EE 2446 Review 1

Laplace Transforms, Chapter 14

The Laplace variable is a generalization of . It is s = + j. The Laplace Transform is
for t 0:
F(s) =
_

0
f(t)e
st
dt
f(t) =
1
2j
_
+j
j
F(s) ds
What are the conditions for convergence of the rst integral. Do the transforms give a
unique answer? Why do engineers avoid doing the inverse transform mathematically?
L
_
df
dt
_
=
_

0
df
dt
e
st
dt = sF(s) f(0

)
Integration by parts.
_
u dv = uv
_
v du
Dirac delta function
lim
a0
1
a
a = 1
so that
_

(t) dt = 1
_

f(t)(t a) dt = f(a)
Time Shift:
L
_
e
at
f(t)

= F(s + a)
L[u(t)] =
1
s
L[tu(t)] =
1
s
2
Inverse Transforms using partial fractions.
Method 1 for Distinct Poles
F(s) =
s + a
1
(s + b
1
)(s + b
2
)
=
A
s + b
1
+
B
s + b
2
Meethod 2 for Repeated Poles
F(s) =
s + a
1
(s + b
1
)
2
(s + b
2
)
=
A
(s + b
1
)
2
+
B
(s + b
1
)
+
C
s + b
2
Find C by multiplying by s + b
2
. Find A by multiplying by (s + b
1
)
2
. Then multiply by
denominator of F(s), (s + b
1
)
2
(s + b
2
). Equate coecients of like powers of s to get three
equations in this case for which two unknowns, (A and C) are known. Another approach
for multiple roots is to expand a multiple root as follows.
b
1
(s + p)
+
b
2
(s + p)
2
+
b
3
(s + p)
3
+ +
b
m
(s + p)
m
Then the b

s in the numerator are given by:

b
mk
=
1
k!
_
d
k
ds
k
(s + p)
m
F(s)
_
s=p
Method 3 for Complex Conjugate Pairs of Poles
For a pair of complex conjugate poles, of the form:
F(s) =
P(s)
[(s + a)
2
+
2
]Q(s)
=
N(s)
(s + a)
2
+
2
where Q(s) may represent additional poles.
=
C
s + a + j
+
C

s + a j
plus other poles
or expanded as
=
As + B
(s + a)
2
+
2
plus other poles
Then if
N
r
= {N}, N
i
= {N}
F(s) =
N
i
(s + a)/ + N
r
(s + a)
2
+
2
and the time domain funciton is:
f(t) =
1

e
at
[N
i
cos t + N
r
sin t]
This can be put into the form of a magnitude and angle. If
cos

=
N
r
_
N
2
r
+ N
2
i
sin

=
N
i
_
N
2
r
+ N
2
i
then
f(t) =
1

e
at
_
N
2
r
+ N
2
i
[cos(t) sin + sin(t) cos ]
=
1

e
at
_
N
2
r
+ N
2
i
sin(t )
If N(s) = a, then
f(t) = e
at
cos t
A common function is:
F(s) =

2
n
s
2
+ 2
n
s +
2
n
The two poles are:
s =
n
_

_

2
1
_
The time domain function is found the usual way, but with complex roots leading to
complex exponentials, sines, or cosines.
Convolution
In the frequency domain, if the voltage transfer function is H(s), then
V
o
(s) = H(s)V
in
(s)
In the time domain
v
o
(t) = h(t) v
in
(t)
where the convolution integral is:
v
o
(t) =
_
t
0
h()v
in
(t ) d
This says that if v
in
(t) is the delta function, (t), then v
o
(t) is the same as h(t). In this
case, h(t) is the impulse response.
Additional Transforms
Transforms with initial conditions and others not in the standard table.
L
__
t
0
f() d
_
=
1
s
F(s) +
1
s
f(0)
L
_
df(t)
dt
_
= sF(s) f(0)
L{e
at
f(t)} = F(s + a)
L{f(t )u(t )} = e
s
F(s)
The initial and nal value theorems:
lim
s
sF(s) = f(0)
lim
s0
sF(s) = f()
What requirements are there on f(t) for the nal value theorem to work?
Solution of network dierential equations. You can write down the dierential equation
and do the Laplace transform on the unit step functions, the derivatives and the integrals
to get an algebraic equation. OR you can write the circuit equation directly following the
form of the ac steady state equations by replacing j with s.
For initial conditions, current in an inductor and voltage across a capacitor cannot change
instantaneously. However, voltage across an inductor and current through a capacitor can
change instantaneously. Initial conditions for a capacitor and an inductor are given in the
Laplace domain as follows.
V (s) =
I(s)
sC
+
v(0

)
s
or solving for the current:
I(s) = sCV (s) Cv(0)
For the inductor:
V (s) = sLI(s) Li(0)
or
I(s) =
V (s)
Ls
+
i(0

)
s