Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs

IHRDC
READING DRAWINGS
PFDS AND P&IDS
Technical Training Program
For
Eis!ing Prod"c!ion #$era!ors
And
Senior Prod"c!ion #$era!ors


To!al Pages %&&'
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Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
Reading Drawings PFD and P&ID
Grad"a!e De.elo$men! Programme /od"le %P)*+' 0D
This module is designed for AFPC existing Production, Mechanical and
Instrument graduates, to become familiar with PFD and P&ID drawings.
The will be as!ed to design and s!etch a sim"le control instrumentation for
"rocess e#ui"ment
The module co$ers PFD, P&ID and I%A smbols. It also includes Instrument
&ine %mbols'Identification and s"ecial abbre$iations.
Introduction to PFD, P&ID and I%A .
PFDs
P&IDs
Instrument line smbols and identification
%"ecial Abbre$iations
Design and s!etch a sim"le P&ID.
A"dience 1
Prere2"isi!es 1
3oca!ion 1
Forma! 1
Prod"c!ion #$era!ors4 Senior #$era!ors /echanical and
Ins!r"men! Technicians & Senior Technicians
English com$rehension and comm"nica!ion-
AFPC Training Cen!er4 D- 5-
3ec!"re4 disc"ssion and wor6sho$ $rac!ices-
This module is one of twenty modules, which together cover the theoretical aspect of
the Technical Training for the AFPC Production Graduates Development
Programme. This programme has been developed specifically for AFPC Graduate
Development to enhance the dynamic ationalisation drive adopted by the company
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C#7RSE C#NTENTS1
!. "b#ectives
$. Course "utlines
%. &'uipment ( )esources
*. Course +anual , -anded out for the Participants.
/. Training Aids
0. 1esson Plan
2. Course Final Test and +odel Answers
3. Appendi4
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Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
+- C#7RSE #9:ECTI,ES1
5pon completion of the course, the trainee will be able to6
7dentify the different types of flow schemes.
7dentify the information in the different types of flow schemes.
7dentify the functions of individual schemes.
5nderstand the symbols and abbreviations relevant to the flow
schemes.
5nderstand the instrument identification.
Design and s8etch simple control instrumentation for process
e'uipment and include standard drafting symbols.
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0-C#7RSE #7T3INES1
The course is designed for the AFPC e4isting production operators and senior
production operators to provide the basic necessary 8nowledge and to gain
e4perience dealing with reading engineering drawing special for PFD9s and P : 7D9s
Duration of this course is two wor8ing days ,!$ -rs...
The ma4imum number of participants shall be four ,*. trainees in one patch.
This course will be conducted at AFPC Training Centre classroom in D.;
Course time plan shall be as follows6
- 7nstruction time 6 !< -rs.
- Test Time 6 $ -rs.
Course program shall be proceeded as follows6
Firs! Da< %&-** Hrs-'
Time
%Hrs- = /in-'
Ac!i.i!< 3oca!ion
/.<<
- 7ntroduction
- Flow schemes.
- 7nstrument line symbols
Classroom
!.<< Pre= Assessment Classroom
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Second Da< %&-** Hrs-'
Time
%Hrs- = /in-'
Ac!i.i!< 3oca!ion
/.<<
7nstrument identification
Functional designation of relay
>pecial abbreviations
7>A symbols
Classroom
!.<< Final Test Classroom
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8- E?7IP/ENT = RES#7RCES T# C#ND7CT THE C#7RSE1
The following training resources to be available in the Training Centre before
conducting this course6
"verhead Pro#ector
Transparencies
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Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
;-C#7RSE /AN7A3
%HAND #7T T# THE PARTICIPANTS'
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TaBle oC Con!en!s
!. 7ntroduction.
$. Flow >chemes.
$.! Types of schemes with definitions.
$.$ Functions of the individual schemes.
%. 7nstrument 1ine >ymbols.
*. 7nstrument 7dentification.
/. Functional Designation of )elays.
0. >pecial Abbreviations.
2. General Abbreviations.
3. 7>A >ymbols.
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+- INTR#D7CTI#N1
&very scientific and technical field develops a speciali?ed language convey
information and ideas.
The speciali?ed language not only includes particular meanings for words, it also
includes abbreviations and symbols peculiar to a given field.
Anyone who see8s training in such a technical or scientific field must become
familiar with the speciali?ed language of that field.
The instrument >ociety of America has prepared a standard, entitled 7nstrumentation,
>ymbols and 7dentification, 7>A= >/.!, for individuals in the field of instrumentation.
The purpose of this standard is to provide a satisfactory system of symbols and
identification for industrial process instrumentation e'uipment.
This is designed to prompt a uniformity of practice and e4pedite communication in
the fields of production operation and instrumentation.
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0- F3#W SCHE/ES
0-+T<$es oC Scheme wi!h DeCini!ions
0-+-+ Process Flow Diagram %PFD'
A PFD is a simplified flow diagram of either a single process unit, a utility unit, a
complete process module or an offsite product storage and loading system.
The purpose of a PFD is to provide a preliminary understanding of the process
system indicating only the main items of e'uipment, the main pipelines and the
essential instruments, switches and control valves.
A PFD also indicates operating variables, such as mass flow, temperatures and
pressures, which are tabulated at various points in the system. The general symbol
function letter of the instrument and a basic control valve symbol are indicated.
&4planatory notes are often included at the bottom of the PFD and these give
valuable information on the different modes of operation and interment control of a
process unit during the start=up and normal operating phases.
The PFD is a document containing information on6
Process conditions and physical data of the main process streams.
+ain process e'uipment with design data.
+ain Process lines.
+ain controls.
+ass ,material. balance.
-eat balance ,if applicable..
0-+-0 Pi$ing and Ins!r"men!a!ion Diagram %P & ID'
A P : 7D is a detailed flow diagram o either a process unit, a utility unit, an ancillary
unit, an offsite product storage system, a product loading system, or a drawing of a
process and instrumentation system which connects different operating facilities
together.
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Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
A P:7D9s drawing typically provides the following detailed information6=
/echanical De!ails
S!a!ionar< E2"i$men!1
>tationary e'uipment such as inlet, outlet, drain, vent, instrument connections
and valve connections with the associated bloc8 valves and spading points.
Fi!!ings1
All internal fittings, access manways, support structures, materials of
construction and insulation details.
3"Be #il and Sealing S<s!emsE
>ome mechanical details of rotating e'uipment together with their au4iliary
systems ,lubrication and sealing systems..
Pi$ing De!ails1
Piping si?es and details such as flanges, reducers, valving, materials of
construction, insulation, high point vents and low point drains.
Ins!r"men! De!ails
S<mBols and Tag N"mBers1
+easuring instrument symbols, tag numbers and locations of connections to
piping or to e'uipment.
Con!rol De.ice S<mBols1
Control valve symbols or other control device symbols with their associated
bloc8 valves, drain points, purge points, actuator symbols, limit switch symbols
and alarm instrument symbols.
Signal Transmission 3ines1
>ignal transmission lines between measuring instruments and their controlling
devices or control valves. >olenoid valves or other signal switching devices are
shown in the transmission lines.
3oca!ions1
>ymbols and locations of instruments connected to process computers.
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Alarms and Tri$s1
Alarm and trip instrument symbols with transmission signal lines to the
appropriate shutdown devices or shutdown logic a systems.
Sh"!down De.ices1
&mergency system instrumentation symbols showing details of hydraulic(
pneumatic actuators used with different types of valves.
&ach P:7D9s drawing contains a list of e4planatory notes which supplement or
clarify the graphical details shown on the P:7D9s. This additional information covers
special features of the stationary e'uipment, rotating e'uipment or instrumentation.
For e4ample, e4planatory notes about comple4 process control loops, compressor
anti=surge control loops and furnace logic systems for star=up and shutdown or the
emergency alarm an be shown on a P:7D9s.
0-+-8 Process Engineering 7!ili!< Flow Diagram %PE7FD'
The P&FD is a document containing information on6
+ain distortion and(or collection arrangement of each individual utility system,
e4pect electrical systems. Detailed design( engineering data are given as on the
P:7D mentioned above. 7n addition the P&5FD shows the mass and heat
balances of the system concerned.
No!e1 The P&5FD is usually the first schematic document prepared for a certain
utility. "nly for very large utility systems is a Process 5tility Flow Diagram ,P5FD.
prepared first.
0-+-; Process SaCeg"arding Flow Diagram %PSFD'
The P>FD is a document highlighting information on6
Types and levels of protection offered by the devices installed and their inter
relation to demonstrate the plant9s safety.
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Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
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0- 0 F"nc!ions oC !he Indi.id"al Schemes
0-0-+ Process Flow Diagram %PFD'
- ----------
The PFD stating process conditions and physical data for design conditions shall
serve as a basis for6
Advanced ordering of special(long delivery e'uipment(materials base the
on the Preliminary Pro#ect Planning
"btaining a preliminary e'uipment summary list
Composing preliminary plant layout
Preparing preliminary cost estimate ,$/=*<@ accuracy.
Preparation of the +7D with data sheets.
Preliminary ris8 analysis.
0-0-0 Pi$ing and ins!r"men!a!ion diagram %P&ID'
The P:7D based on the PFD shall contain detailed information ,si?ing and
specification. re'uired for engineering purposes and serve as a basis for6
Planning schedule
Final plant layout development together with ha?ardous areas classification
Preparing piping, instrument, safety relief valve and level gauge data sheets
Construction contract specifications
Developing piping layout drawings
Aul8 material ordering ,piping, electrical, instrumentation, civil.
)emaining e'uipment ordering
Final capital cost estimate ,engineering, purchasing and construction. !<@
accuracy
-A;"P studies(safety reviews
"perations review
>tating special re'uirements for start=up and shut=down
0-0-8 Process Engineering 7!ili!< Flow diagram %PE7FD'
The P&5FD shall state characteristics and consumption figures of the particular
utility concerned, cooling water, fire water, drin8ing water, steam, plant air,
instrument air, fuel oil(gas, inert gas and similar utilities. Bhen serving different
processing plants isolating facilities are to be provided for each process plant.
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The basic use of the P&5FD follows the general principles and details as described
for the P:7D above.
For an electrical utility system the electrical engineer prepares an electrical 8ey
diagram and electrical load summary sheets. 7n principle these documents serve the
same purpose as the P&5FDs.
0-0-; Process SaCeg"arding Flow Diagram %PSFD'
The P>FD shall state in detail identification and clarification of the essential
detecting devices and their relation to one another, as well as the related emergency
shut=down facilities.
The P:7D contains all information re'uired for a P>FDC however, the P>FD
highlights protection in case of e4treme conditions and measures to be ta8en to
safeguard personnel and environment.
No!e1 7n general these schemes will only be made for comple4 installations li8e
offshore process platforms. For simple applications the information shown on the
P:7D is usually sufficient to highlight safety devices and aspects.
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8- INSTR7/ENT 3INE SF/9#3S-
For instrumentation, there are si4 line designations that are commonly used.
These are shown in Table !6
TaBle +
Ins!r"men! 3ine S<mBols
All lines shall be fine in relation to process piping lines.
,!. Connection to process, or mechanical lin8.
or instrument supply
,$. Pneumatic signal, or undefined signal for
process flow diagrams
,%. &lectric signal
,*. Capillary tubing ,filled system.
,/. -ydraulic signal
,0. &lectromagnetic or sonic signal ,without wiring or tubing.
No!es
The following abbreviations are suggested to denote the types or power supply.
These designation may also be applied for purge fluid supplies.
A> Air >upply.
&> &lectric >upply.
G> Gas >upply.
-> -ydraulic >upply.
> itrogen >upply.
>> >team >upply.
B> Bater >upply.
The power supply level may be added to the instrument supply line, e.g., A> !<<,
a!<<=psig air supplyC &> $*!%C, a $*= volt direct current supply.
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D D D
D
1 1 1 1
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
The pneumatic signal symbol applies to a signal using any gas as the signal
medium. 7f a gas other than air is used, the gas shall be identified by a note on the
signal symbol or otherwise
&lectromagnetic phenomena include heat, radio waves, nuclear radiation, and
light.
;- INSTR7/ENT IDENTIFICATI#N
7nstruments are identified by a system of letters and numbers as shown in Table = $
The number is generally common to all instrument of the loop of which it is a part.
TaBle)0
T RC )0 A
First letter >ucceeding 1etters 1oop umber >uffi4
Functional 7dentification 1oop 7dentification
7nstrument 7dentification or ( Tag umber
The first two letters identify the function of the instrument and are selected from 7
Table % . The succeeding numbers and letters identify the particular loop.
EThe first letter designates the measured or initiating variable such as temperature,
level, flow, etc. +odifying letters such as D for differential, F for ratio, and F for
totali?ing may follow the first 1etter. For e4ample , a TD7 a differential temperature
indicator and a FF) is a flow recorder with an integrator in the loop.
The succeeding letters designate one or more functions of the loop such as readout,
passive function, or output.
The loop identification method assigns a number to each loop. 7t may begin with !,
$< !, or !$< !, which may include a plant area coding system.
Prefi4 numbers may be assigned to a number to designate plant areas. For e4ample,
0=T)C=$ may indicate an instrument located in Plant Area 0.
7f an instrument is common to more than a loop it may be assigned a separate
number.
For loops that have more than one instrument with the same functional identification,
suffi4es should be added to the loop numberC e.g., FG=$A
FG=$!%, etc., or T&=$/= !, T&=$/=$, T&=$/=%, etc.
TaBle 8
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/eaning #C Iden!iCica!ion 3e!!ers
This table applies only to the functional identification of instruments umbers in
table refer to notes following.
First letter >ucceeding 1etters ,%.
/eas"red or
Ini!ia!ing
,ariaBles %;'
/odiCier
Reado"! or
Passi.e
F"nc!ion
#"!$"!
F"nc!ion
/odiCier
A Analysis ,/. Alarm
A Aurner Flame 5ser9s Choice ,!. 5ser9s Choice,!.
5ser9s Choice
,!.
C
Conductivity
,&lectrical.
Control ,!%.
D
Density ,+ass. or
>pecific Gravity
Differential ,*.
& Goltage ,&+F. Primary &lement
F Flow )ate
)atio
,Fraction. ,*.
G
Gauging
,Dimensional.
Glass ,H.
-
-and ,+anually
7nitiated.
-igh ,2,!/,!0.
7 Current ,&lectrical. 7ndicate ,!<.
I Power >can ,2.
J
Time or Time=
>chedule
Control >tation
1 1evel 1ight ,Pilot. ,!!. 1ow ,2,!/,!0.
+
+oisture or
-umidity
+iddle or
7ntermediate
,2,!/.
,!. 5ser9s Choice 5ser9s Choice 5ser9s Choice 5ser9s Choice
" 5ser9s Choice ,!.
"rifice
,)estriction.
P
Pressure or
Gacuum
Point ,Test
Connection.
F Fuantify or &vent
7ntegrate
Totali?e ,*.
) )adioactivity )ecord or Print
> >ped or fre'uency >afety ,3. >witch ,!%.
T Temperature Transmit
5 +ultivariable ,0.
+ultifunction
,!$.
+ultifunction ,!$.
+ultifunction
,!$.
G Giscosity
Galve, damper, or,
1ouver ,!%.
B Beight or force Bell
D ,$. 5nclassified 5nclassified 5nclassified 5nclassified
K 5ser9s Choice ,!.
)elay or Compute
,!%,!*.
; Position
Drive, Actuate or
5nclassified Final
Control &lement
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No!es For TaBle 8
/eanings #C Iden!iCica!ion 3e!!ers
!= A userEs choice letter is intended to cover unlisted meanings that will be used
repetitively in a particular pro#ect. 7f used, the letter may have meaning as a
first=letter and another meaning as a succeeding letter.
The meanings need be defined only once in a legend, or otherwise, for that
pro#ect. For e4ample, the letter may be defined as module of elasticity as a
first=letter and oscilloscope as a succeeding=letter.
$= The unclassified letter D, is intended to cover unlisted meanings that will be used
only once or to a limited e4tent. 7f used, the letter may have any number of
meanings as a first letter and any number of meanings as a succeeding letter.
&4cept for its use with distinctive symbols it is e4pected that the meanings will be
defined outside a tagging balloon on flow diagram. For e4ample, D)=$ may be a
stress recorder, D)=% may be a vibration recorder, and DD=* may be a stress
oscilloscope.
%= The grammatical form of the succeeding=letter meanings may be modified as
re'uired. For e4ample, indicate may be applied as indicator or indicating,
transmit as transmitter or transmitting, etc.
*= Any first=letter, if used in combination with modifying letter D ,differential., F
,ratio., or F ,integrate or totali?e., or any combination of them, shall be construed
to represent a new and separate measured variable, and the combination shall be
treated as a first= letter entity.
Thus, instruments TD7 and T7 measure two different variables, differential=
temperature and temperature. These modifying letter shall be used when
applicable.
/= Fist=letter A for analysis covers all analyses that are not listed in Table % and are
not covered by a userEs choice letter. 7t is e4pected that the type of analysis in
each instance will be defined outside a tagging balloon on flow diagram.
0= 5se of first=letter 5 for multiple in lieu of a combination of first=letter is optional.
2= The use of modifying terms high, low, or intermediate, and scan is preferred, but
optional.
3= The term safety shall apply only to emergency protective primary elements and
emergency protective final control elements. Thus, a self=actuated valve that
prevents operation of a fluid system at a higher=than=de sired pressure by bleeding
fluid from the system shall be a bac8 pressure= type PCG, even if the valve were
not intended to be used normally. -owever, this valve shall be a P>G if it were
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intended to protect against emergency conditions= i.e., conditions that are
ha?ardous to personnel or e'uipment, or both, and that are not e4pected to arise
normally.
The designation P>G applies to all valves intended to protect against emergency
pressure conditions regardless of whether the valve construction and more of
operation place them in the category of the safety valve, or safety=relief valve.
H= Passive function glass applies to instruments that provide an uncelebrated direct
view of the process.
!<= The term indicate applies only to the readout of an actual measurement. 7t does
not apply to a scale for manual ad#ustment of a variable if there is no
measurement input to the scale.
!!= A pilot light that is part of an instrument loop shall be designated by a first! letter
followed by succeeding=letter 1. For e4ample, a pilot light that indicates an
e4pired time period may be tagged J1 A running light for an electric motor may
be tagged either &1, assuming that voltage is the appropriate measured variable,
or D1, assuming that the light is actuated by au4iliary electric contacts of the
motor starter, or simply 1.
The action of a pilot light may be accompanied by an audible signal.
!$= 5se of succeeding=letter 5 for multifunction instead of a combination of other
functional letters is optional.
!%= A device that connects, disconnects, or transfers one or more circuits may be
either a switch, a relay, an on=off control valve, depending on the application.
7f the device manipulates a fluid process steam and is not a hand=Actuated "n=off
bloc8 valve, it shall be designated as a control valve. For all applications other
than fluid process streams, the device shall be designated as follows6
A switch, if it is actuated by hand.
A switch or an on=off controller if it is automatic and is the first such device in a
loop.
The term switch is generally used if the device is used for alarm, pilot light,
selection, interloc8, or safety. The term controller is generally used if the device
is used for normal operating control. A relay, if it is automatic and is not the first
such device in a loop, 7 . e., it is actuated by a switch or an on=off controller.
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!*= 7t is e4pected that the functions associated with the use of succeeding=letter K
will be defined outside a balloon on a flow diagram when it is convenient to do
so.
!/= 5se of modifying terms high, and middle or intermediate shall correspond to
values of the measured variable, not of the signal, unless otherwise noted. For
e4ample, a high=level alarm derived from a reverse=acting level transmitter
signal shall be an 1A- even though the alarm is actuated when the signal falls to
a low value. The terms may be used in combinations as appropriate.
!0=The terms high and low, when applied to positions of valves and other open=close
devices, are defined as followsC high denotes that valve is in or approaching the
fully open position, and low denotes in or approaching the fully closed position.
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>- F7NCTI#NA3 DESIGNATI#N #F RE3AFS
TaBle ;
The function designations associated with relays may be used as follows individually
or in combination ,see Table %, note !*. The use of a bo4 enclosing a symbol is
optionalC the bo4 is intended to avoid confusion by setting off the symbol from other
mar8ings on a diagram.
S<mBol F"nc!ion
!. !.< or "="FF Automatically connect. disconnect. or transfer one or more
circuit.... provided that this is not the first such device in a loop
,see Table % note !%..
$. G or ADD Add or totali?e ,add and subtract.f
% or D7FF. >ubtract
*. L
M AiasN
=
/. AGG. Average
0.@ or !6% or $6! ,typical. Gain or attenuate ,input6 output.N
2. +ultiply M
3. Divide M
H. or >F. )T. &4tract s'uare root
!<. D
n
or D
!(n
)aise to power
!!. f ,D. Characteri?e
!$. !6! Aoost
!.%. > ") -ighest -igh=select. >elect highest ,higher. measured variable ,not
,+&A>5)&D GA)7AA1&. signal. unless so noted..
!*. O ") 1"B&>T 1ow=select. >elect lowest ,lower. measured variable ,not signal.
,+&A>5)&D GA)7AA1&. unless so noted..
!/. )&G. )everse
!0. Convert
a. &(P or P(7 ,typical. For input( output se'uences of the following6
Designation >ignal
& Goltage
- -ydraulic
7 Current ,electrical.
" electromagnetic or sonic
P Pneumatic
) )esistance ,electrical.
b. A(D or D(A For input( output se'uences of the following6
A Analog
D Digital
!2. 7ntegrate ,time 7ntegral.
!3. D or d(dt Derivative or rate
!H. !(D 7nverse derivative
$<. As re'uired 5nclassified
N 5sed for single=input relay.
M 5sed for relay with two or more inputs.
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&- SPECIA3 A99RE,IATI#NS
TaBle >
For abbreviations other than instrument identification letters of Table %
ABBre.ia!ion /eaning
A Analog signal
ADAPT, Adaptive control mode
A> Air supply
A+ Average
C Patch board or matri4 board connection
D Derivative control mode
Digital signal
D7FF. >ubtract
D7). Direct=acting
& Goltage signal
&> &lectric supply
FC Fail closed
F! Fail indeterminate
F1 Fail loc8ed
F" Fail open
G> Gas supply
- -ydraulic signal
-> -ydraulic supply
! Current ,electrical. signal
7nterloc8
+ +otor actuator
+AD +a4imi?ing control mode
+7, +inimi?ing control mode
> itrogen supply
" &lectromagnetic or sonic signal
"PT. "ptimi?ing control mode.
p Pneumatic signal
proportional control mode
Purge or flushing device
) Automatic= reset control mode
)eset of fail=loc8ed device
)esistance ,signal.
)&G. )everse acting
)TD )esistance ,=type. temperature detector
> >olenoid actuator
>.P. >et point
>F.)T. >'uare root
>> >team supply
T Trap
B> Bater supply
D +ultiply
5nclassified actuator
@- GENERA3 A99RE,IATI#NS
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A(D Analog to digital A" Air to open
A& Analyser element AC Air to close
A7 Analyser indicator AF" Air failure open
AT Analyser transmitter AFC Air failure close
A>- Analyser switch high A"G Air operated valve
A+ Analyser alarm high AK &lectrical relay
A& Aurner flame element A>:BAase sediment : water
AA" Aurner alarm off A"- Alow out hatch
AF" Aurner flame off A Auilding
AA1 Aurner alarm low AF Alind flange
A>7, Aurner switch low
CGA Cho8e valve, ad#ustable C>" Car seal open
CGC Cho8e valve control C>C Car seal closed
CGP Cho8e valve positive CD Continuos drainer
CC- Central control house C" Clean out
CCP Central control panel B Cho8e nipple
CC Corrosion coupon c Compressor
CP Corrosion probe control CTC Central telemetry
D Dryer D& Density element
DA Direct acting D) Density recorder
DP>B Differential pressure switch
& &4changer &>D &mergency shutdown
&7 Goltage indicator
FA Flow alarm F7C Flow indicating
FA- Flow alarm high controller
FA1 Flow alarm low FK1 Flow relay low
FC Flow controller FK Flow relay
FCG Flow control valve FF7 Flow totaliser
F7 Flow indicator FFD) Flow totaliser data
F& Flow element logger
F) Flow recorder F7> Flow indicating
FT Flow transmitter switch
FG Flow valve FTP) Flow recorder ,%.
F> Flow switch Fr)C Flow ratio
F>- Flow switch high controller
F>7, Flow switch low FFK >ignal multiplier
F)C Flow recorder controller F"T Flat on top
FD) Flow data logger FA Flame arrestor
FC Fail close F Filter
GA7 Gas analyser indicator G Generator
GA Gas analyser
- -eater -& -eater element
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) 0@
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
-K -ydrant -"A -and="ff=Auto
-$A- -ydrogen alarm high -> -and switch
-$A1 -ydrogen alarm low -CG -and control
-$T -ydrogen transmitter valve
-$> -ydrogen suphide
7A> 7nstrument air supply 7T Current indicator
71G 7nterface level gauge
71C 7nterface level control
71CG 7nterface level control valve
71T 7nterface level transmitter
717C 7nterface level indicating controller
7(P Current to pneumatic transmitter
7(> Current to switch transducer
JC Time controller
1A 1evel alarm 17 1evel indicator
1A- 1evel alarm high 1C 1evel controller
1A1 1evel alarm low 1G 1evel gauge
1A-1 1evel alarm high low 1) 1evel recorder
1CG 1evel control valve 1)C 1evel recorder
1G 1evel valve controller
1> 1evel switch 17C 1evel indicating
1>-1 1evel switch high low controller
1>- 1evel switch high 1T 1evel transmitter
1>7, 1evel switch low 1K 1evel relay
1D) 1evel data logger 1 1auncher
+A +oisture analyser +) +eter
+AA +oisture analyser alarm +(A +anual=Auto alarm
+CC +otor control centre +CG7 +otor controlled
+1> +otor loading station valve indicator
+"G +otor operated valve +B +an=way
+>> +anual selector station +D +i4er
+> +anual set point station +"1 +ain line oil
+" +anually operated +) +anual reset
+T +oisture transmitter
C ormally closed "C et oil computer
" ormally open
PA Pressure alarm PCG Pressure control
PA1 Pressure alarm low valve
PA- Pressure alarm high PC Pressure controller
P7 Pressure indicator P) Pressure recorder
P7C Pressure indicating P)C Pressure recorder
controller controller
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) 0A
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
ABBre.ia!ions %Con!in"ed'
PG Pressure valve PK Pressure relay
P> Pressure switch PK- Pressure relay high
P>1 Pressure switch low PK1 Pressure relay low
P>- Pressure switch high P>G Pressure safety
P>-1 Pressure switch high low valve
PD) Pressure data logger
PD7 Pressure differential indicator
PD>7, Pressure differential switch low
PD>- Pressure differential switch high
PDC Pressure differential controller
PDT Pressure differential transmitter
PD7C Pressure differential indicator controller
PDCG Pressure differential control valve
P(7 Pneumatic to current transducer
P(& Pneumatic to electric transducer
FC Fuality control
FCA Fuality control alarm
FC7 Fuality control indicator
)A )everse acting )+ )emote manifold
)D )upture disc )T> )emote test station
)" )estriction orifice )T5 )emote terminal
)A )educed bore unit
)TD )esistance temperature
detector
>C >peed controller >DK >olenoid valve
>> >peed switch >D >hutdown
>7 >peed indicator >DP >hutdown panel
>T >peed transmitter >DG >hutdown valve
>) >peed recorder >T) >trainer
>A- "verspeed alarm >>G >urface safety
>C >ample connection valve
> >ump
TA- Temperature alarm high TB Thermal well
TA1 Temperature alarm low TG Temperature valve
TK Temperature relay T- Thief hatch
TC Temperature controller TA Temperature alarm
T& Temperature element T Tan8
T7 Temperature indicator
TCG Temperature control valve
T7C Temperature controller
T) Temperature recorder
T)C Temperature recorder controller
T>- Temperature switch high
T>1 Temperature switch low
TT Temperature transmitter
TD) Temperature data logger
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) 0D
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
5A 5nit shutdown alarm 5D) 5nit alarm data
5C 5tility connection logger
G& vibration sensor v Gessel
G7 Gibration indicator GA Goltage balance
vs Gibration switch G) Goltage regulator
G>- Gibration switch high GP>A Gacuum pressure
GA- Gibration alarm high safety valve
GT Gibration transmitter
B-> Bellhead start button B- Bellhead
4 &lectrical DAC Analog computer
DA> Auto=select relay D> Aeacon light
4C Converter DAA Aeacon alarm
DCG Deluge valve DC+ Corrosion meter
DD7 Dewpoint indicator DC) Control relay
DFA Flow adder DPA >phere detector
DFrC Flow ratio controller D>> >phere passage
DFC Flow computer switch
DFT Flow totaliser D>P7 >phere passage
DP>5 Power supply unit indicator
D)G )amp generator D7 )unning light
DTC Temperature converter D>)- >elector relay
DTP Tic8et printer high
DGP7 Galve position indicator DDP Pre=alarm to
DGP> Galve position switch data logger
DA Common alarm
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) 8*
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
A- ISA SF/9#3S
Ins!r"men!s
>ymbols according to 7T <$H!$ and 7>A >TD G77 &D. !H3% with specifications(
&4ceptions as follow
1ocally mounted instrument
GA
7nstrument mounted on 1ocal Gauge Aoard
7nstrument mounted on 1ocal Aoard ,or 1ocal
Panel.
7nstrument mounted on +ain Aoard ,or
+ain Panel.
7nstrument mounted on )ear local Aoard
7nstrument mounted or )ear +ain Aoard
Flow sight glass.
=== >hared display in Control )oom.
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) 8+
FG
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) 80
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) 88
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) 8;
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) 8>
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) 8&
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) 8@
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
>- 3IST #F TRANSPERANCIES
Trans$arencies 3is!
Trans- Descri$!ion Page- No-
T=! Course "b#ectives. *
T=$( T=% Typical Process Flow >chemes !*(!/
T=* Typical P:7D. !0
T=/ 7nstrument >ymbols. %!
T=0 Pipelines >ymbols. %$
T=2( T=3 Galves >ymbols. %%
T=H Actuators. %*
T=!< Clearance Poc8ets >ymbols. %/
T=!! +iscellaneous. %0
T=!$ Typical Arrangement for 7nstrument Connection. %0
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) 8A
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
&- 3ESS#N P3AN
Trainer to follow these instructions6
To prompt learning, attempt to ma8e the classroom comfortable. &.g.,
chec8 the temperature, arrange so everyone can see the front, etc..
During the introduction, tol8 to the participants.
Gauge their Technical 8nowledge and ability to follow your language.
Ad#ust your speed to match participants.
Pay individual attention in classroom.
Allow time for brief brea8s at hourly internals.
)ecord attendance.
7f students raise 'uestions that don9t apply to the course content, suggest
that they discussion them with you during a brea8 or after class.
This course shall be conducted in two wor8ing days ,!$ -rs.. and will be
performed in classroom.
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) 8D
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
Da<)+4 3esson)+
(Suggested time for this section: Two hours).
Con!en!s Ac!i.i!ies
!. 7ntroduction
= 7ntroduce yourself.
= 7nstructe the class participants.
= -ave one or two describe their
understanding with PFD9s and P:7D9s.
= Give Pre=assessment.
= Distribute student manual.
= Point out the contents of the manual.
-ave each student grade their
own and pass them to you.
)ecord the grades.
- Prere'uisites.
- "b#ectives
%Show o.erhead T+'
- Point out what is e4pected of
them by reviewing the
responsibility list.
= Purpose of the manual.
= Ae sure to note the manual is
each students copy.
= Contents of the manual.
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) ;*
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
Da<)+4 3esson)0
(Suggested time for this section: Two hours).
Con!en!s Ac!i.i!ies
$. Types of schemes with definitions.
= Point out types of schemes.
= &4plain and discuss the importance of
PFD and identify the information
included.
= &4plain and discuss the importance of
P : 7D and identify the information
that included.
- Discuss the function of PFD.
- Discuss the function of P:7D9s.
= Discuss the function of P&5FD.
= Discuss the function of P>FD.
- Process flow diagram ,PFD..
- Piping and instrumentation
diagram ,P:7D..
- Process engineering utility flow
diagram ,P&5FD..
- Process safeguarding flow
diagram ,P>FD..
- Show o.erhead T0= T8-
- )efer to student manual item
$.!.!.
- Show o.erhead T;-
- )efer to student manual item
$.!.$.
- )efer to students manual item
$.$.!.
- )efer to students manual item
$.$.$.
- )efer to students manual item
$.$.%.
- )efer to students manual item
$.$.*.
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) ;+
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
Da<)+4 3esson)0
(Suggested time for this section: Two hours).
Con!en!s Ac!i.i!ies
%. 7nstrument line symbols.
*. )evision.
= Discuss with the students if
they are familiar with
process and instrument line
symbols.
= -as a revision for all what
have been studied in day=!
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) ;0
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
Da<)04 3esson)+
(Suggested time for this section: Two hours).
Con!en!s Ac!i.i!ies
!. 7nstrument identification or tag number.
$. Functional designation of relays.
= -ave one or two of the
students describe what is
meant by instrument
identification.
= &4plain the meaning of
identification letters and
give e4amples.
= )efer to AFPC P:7D.
Da<)04 3esson)0
(Suggested time for this section: Two hours).
Con!en!s Ac!i.i!ies
%. >pecial abbreviations.
*. General abbreviations.
= Discuss the special abbreviation
through table=/ ,student
manual..
= Discuss the general abbreviation
through the tables in student
manual.
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) ;8
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
Da<)04 3esson (8
(Suggested time for this section: Two hours).
Con!en!s Ac!i.i!ies
/. 7>A symbols.
0.Typical arrangement of instrument
connection.
2. )evision.
3. Give Post= assessment ,Final Test..
= Discuss with the students
information on 7>A symbols.
= Show o.erhead T>= T&= T@=
TA= TD= T+*= T++-
= Show o.erhead T+0-
= )efer to typical AFPC P:7D.
= -ave a revision for all what
have been studied in Day=!
and day=$.
= This assessment covers all
points of the course.
= -ave the students pass their
answer to you and grade
them.
= )ecord grades and compare
with the pre=assessment
scores.
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) ;;
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
@- PRE AND P#ST %FINA3' ASSESS/ENT AND /#DE3
ANSWERS
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) ;>
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
Pre) Co"rse Assessmen!
Reading Drawings
PFDS and P &IDs
Name 1 ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 3oca!ion1 )))))))))))))))))))))))))))
Co- No-1 ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) Score 1 )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
Answer !he Collowing 2"es!ions1
F.! Bhat is meant by the following identifications6
PFD6
========================================================================================P:7D
6
======================================================================================P&5F
D6
====================================================================================P>FD6
=====================================================================================
F.$ 7dentify the information you can get from the following documentation6
PFD6
===============================================================================================
===============================================================================================
========================================================================================
===============================================================================================
===============================================================================================
===============================================================================================
===============================================================================================
===============================================================================================
===============================================================================================
P:7D6
===============================================================================================
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) ;&
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
===============================================================================================
===============================================================================================
=====================================================================================
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) ;@
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
P&5FD6
===============================================================================================
===============================================================================================
===============================================================================================
====================================================================================P>FD6
===============================================================================================
===============================================================================================
===============================================================================================
======================================================================================
F.% &4plain the function of the following schemes.
PFD6
==============================================================================================
==============================================================================================
==============================================================================================
==============================================================================================
==============================================================================================
==============================================================================================
=======================================================================================
P:7D6
==============================================================================================
==============================================================================================
==============================================================================================
==============================================================================================
==============================================================================================
==============================================================================================
====================================================================================
F.* 7dentify the line designations ,symbols. of the following6
a. +ain process line =======================================================================
b. Traced main process line ===============================================================
c. 7nsulated line ============================================================================
d. Pneumatic signal ========================================================================
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) ;A
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
e. &lectrical signal =========================================================================
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) ;D
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
F./ Bhat is meant by the following instrument identifications ,Tag umber.6
!. F>-6
=====================================================================================$. T)C6
====================================================================================%. )"6
======================================================================================*. P7C6
======================================================================================/.
PD7C6 ===================================================================================0.
1>6 =======================================================================================2.
TT6 =======================================================================================3.
1G6 ======================================================================================H.
F)6
=======================================================================================!<. F76
======================================================================================!!. T&6
=====================================================================================!$. TG6
=====================================================================================!%.
>DG6 ===================================================================================
!*. TCG6
===================================================================================!/. P>G6
===================================================================================!0. 1A-6
===================================================================================!2. P>D6
===================================================================================!3.
PA--6 =================================================================================!H.
F"6 =====================================================================================$<.
&>D6 ===================================================================================$!.
FC6 =====================================================================================$$.
A>6 =====================================================================================$%.
&>6 =====================================================================================$*.
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) >*
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
>.P6 =====================================================================================$/.
FK6 =====================================================================================
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) >+
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
F.0 7dentify the function of the following designation of relays6
7( P6 =========================================================================================
A( D6 =======================================================================================
F.2 7dentify the meanings of the following instrument symbols6
6 ==================================================================================
6 ====================================================================================
6 ======================================================================================
6 =====================================================================================
6 ======================================================================================
6 =====================================================================================
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) >0
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
F.3 Draw the symbols of the following process valves6
Globe Galve normally open =================================================.
Globe valve normally closed ===============================================.
Gate Galve normally open ==================================================.
Gate Galve normally closed =================================================.
Aall Galve normally closed =================================================.
Chec8 Galve =================================================.
Autterfly Galve =================================================.
eedle Galve normally open =================================================.
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) >8
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
Pos!) Co"rse Assessmen!
Reading Drawings
PFDS and P &IDs
Name 1 ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 3oca!ion1 )))))))))))))))))))))))))))
Co- No-1 ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) Score 1 )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
Answer !he Collowing 2"es!ions1
F.! Bhat is meant by the following identifications6
PFD6
========================================================================================P:7D
6
======================================================================================P&5F
D6
====================================================================================P>FD6
=====================================================================================
F.$ 7dentify the information you can get from the following documentation6
PFD6
===============================================================================================
===============================================================================================
========================================================================================
===============================================================================================
===============================================================================================
===============================================================================================
===============================================================================================
===============================================================================================
===============================================================================================
P:7D6
===============================================================================================
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) >;
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
===============================================================================================
===============================================================================================
=====================================================================================
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) >>
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
P&5FD6
===============================================================================================
===============================================================================================
===============================================================================================
====================================================================================P>FD6
===============================================================================================
===============================================================================================
===============================================================================================
======================================================================================
F.% &4plain the function of the following schemes.
PFD6
==============================================================================================
==============================================================================================
==============================================================================================
==============================================================================================
==============================================================================================
==============================================================================================
=======================================================================================
P:7D6
==============================================================================================
==============================================================================================
==============================================================================================
==============================================================================================
==============================================================================================
==============================================================================================
====================================================================================
F.* 7dentify the line designations ,symbols. of the following6
a. +ain process line =======================================================================
b. Traced main process line ===============================================================
c. 7nsulated line ============================================================================
d. Pneumatic signal ========================================================================
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) >&
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
e. &lectrical signal =========================================================================
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) >@
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
F./ Bhat is meant by the following instrument identifications ,Tag umber.6
!. F>-6
=====================================================================================$. T)C6
====================================================================================%. )"6
======================================================================================*. P7C6
======================================================================================/.
PD7C6 ===================================================================================0.
1>6 =======================================================================================2.
TT6 =======================================================================================3.
1G6 ======================================================================================H.
F)6
=======================================================================================!<. F76
======================================================================================!!. T&6
=====================================================================================!$. TG6
=====================================================================================!%.
>DG6 ===================================================================================
!*. TCG6
===================================================================================!/. P>G6
===================================================================================!0. 1A-6
===================================================================================!2. P>D6
===================================================================================!3.
PA--6 =================================================================================!H.
F"6 =====================================================================================$<.
&>D6 ===================================================================================$!.
FC6 =====================================================================================$$.
A>6 =====================================================================================$%.
&>6 =====================================================================================$*.
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) >A
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
>.P6 =====================================================================================$/.
FK6 =====================================================================================
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) >D
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
F.0 7dentify the function of the following designation of relays6
7( P6 =========================================================================================
A( D6 =======================================================================================
F.2 7dentify the meanings of the following instrument symbols6
6 =========================================================================================
6 =========================================================================================
6 ==========================================================================================
6 =========================================================================================
6 =========================================================================================
6 =========================================================================================
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) &*
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
F.3 Draw the symbols of the following process valves6
Globe Galve normally open =================================================.
Globe valve normally closed ===============================================.
Gate Galve normally open ==================================================.
Gate Galve normally closed =================================================.
Aall Galve normally closed =================================================.
Chec8 Galve =================================================.
Autterfly Galve =================================================.
eedle Galve normally open =================================================.
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) &+
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
/odel Answer For $re and Pos! %Final 'Co"rse Assessmen!
Name 1 ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 3oca!ion1 )))))))))))))))))))))))))))
Co- No-1 ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) Score 1 )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
A=! PFD6 Process Flow Diagram.
P : 7D6 Piping and 7nstrumentation Diagram.
P&5FD6 Process &ngineering 5tility Flow Diagram.
P>FDC Process >afeguarding Flow Diagram.
A=$ The PFD is a document containing the following information6
Process conditions and physical data of the main process streams.
+ain process e'uipment with design data.
+ain Process lines.
+ain controls.
+ass ,material. balance.
-eat balance ,if applicable..
N The P:7D is a document containing the detailed design( engineering data on6
>tationary e'uipment.
Fittings.
Piping details.
1ube oil and sealing systems.
7nstrument symbols and tag numbers.
Control device symbols.
>ignal transmission lines.
Alarms and tips.
>hutdown devices.
N The P&5FD is a document containing information on main distribution and(or
collection arrangement of each individual utility system, e4cept electrical
systems. Detailed design( engineering data are given as on the P:7D
mentioned above. 7n addition the P&5FD shows the mass and heat balances of
the system concerned.
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) &0
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
N The P>FD is a document high lighting information on types and levels of
protection offered by the devices installed and their interrelation to demonstrate
the plant9s safety.
A.% PFD6
Advanced ordering of special(long delivery e'uipment(materials base
on the Preliminary Pro#ect Planning
"btaining a preliminary e'uipment summary list
Composing preliminary plant layout
Preparing preliminary cost estimate ,$/=*<@ accuracy.
Preparation of the +7D with data sheets.
Preliminary ris8 analysis.
P : 7DC
Planning schedule
Final plant layout development together with ha?ardous areas classification
Preparing piping, instrument, safety relief valve and level gauge data sheets
Construction contract specifications
Developing piping layout drawings
Aul8 material ordering ,piping, electrical, instrumentation, civil.
)emaining e'uipment ordering
Final capital cost estimate ,engineering, purchasing and construction. !<@
accuracy
-A;"P studies(safety reviews
"perations review
>tating special re'uirements for start=up and shut=down
A. *6
a. +ain 1ine
b. Traced Au4iliary 1ine
c. 7nstalled 1ine
d. Pneumatic >ignal
e. &lectrical >ignal
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) &8
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
A. /
!. P>-6 Flow >witch -igh.
$. T)C6 Temperature )ecorder Controller.
%. )"6 )estriction "rifice.
*. P7C6 Pressure 7ndicator Controller.
/. PD7C6 Pressure Difference 7ndicator Controller.
0. 1>6 1evel >witch.
2. TT6 Temperature Transmitter.
3. 1G6 1evel Glass.
H. F)6 Flow )ecorder.
!<.F76 Flow 7ndicator.
!!.T&6 Temperature &lement.
!$.TG6 Temperature Galve.
!%.>DG6 >hut Down Galve.
!*.TCG6 Temperature Control Galve.
!/.P>G6 Pressure >afety Galve.
!0.1A-6 1evel Alarm -igh.
!2.P>D6 Process >hut Down.
!3.PA--6 Pressure Alarm -igh -igh.
!H.F"6 Fail "pen.
$<.&>D6 &mergency >hut Down .
$!.FC6 Fail Close.
$$.A>6 Air >upply.
$%.>. P6 >et Point.
$*.FK6 Flow )elay.
A=0. 7( P Change electric signal to pneumatic signal
A( D Change analog signal to digital signal.
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) &;
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
A=2.
61ocally mounted instrument.
6 7nstrument +ounted on 1ocal Aoard.
6 7nstrument +ounted on +ain Aoard.
6 7nstrument +ounted on )ear 1ocal Aoard.
6 7nstrument +ounted on )ear +ain Aoard.
6 >hared Display in Control )oam.
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) &>
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
A. 3
! Globe valve normally open
$ Globe valve normally closed.
% Gate valve normally open.
* Gate Galve normally closed.
/ Aall valve normally closed.
0 Chec8 valve.
2 Autterfly Galve.
3 eedle valve normally open.
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) &&
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
A- A$$endi
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) &@
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) &A
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) &D
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) @*
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) @+
Reading Drawing PFDs and P&IDs
IHRDC RD ( P) *+ %RE,- *' Page ) @0