = 4.142 mol NaOH
18.015 g H2O 1 mol H2O
6. If 347.9g of Zn reacts to produce 146.3g of ZnO, what is the percent yield?
2 Zn + O
2
2 ZnO
347.9g Zn 1 mol Zn 2 mol ZnO 81.379 g ZnO = 433.0g ZnO (theoretical yield)
65.38 g Zn 2 mol Zn 1 mol ZnO
Actual x 100 146.3g ZnO x100 = 33.79% yield
Theoretical 433.0g ZnO
7. Why is a balanced chemical equation needed in solving stoichiometric equations? Stoichiometry is based on the
molar relationship between reactants and products in a chemical reaction, balancing creates the molar ratio.
8. Why is it necessary to identify the limiting reactant? The limiting reactant determines how much theoretically
could be made.
9. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of nitrogen with hydrogen to produce ammonia.
N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3

10. How many liters of a gas (at STP) is there when you have 17.02x10
23
molecules?
17.02x10
23
molecules 1 mol = 2.827 x10
23
molecules
6.02x10
23
molecules

11. Balance the following reaction: Mg + 2NO
3
Mg(NO
3
)
2
and use it to find how many moles of nitrogen trioxide
are needed to make 5.00g of Mg(NO
3
)
2
.
5.00g Mg(NO
3
)
2
1 mol Mg(NO
3
)
2
2 mol NO
3
62.004 g NO
3
=4.18g NO
3

148.313 g Mg(NO
3
)
2
1 mol Mg(NO
3
)
2
1 mol NO
3


Section 6
1. What are intramolecular and intermolecular forces? Intermolecular forces are the forces that are between
covalent compounds (hydrogen, London dispersion, dipole-dipole). Intramolecular forces are the forces that
keep compounds bonded together (ionic, covalent and metallic)
2. What is the strength of a hydrogen bond compared to the other intermolecular bonds? They are the strongest.
3. What is solubility? How is solubility represented on a solubility curve? The amount of a substance that can
dissolve at a specific temperature. The line represents a saturated solution.
4. What happens in diffusion? One substance mixes into another.
5. What are the 2 parts of a solution? Solute and solvent.
6. How do you convert Celsius to Kelvin? Add 273
7. What is the difference between a polar covalent and non-polar covalent compound? Polar compounds do not
equally share electrons.
8. Is the stuff at the bottom of a supersaturated solution a precipitate? No, a precipitate is a solid formed by the
chemical reaction of 2 liquids.
9. How does a super saturates solution dissolve more to become supersaturated? You would need to heat the
solution to increase the solubility of liquids or solids.
10. Why are covalent compounds incapable of making electrolytes? They share electrons and therefore cannot be
separated into ions.
11. What are the 4 colligative properties? Freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, vapor pressure
depression and osmotic pressure.
12. What is 45*C in Kelvin? 318 K
Section 7
CO
(g)
+ 3 H
2(g)
CH
4 (g)
+ H
2
O
(g)
H= -206.5 kJ
1. Using the equation above, how would this reaction shift is the concentration of CO increased? right
2. Using the equation above, how would this reaction shift is the concentration of H
2
O decreased? right
3. Using the equation above, how would this reaction shift if a catalyst is added? No shift
4. Using the equation above, how would this reaction shift is the pressure increased? right
5. Which substance will heat up quicker? Water c=4.184 J/g*C or Tin c =0.22 J/g*C tin
6. A hot pack combines oxygen and iron to make iron (III) oxide has a H= - 6304 kJ. Write the equation and
determine if it is an endothermic or exothermic reaction.
4Fe + 3O
2
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 6304J

exothermic, loosing heat
7. Describe a catalyst. Something that starts or speeds up a reaction.
8. What is the kinetic molecular theory? The experimental observations about the behavior of gases discussed so
far can be explained with a simple theoretical model known as the kinetic molecular theory. This theory is based
on the following postulates, or assumptions.
-Gases are composed of a large number of particles that behave like hard, spherical objects in a state of
constant, random motion.
-These particles move in a straight line until they collide with another particle or the walls of the container.
-These particles are much smaller than the distance between particles. Most of the volume of a gas is therefore
empty space.
-There is no force of attraction between gas particles or between the particles and the walls of the container.
-Collisions between gas particles or collisions with the walls of the container are perfectly elastic. None of the
energy of a gas particle is lost when it collides with another particle or with the walls of the container.
-The average kinetic energy of a collection of gas particles depends on the temperature of the gas and nothing
else.
9. What equation is used to find joules? Q=mCT
10. What is the difference between the molecules at the 3 states of matter? Velocity, energy, and space between
molecules
11. Draw an endothermic reaction curve. Products are higher than reactants.
12. What is enthalpy? The amount of heat content used or released in a system at constant pressure.
Section 8
1. What is the pH of a solution with a hydrogen ion concentration of 3.2x 10
-8
M? 7.49
2. What are the names of the scientists who have credit for defining acids and bases? Arrhenius and Bronsted-
Lowry
3. What are differences between acids and bases? Arrhenius: acids contain H and bases contain OH.
Bronsted-Lowry: acids donate H
+
bases accept H
+
.
4. What is the molecular compound of an acid and base, how do they differ, how are they similar? Acids contain H,
bases contain OH. Bronsted Lowrys definition the acid and the conjugate base differ only in 1 hydrogen ion.
5. What particle cannot be altered by a magnetic field? Neutron.
6. What is made from U-235 after alpha decay?

7. Label the acid, base, conjugate acid and conjugate base: HBr + HNO
3
Br
-
+ H
2
NO
3

Acid base CB CA
8. What are the benefits/dangers of using nuclear power? Creates a greater amount of energy per amount
compared to other energy sources. Dangers include improper handling can cause radiation poisoning.
9. What determines the strength of acids and bases? What are the 7 strong acids and 8 strong bases? Conductivity
based on complete or ionization(dissociation) HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, HBr, HI, HClO3, HClO4, LiOH, NaOH, KOH,
Ca(OH)2, RbOH, CsOH, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2
10. What is the difference between nuclear reactions and chemical reactions? Nuclear create new elements,
chemical create new substances.
11. What is the function of a logarithmic scale? What is it used for? Determining pH or pOH based on concentration
of hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions, respectively.