Titolo della lezione:

Second Meeting
On-line Business
English
Aim of Second Meeting

Summarise the work done

Indicate difficulties
Resolve problem areas
 On-line Business English Course
for
Beginners
‰ The alphabet and spelling
‰ The Parts of Speech:

Nouns
Pronouns
Verbs
Adverbs
Adjectives
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections
 Classes of Verbs

Auxiliary
Verbs
Ordinary
Verbs
 Classes of Verbs

Auxiliary Verbs:

to be, to have, to do; Ordinary

can, could, may, might, Verbs:
must, out, shall, should,
will, would;
to plan, to work, to sing,
to play, to write, to phone
to travel, to meet, to send
 Ordinary Verbs
Principal Parts of Active Verb
Affirmative Negative
• Present infinitive to work not to work

• Present continuous infinitive to be working not to be working

• Perfect infinitive to have worked not to have worked

• Perfect continuous infinitive to have been working not to have been working

• Present participle and gerund working not working

• Perfect participle and gerund having worked not having worked

• Past participle worked

 Active tenses
Form
ƒ Present simple he works
continuous he is working
perfect he has worked
perfect continuous he has been working

ƒ Past simple he worked

continuous he was working
perfect he had worked
perfect continuous he had been working

ƒ Future simple he will work

continuous he will be working
perfect he will have worked
perfect continuous he will have been working
ƒ Present conditional he would work
conditional continuous he would be working
ƒ Perfect conditional he would have worked
conditional continuous he would have been working
 Tools Used – Part 1

Tool Type Use

Slide Shows Grammar Presentation
Slide Audio Vocabulary
Sentence Structure
Reading
Phonetics
Orthography – Spelling
On-line Offers instant feedback for on-going
Exercises – Quizzes; progress assessment
Progress Tests
Text Book – Dictionary Grammar exercises with solutions
Check words and pronunciation
Lezione Aula Virtual Collective exchange

Ricevimento For questions and clarifications

 Auxiliary Verbs
Auxiliary and modal auxiliaries

Principal auxiliaries Modal auxiliaries Semi-modals

to be can could to need

to have may might to dare
to do must had to used
ought
shall should
will would
Auxiliaries help to form a tense or an expression, hence the name.
They combine with present or past participles or with infinitives to form the
tenses of ordinary verbs:

I am coming. He has finished. I didn’t see them.

 Auxiliaries:
forms and patterns

Principal auxiliaries
Present tense Past tense Past participle
Infinitive

to be, am, is, are was, were been

to have have, has had had
to do do, does did done
 Principles auxiliaries
used as normal verbs

1. to be
2. to have
3. to do

Used as normal verbs:

1. Be denotes existence – be + adjective

Tom is an architect. I’m cold. This is the letter he sent. The clerk is very helpful.
How old is the company? It’s fifteen years old.
How tall are you? I’m 1.65 metres.
What is your weight? I am 65 kilos. My weight is 65 kilos.
How much is the new computer? It’s €1,240 .
How much are the opera tickets? They’re €250 each.
 Principles auxiliaries
used as normal verbs
Used as normal verbs:

2. Have means ‘possess’

The basic meaning of have: He has a black beard.
I have had this job for ten years.
She will have €20,000 a year when she retires.

ƒ Have is conjugated with do for habitual actions:

Do you have earthquakes in your country? Yes, but we don’t have them often.
Can you help me now? Do you have time? / Have you got time?
ƒ Have meaning ‘take’ (a meal), ‘give’ (a party)
We have lunch at one every day. They’re having a party tomorrow.
Did you have trouble with Customs? I hope you’ll have a good holiday.
I can’t answer the phone. I’m having a meeting.
I didn’t have a very good journey.
 Principal auxiliaries
used as normal verbs
3. ‘do’, like ‘have’, is used as a normal verb, as well as an auxiliary verb.
It forms its negative and interrogative in the simple present and past
with do / did:
I do not do. Do you do? Don’t you do?
He does not do. Does he do? Doesn’t he do?
I did not do. Did he do? Didn’t he do?
It can be used in the continuous or simple forms:
What are you doing (now)? - I’m doing my work.
What’s he doing tomorrow? (near future).
Why did you do it? - I did it because I was angry.

How do you do? is said by bother parties after an introduction:

Hostess: Mr Day, may I introduce Mr Davis? Mr Davis, Mr Day.
Both men say: How do you do?
Other examples:
He doesn’t do what he’s told. What do you do for a living?
How’s the new trainee doing? Will tomorrow do?
Sentence and Sentence Patterns

‰ English language provides considerable flexibility in sentence construction.

‰ A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.

‰ Sentences are classified as declarative (a statement), interrogative (a question),

imperative (command or request), or exclamatory (for emphasis).

- Declarative: We reached the final level of excellence.

- Interrogative: How did you get past Customs?
- Imperative: Click on the dragon. Watch out for the Black Guard.
- Exclamatory: I’m in the Secret Chamber!
 Sentence construction
Subject and Predicate-1
‰ The subject is the person, place, or thing that is the topic of the sentence.
‰ The predicate is what is said about the subject.

Subject Predicate
The balloon floated up through the trees.
New York City is a major cultural centre.
ƒ Subject + verb + object is the usual construction of a sentence.
ƒ The subject usually consists of nouns, pronouns or proper nouns.
- The stock market is strong right now.
- Why don’t you pick up the letter on your way to work.
- Carol almost missed the bus this morning.

ƒ At times, noun phrases and clauses, gerunds and gerund phrases, and infinitive phrases can
also function as the subject.
Noun phrase: The girl on the swing is my daughter.
Noun clause: What they said isn’t true.
Gerund: Swimming is a major Olympic sport.
Gerund phrase: Playing chess kept him occupied for hours.
Infinitive phrase: To see clearly is a manager’s greatest task.
 Sentence construction
Subject and Predicate-2

‰The predicate is what is said about the subject.

Forms of the Predicate

The predicate always contains a verb. An action verb generally has an object as
well as various verb modifiers.

Predicate is composed of a verb, object or complement, and verb modifiers.

Examples: Indiana Jones sent his partner (IO) the secret code (DO).
I brought four sandwiches (DO) and one pizza (DO).
Michael Phelps won six gold medals (DO) in the 2004 summer
Olympics.
She gave him (IO) the letter (DO).