Anatomy Class Notes 4/3/2014 11:41:00 AM

Muscular Tissue:
consist of elongated cells called muscle fibers or myocytes that can use ATP to
generate force
As a result, muscular tissues produce body movements, maintain posture, and
generate heat.
also provides protection
Based on their location and certain structural and functional features, muscular tissues
are classified into three types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
muscle tissues stabilize body position, regulate organ volume, generate heat, and
propel fluids and food matter through various body systems
study of muscles is known as myology
myo- muscle; -logy study of).
Functions of Muscular Tissue:
Through sustained contraction or alternating contraction and re- laxation, muscular tissue has
four key functions:
Producing body movements. Movements of the whole body such as walking and
running, and localized movements such as grasping a pencil, keyboarding, or nodding
the head as a re- sult of muscular contractions, rely on the integrated function- ing of
skeletal muscles, bones, and joints
Stabilizing body positions. Skeletal muscle contractions sta- bilize joints and help
maintain body positions, such as stand- ing or sitting. Postural muscles contract
continuously when you are awake; for example, sustained contractions of your neck
muscles hold your head upright when you are listening intently to your anatomy and
physiology lecture.
Storing and moving substances within the body. Storage is accomplished by
sustained contractions of ringlike bands of smooth muscle called sphincters, which
prevent outflow of the contents of a hollow organ. Temporary storage of food in the
stomach or urine in the urinary bladder is possible because smooth muscle sphincters
close off the outlets of these organs. Cardiac muscle contractions of the heart pump
blood through the blood vessels of the body. Contraction and relaxation of smooth
muscle in the walls of blood vessels help adjust blood vessel diameter and thus
regulate the rate of blood flow. Smooth muscle contractions also move food and
substances such as bile and enzymes through the gastrointestinal tract, push gametes
(sperm and oocytes) through the passageways of the reproductive systems, and propel
urine through the urinary system. Skeletal muscle contractions promote the flow of
lymph and aid the return of blood in veins to the heart.
Generating heat. As muscular tissue contracts, it produces heat, a process known as
thermogenesis (ther-mo -JEN-e-sis). Much of the heat generated by muscle is used
to maintain normal body temperature. Involuntary contractions of skeletal muscles,
known as shivering, can increase the rate of heat production.
Properties of Muscular Tissue:
Muscular tissue has four special properties that enable it to func- tion and contribute to
homeostasis:
Electrical excitability (ek-s it-a-BIL-i-te ), a property oI both muscle and nerve
cells that was introduced in Chapter 4, is the ability to respond to certain stimuli by
producing electrical signals called action potentials (impulses). Action potentials in
muscles are referred to as muscle action potentials; those in nerve cells are called
nerve action potentials. Chapter 12 provides more detail about how action potentials
arise (see Section 12.3). For muscle cells, two main types of stimuli trig- ger action
potentials. One is autorhythmic electrical signals arising in the muscular tissue itself,
as in the hearts pace- maker. The other is chemical stimuli, such as neurotransmit-
ters released by neurons, hormones distributed by the blood, or even local changes in
pH.
Contractility (kon-trak-TIL-i-te ) is the ability oI muscular tis- sue to contract
forcefully when stimulated by an action poten- tial. When a skeletal muscle contracts,
it generates tension (force of contraction) while pulling on its attachment points. In
some muscle contractions, the muscle develops tension (force of contraction) but does
not shorten. An example is holding this book in an outstretched hand. In other muscle
contractions, the tension generated is great enough to overcome the load (resis- tance)
of the object being moved so the muscle shortens and movement occurs. An example
is lifting a book off a table.
Extensibility (ek-sten-si-BIL-i-te ) is the ability oI muscular tissue to stretch,
within limits, without being damaged. The connective tissue within the muscle limits
the range of exten- sibility and keeps it within the contractile range of the muscle
cells. Normally, smooth muscle is subject to the greatest amount of stretching. For
example, each time your stomach fills with food, the smooth muscle in the wall is
stretched. Cardiac muscle also is stretched each time the heart fills with blood.
Elasticity (e-las-TIS-i-te ) is the ability oI muscular tissue to return to its original
length and shape after contraction or extension.
LOOK AT CHAPTER 11 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
EFECTOS DE LA DISPOSICION DE LOS FASICULOS
APRENDE MUSCULOS AGONISTAS Y ANTAGONISTA
Anatomy Notes 4/3/2014 11:41:00 AM
El sitio de fijacion del tendon de un musculo en el huso estacionario se le
llama origen
El sitio de fijacion del otro tendon del musculo en el hueso que se mueve se
le llama insercion

Pares cranial
olfatorio
o Optico
o Oculomotor
o Troclear
o Trigerimo
o Abducens
o Facial
o Vestibulo coclear
o Gloco faring
o Babo
o Acesorio
o hijogloso

4/3/2014 11:41:00 AM