h

i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
History of Architecture
Arch. Kevin Espina
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
What are the board exams like?
1. Memorization is necessary you must remember many
facts
2. Wide in Scope frompre-historic to modernstyles
3. Repetitive questions fromprevious exams are reused
4. Historyamounts to onlyaround10%of your total score
OUR METHOD OF STUDYING HISTORY:
To try not to memorize but to understand
History is not a list of facts it is a story that can be retold
over andover
REFERENCES
1. Ching, Francis D.K., A Visual Dictionaryof Architecture
2. Fletcher, Bannister, A Historyof Architecture 20thEd.
3. Mercado, J ose L., The Architectural Reviewer Volume
III: History&Theoryof Architecture
4. Salvan, George S., Architectural Character &the History
of Architecture
5. The Childrens Atlas of WorldHistory
6. The WorldAtlas of Architecture
DEFINITIONS
History of Architecture
"It is a record of man's effort to build beautifully. It traces
the origin, growth and decline of architectural styles which
have prevailedlands andages."
Historic Styles of Architecture
"The particular method, the characteristics, manner of
designwhichprevails at a certainplace andtime.
Six Influences of Architecture
Geographical
Geological
Climatic
Religious
Social
Historical
Four Great Constructive Principles
1. Post &Lintel Construction
2. Arch&Vault Construction
3. Corbel or Cantilever Construction
4. TrussedConstruction
Introduction
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Introduction
Pre-Historic
Egyptian
Near East
Gothic
Roman
Renaissance
18
th
-19
th
C:
Revival
20
th
C:
Modern
Byzantine
Islamic
Early Christian
Chinese & Japanese
Indian
Greek Romanesque
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Pre-historic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Pre-Historic
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
Direct human ancestors evolved in Africa from2.3 million
years ago - Homo habilis, Homo erectus, homo sapiens,
homo sapiens sapiens
The success of the human race was largely due to the
development of tools made of stone, wood, bone
Humans spreadfromAfrica into SouthernEurope, Asia
Couldnot settle far northdue to the coldclimate
FromSiberia byfoot into NorthAmerica
FromSoutheast Asia byboat into Australia
Before 9000BC, nomadic life of hunting&foodgathering
By9000BC, farmingandagriculture was practiced
Fertile soil andplentiful food
Animal domesticationfor work, milk, wool
People wantedto settle down, live in communities
First villages in the Middle East, South America, Central
America, India andChina
Some people needed not farm, so they spent time on
other work - pot-making, metal-working, art and
architecture!
RELIGION
No organizedreligion
The dead are treated with respect - burial rituals and
monuments
Pre-historic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
MATERIALS
Animal skins, woodenframes, animal bones
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
Existingor excavatedcaves
Megalithic, most evident in France, EnglandandIreland
DECORATION
Caves paintings in Africa, France and Spain
Sculpture
EXAMPLES
MENHIR
A single, large upright monolith
Serves a religious purpose
Sometimes arranged in parallel rows, reaching several
miles andconsistingof thousands of stones
Carnac, France
Pre-historic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
DOLMEN
Tomb of standing stones usually capped with a large
horizontal slab
CROMLECH
Enclosure formed by huge stones planted on the ground
in circular form
Stonehenge, England (2800 1500BC)
Most spectacular andimposingof monolithic monuments
Outer ring, inner ring, innermost horseshoe-shaped ring
with openendfacingeast
Largest stones weigh 45 to 50 tons, came from Wales
200kmaway
Stones transported by sea or river then hauled on land
with sledges and rollers by hundreds of people, raised
upright into pits, cappedwith lintels
Genuine architecture - it defines exterior space
A solar observatory - designed to mark the sun's path
duringsunrise onMidsummer Day
TUMULUS or PASSAGE GRAVE
Dominant tombtype
Corridor inside leadingto anundergroundchamber
Pre-historic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Wigwam or Tepee
conical tent with woodenpoles as framework
Coveredwithrushmats andananimal skindoor
Hogan - primitive Indianstructure of joinedlogs
Igloo - Innuit (Eskimo) house constructed of hard-packed
snowblocks built upspirally
Nigerianhut - withmudwalls androof of palmleaves
Iraqi mudhif - covered with split reed mats, built on a reed
platformto prevent settlement
Sumatran house - for several families, built of timber and
palmleaves, the fencedpenunderneathis for livestock
PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS
Mostlyhadone room
The development of more complex civilizations led to
division of the roominto smaller ones for eating, sleeping,
socializing
In places where no industrial revolution has occurred to
transform building methods and increase population
density, houses showlittle difference fromprimitive ones
Natural or Artificial Caves
Beehive Hut
Trullo - drywalledroughstone shelter with corbelledroof
Pre-historic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Near East
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Pre-Historic
Near East
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
Started as villages on the flat land between Tigris and
Euphrates rivers - Mesopotamia
Turnedinto city-states with populations of thousands
Each city-state surrounded by a wall and dominated by a
large temple
Societyof kings, craftsmen, soldiers, farmers, priests
Fought andtradedwitheachother
Sometimes would conquer each other and form an
empire
Near East
Mesopotamian
City-states of Ur, Babylon, Agade, Ashur andDamascus
2334 BC, King Sargon of Agade formed the first major
empire
1792BC, next byKingHammurabi
Institutedlaws to keeporder
Invention of writing - pictograms or cuneiformrecords on
claytablets
Assyrian
Based in Ashur, biggest empire under King Ashurbanipal
conqueredMesopotamia, Syria, Palestine andEgypt
Persian
BegunbyCyrus the Great from559to 529BC
Covered Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Eastern Mediterranean,
Bactria, Indus ValleyandNorthAfrica
Darius I had provinces ruled by a satrap, who guarded
the roads, collectedtaxes andcontrolledthe army
Local peoples were allowed to keep their religions and
customs
Capital movedfromSusa to Persepolis
Network of roads linking the royal court to other parts of
the empire fromSusa in Persia to Sardis in Anatolia
Tradedrawmaterials, carpets andspices
Darius andXerxes triedto conquer Greece
Ended with the defeat of Darius III to Alexander the Great
of Macedonia
UR
BABYLON
AGADE
ASHUR
MEMPHIS
Mesopotamian Empire
under King Sargon of Agade
Mesopotamian Empire
under King Hammurabi
Assyrian Empire
under King Ashurbanipal
PERSEPOLIS
Persian Empire
under King Darius I
PERSIA
EGYPT
THEBES
DAMASCUS
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
RELIGION
Eachcity-state worshippedtheir owngodfor protection
People aimedto make peace with their wrathful god
GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY
Fertile Crescent:
Marshlands with few natural advantages aside from
water andsoil
Import materials like hardwoodandmetals
Also:
Deserts of the ArabianPeninsula
Mountains andplateauxfromwest to east
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
MATERIALS
Only materials readily available was clay, soil, reeds,
rushes
Bricks made of mud and chopped straw, sun-dried or
kiln-fired
Timber, copper, tin, leadgold, silver imported
DECORATION
Colossal winged-bulls guardingchief portals
Polychrome glazedbricks in blue, white, yellow, green
Murals of decorative continuous stone
Near East
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
EXAMPLES
ZIGGURATS
Religious buildings built next to temples
Ontopwas a small temple
Development:
Archaic ziggurat
Two or Three-stagedziggurat
Seven-stagedziggurat duringthe Assyrianperiod
Ziggurat at Ur
2000BC
Near East
PALACES
Kings celebrated their victories, wealth and power by
buildinglarge palaces
Palace Platform at Persepolis
Ruins still exist
50years to build
People from all over the empire were involved in its
construction
Varietyof architectural styles
parts: audience halls, reception halls, storerooms for
tributes and valuables, military quarters, apadana tallest
building, with36columns of 20mheight
DWELLINGS
Knownas Megaron
Entrance at endrather thanonthe longsides
Portico - colonnaded space forming an entrance or
vestibule, with a roof supportedonone side bycolumns
Suitedto climate of Anatolianplateau
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Egyptian
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Pre-Historic
Egyptian
Near East
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
HISTORY
Wealthy country despite the desert - every year, Nile
wouldoverflow, leavingthe landfertile for growingcrops
Nile River was a trade route
GoldfromNubia in the south
Two kingdoms, Lower and Upper Egypt, combined by
KingMenes in 3100BC
Many small towns, but royal cities at Memphis and
Thebes
A single kingdomfor most of its existence - unified under
the centralizedomnipotent authorityof the pharaoh(king)
Pharaohs:
Seenas gods dwellingonearth
Sole masters of the countryandits inhabitants
Builders andleaders
Initiated the design, financing, quarrying and transporting
of materials, organizationof labor andconstructionitself
Society:
Divided into groups, by order of importance: senior
priests, officials, noblemen, andarmycommanders
Most ordinaryEgyptians were farmers
Architects, engineers, theologians, masons, sculptors,
painters, laborers, peasants, prisoners
Weaving, glass-making, pottery, metal, jewelry and
furniture
Astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, music and writing
literature andhistorywrittenonpapyrus andstone tablets
Egyptian
INFLUENCES
GEOGRAPHY & CLIMATE
Narrowstretchof fertile andarable landalongthe Nile
Beyond riverbanks, barren desert and rugged cliffs
preventedattack frominvaders
MediterraneanandRedseas
GIZA
EGYPT
MEMPHIS
THEBES
KARNAK
NUBIA
SYRIA
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
RELIGION
Cult of many gods representing nature: sun, moon, stars,
animals
After death, a persons soul went on to enjoyeternal life in
kingdom of the God Osiris - imagined this kingdom as a
perfect versionof Egypt
Pharaohs were buried, bringing with themthe things they
might needin the afterlife, evenliving people
Wished for a fine burial, embalmment and funeral rites,
anda permanent tombor "eternal dwelling"
Deadbodyhadto be preservedto house the spirit
Remove insides, dry out the body, filled with linen,
maskedandbandaged
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION
Afterlife - life and house on earth is temporary, the tomb
is permanent
For sustenance andeternal enjoyment of the deceased
Religionis the dominant element in Egyptianarchitecture
MATERIALS
Stone was abundant in varietyandquantity
Usedfor monuments andreligious buildings
Durability of stone is why monuments still exist to this
day
Other materials, metals andtimber were imported
Mud bricks: for houses, palaces (reeds, papyrus, palm
branchribs, plasteredover with clay)
ROOF & OPENINGS
Roof was not animportant consideration
Flat roofs sufficedto cover andexclude heat
No windows
Spaces were lit byskylights, roof slits, clerestories
WALL
Batter wall - diminishing in width towards the top for
stability
Thickness: 9to 24mat temples
Unbroken massive walls, uninterrupted space for
hieroglyphics
DECORATIONS
Mouldings such as "gorge" or "hollow and roll" was
inspiredbyreeds
Torus moulding
Egyptian
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Hieroglyphics were pictorial representations of religion,
historyanddailylife
Derived fromthe practice of scratching pictures on mud-
plaster walls
Avenue of sphinxes: rows of monsters (body of lion, head
of man, hawk, ram) leadingto monuments
Egyptian
Commonornaments:
Common capitals used were the lotus, papyrus, palm
which echoed indigenous Egyptian plants, and were
symbols of fertility as well
The shaft representedbundle of stems
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
EXAMPLES
MASTABAS
Rectangular flat-topped funerary mound, with battered
side, coveringa burial chamber belowground
First type of Egyptiantomb
Developed from small and inconspicuous to huge an
imposing
Parts:
Stairway with 2 doors: one for ritual, second was a false
door for spirits
ColumnHall
OfferingChapel
Serdab(contains statue of deceased)
Offering roomwith Stelae (stone with name of deceased
inscribed)
Offeringtable
Sarcophagus Egyptiancoffin
Egyptian
PYRAMIDS
massive funerarystructure of stone or brick
Came in complexes:
Offeringchapel (northor east side)
Mortuarychapel
Raisedandenclosedcausewayleadingto west
Valleybuildingfor embalmment andinternment rites
Immense use of labor and materials, built in layers, like
steps
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Pyramids at Gizeh
Most magnificent of pyramids
Equilateral sides face cardinal points
Forms a world-famous buildinggroup
Pyramidof Cheops (Khufu)
Pyramidof Chephren(Khafra or Khafre)
Pyramidof Mykerinos (Menkaura)
The Great Sphinx shows King Chepren as a man-lion
protectinghis country
Step Pyramid of Zoser, Saqqara
World's first large-scale monument in stone
DesignedbyImhotep
Bent Pyramid at Seneferu
Egyptian
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
ROCK-CUT or ROCK-HEWN TOMBS
Built alonghillside
For nobility, not royalty
Tombs at Beni Hasan
Tombs of the Kings, Thebes
Egyptian
TEMPLES
MORTUARY TEMPLES
worship/ in honor of pharaohs
CULT TEMPLES
worship/ in honor of god
Parts:
Entrance pylon
Large outer court opento sky(hypaethral court)
Hypostyle hall
Sanctuarysurroundedbypassages
Chapels/chambers used in connection with the temple
service
Temple of Khons
Typical temple: pylons, court, hypostyle hall, sanctuary,
chapels all enclosedbyhighgirdle wall
Avenue of sphinxes andobelisks frontingpylons
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Great Temple of Abu-Simbel
Example of rock-cut temple
ConstructedbyRameses II
Entrance forecourt leads to imposing pylon with 4 rock-
cut colossal statues of Rameses sittingover 20mhigh
Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri
Great Temple of Ammon, Karnak, Thebes
Grandest temple andthe work of manykings
Temple of Ammon, Luxor
Mammisi Temple
Became the prototype of the Greek Doric temples
Egyptian
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
PYLONS
monumental gateway to the temple consisting of slanting
walls flankingthe entrance portal
Temple of Isis, Philae
OBELISKS
upright stone square in plan, with an electrum-capped
pyramidionontop
sacredsymbol of sun-godHeliopolis
usuallycame in pairs frontingtemple entrances
height of nine or tentimes the diameter at the base
four sides feature hieroglyphics
Obelisk, Piazza of S. Giovanni
originallyfromTemple of Ammon, Karnak
Egyptian
DWELLINGS
Made of crude brick
One or two storeyhigh
Flat roof deck
3parts:
Reception suite on north side - central hall or living room
with highceilingandclerestory
Service quarters
Private quarters
FORTRESSES
Mostlyfoundonwest bank of Nile or onislands
Close communications withother fortresses
Fortress of Buhen
Headquarters &largest fortifiedtownnear Nubia
Fromhere theycouldtrade andinvade lands to the south
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Greek
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Pre-Historic
Egyptian
Near East
Greek
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
Aegean Period (Minoan)
Civilizations on Crete and Greek mainland from1900 to
1100BC
The first great commercial and naval power in the
Mediterranean, founded on trade with the whole eastern
seaboard: Asia Minor, Cyprus, Syria, Palestine, Egypt and
Libya, evenSouthItalyandSicily onthe west
Trade and communications produced a unity of culture
andeconomic stability
Knossos was the largest city, hada magnificent palace
Mycenaean or Helladic (1550 to 1100 BC)
Continuation of Cretan ideas and craftsmanship on
mainlandGreece
Wealth due to their control of metal trading between
Europe andMiddle East
Hellenic Period (800 to 323 BC)
City-states developed on the plains between mountains
Sparta andAthens were most important
The "polis" emergedas the basis of Greek society
Eachhadits ownruler, government andlaws
A federal unity existed between city-states due to
commonlanguage, customs, religion
Several different forms of government: Oligarchic,
Tyrannic, Democratic
Under Pericles (444 BC to 429 BC), peak of Athenian
prosperity
Outburst of building activity and construction,
developments in art, law-making, philosophyandscience
Philosophers Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
Among best soldiers in the ancient world Hoplite Army
defeated repeated invasions by Darius and Xerxes of
Persia
Alexander the Great of Macedonia conquered Persia,
Asia Minor, Egypt, Syria, Afghanistan
Greek language andculture reachedanenormous area
Hellenistic Period (323 to 30 BC)
Hellenistic Empire established, Greek civilization
extended
Greek
MEMPHIS
Greek Empire
under Alexander the Great of Macedonia
PERSIA
EGYPT
THEBES
CRETE
ASIA MINOR
INDIA
SYRIA
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
GEOLOGY & CLIMATE
On the mainland, rugged mountains made
communicationdifficult
Mountains separated inhabitants into groups, clans,
states
archipelago and islands: sea was the inevitable means of
trade andcommunications
Betweenrigorous coldandrelaxingheat
Clear atmosphere and intense light - conducive to
creatingprecise andexact forms
J udicial activities, dramatic presentations, public
ceremonies took place in the openair
RELIGION
Aegeanreligion:
Primitive stage of nature worship
Priestesses conducted religious rites, sacred games,
ritual dances, worshiponsacrificial altars
Greek religion:
A highlydevelopedformof nature worship
Gods as personifications of natural elements, or deified
mortals
Gods couldinfluence events in the humanworld
Greeks sought advice fromoracles oracle at Delphi
Greek
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION
Aegean
Roughandmassive
Hellenic
Mostlyreligious architecture
"carpentry in marble- timber forms imitated in stone with
remarkable exactness
Hellenistic
Not religious in character, but civic for the people
Providedinspirationfor Romanbuildingtypes
Dignifiedandgracious structures
Symmetrical, orderly
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
Columnar andtrabeated
Roof truss appeared, enabling large spaces to be
unhinderedbycolumns
MATERIALS
Timber andterra cotta
Stone
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
EXAMPLES
HOUSES
Onislands:
Flat roofing
Drawntogether in blocks
Two to four storeys high
Light admittedthroughlight wells
Onmainland:
Single-storeyedhouse withdeepplan
Columnedentrance porchwith central doorway
Livingapartment proper withsleepingroombehind
TOMBS
rock-cut or chamber tombs - tholostomb
Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae
Greek
PALACES
Palace of King Minos, Knossos
Palace at Tyrins
Lion Gate, Mycenae
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Greek
TEMPLES
Chief buildingtype
Earliest ones resembled megaron in
planandconstruction
Number of columns at entrance:
1column hemostyle
2columns distyle
3columns tristyle
4columns tetrastyle
5columns pentastyle
6columns hexastyle
7columns heptastyle
8columns octastyle
9columns enneastyle
10columns decastyle
12columns dodecastyle
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Greek
MOULDINGS
Architectural devices, which with
light and shade, produce definition to
a building
Could be refined and delicate in
contour, due to fineness of marble
andthe clarityof atmosphere andlight
Arris
Splay
Fillet
Billet
Cove
Cavetto
Ogee
Cyma Recta
Cyma Reversa
Beak
Brace
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Certainrefinements usedto correct optical illusions:
Horizontal lines built convexto correct sagging
Vertical features inclined inwards to correct appearance
of fallingoutwards
On columns, entasis was used, swelling outwards to
correct appearance of curvinginwards
METHODS OF NATURAL LIGHTING
no windows
clerestory - situated between roof and upper portion of
wall
skylight - made of thin, translucent marble
temple door, orientedtowards the east
Greek
GREEK ORDERS
Shaft, Capital, and Horizontal entablature (architrave,
frieze, cornice)
Originally, Doric and Ionic, named after the two main
branches of Greek race
Thenthere evolvedCorinthian, a purelydecorative order
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
DORIC ORDER
Without base, directlyoncrepidoma
Height (including capital) of 4 to 6
times the diameter at the base
Shaft diminishes at top from 3/4 to
2/3of base diameter
Divided into 20 shallow flutes
separatedbyarrises
Doric capitals had two parts - the
square abacus above and circular
bulbous echinus below
Doric entablature:
Height is 1 and 3/4 times the lower
diameter in height
3maindivisions:
Architrave, principal beam of 2 or 3
slabs in depth
Frieze
Cornice, mouldings
Greek
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
IONIC ORDER
Volute or scroll capital (derived
from Egyptian lotus and Aegean
art)
Ionic column:
More slender thanDoric
Neededa base to spreadload
Height was 9 times the base
diameter
Has 24 flutes separated by
fillets
Upper andlower torus
Ionic entablature:
Height was 2 and 1/4 times the
diameter of column
Two parts:
Architrave,withfasciae
Cornice
No frieze
Greek
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Greek
CORINTHIAN ORDER
Decorative variant of Ionic Order
Corinthiancolumn:
Base andshaft resembledIonic
More slender
Height of 10diameters
Capital: much deeper than Ionic, 1
and1/6diameters high
Capital invented by Callimachus,
inspired by basket over root of
acanthus plant
3parts:
Architrave,
Frieze,
Cornice, developedtype with dentils
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Temple of Nike Apteros, Athens
Temple of Artemis Ephesus
The Erectheion, Acropolis
Greek
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Temple of Hera, Paestum
The Parthenon, Acropolis
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
AGORA
STOA
PRYTANEION, BOULEUTERION, or ASSEMBLY HALL
TEMENOS
Enclosure designatedas a sacredland
Entire groups of buildings laid out symmetrically and
orderly
Acropolis at Pergamon
The Acropolis, Athens
10structures forma world-famous buildinggroup:
Propylaea
Pinacotheca
Statue of Athena Promachos
Erectheion
Parthenon
Temple of Nike Apteros
OldTemple of Athena
Stoa of Eumeses
Theater of Dionysus
Odeonof Herodes Atticus
Greek
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
STADIUM or HIPPODROME
PROPYLAEA
PALAESTRA and GYMNASIUM
NAVAL BUILDING
TOMBS/ MAUSOLEUM
Greek
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
THEATER or ODEION
Carved or hollowed out of the hillside
Acoustically-efficient
Theater of Epidauros
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Roman
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Pre-Historic
Egyptian
Near East
Roman Greek
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
Manycity-states onthe Italianpeninsula
From 800 -300 BC, among all cities in Italy, Rome
became the most powerful
334 264 BC, Rome conquered all of Italy and
establishedone of the strongest empires in history
Was centrally-locatedonthe northernMediterranean
Not a sea-faringpeople
Dependedonconquest bylandto extendtheir power
Fought with Carthage in North Africa for control of the
Mediterranean
Hannibal led the Carthaginian army and its 38 elephants
across the Alps into Rome
2periods:
Etuscan or Etruscan (750BC to 146BC)
Roman (146BC to 365AD)
Developedconstitutional republic
Farmers &soldiers, concernedwith efficiencyandjustice
For 500 years Rome was ruled by elected leaders called
consuls
In 27 BC, Augustus crowned himself Emperor with total
power
Succession of military dictatorships of which J ulius
Caesars was most famous
Empire reached its greatest size in 114 AD under
Emperor Trajan- 4000kmwide and60million inhabitants
Used natural frontiers such as mountain ranges and
rivers to define their empire
Otherwise they built fortified walls, such as Hadrians
Wall in England
Provinces runbygovernors
Latinwas the official language
Appliedromansystemof laws
Was the intermediary in spreading art and civilization in
Europe, West Asia andNorthAfrica
Roman
Roman Empire in 114 AD
under Emperor Trajan
SEGOVIA
PERSIA
EGYPT
GREECE
FRANCE
SPAIN
AFRICA
BRITAIN
GERMANY
NIMES
ROME
CARTHAGE
BYZANTIUM
(CONSTANTINOPLE)
ANTIOCH
POMPEII
ATHENS
LONDON
ITALY
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
RELIGION
Polytheistic, several cults
Roman mythology slowly derived attributes fromthose of
Greek gods
GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY and CLIMATE
Italian peninsula: Central and commanding position on
Mediterraneansea
Temperate in the north
Sunnyin central Italy
Almost tropical in south
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION
Etruscans were great builders
Large-scale undertakings, like city walls andsewers
Draining marshes, controlling rivers and lakes by using
channels
Romans hadgreat constructive ability
Complex, of several stories
Utilitarian, practical, economic use of materials
MATERIALS
Stone: tufa, peperino, travertine, lava stone, sand, gravel
Marble, mostlywhite
Imported marble from all parts of the Empire to river
Tiber
Earthfor terra cotta andbricks
Etruscans introduced the use of concrete (300AD to 400
AD):
Stone or brick rubble with pozzolana, a thick volcanic
earthmaterial as mortar
Usedfor walls, vaults, domes
Concrete allowed Romans to build vaults of a magnitude
never equaleduntil 19thcenturysteel construction
Roman
COLUMNS
Orders of architecture, used by Greeks constructively,
were used by Romans as decorative features which could
be omitted
Tuscan Order
Simplifiedversionof Doric order
About 7diameters high
With a base, unfluted shaft, moulded capital, plain
entablature
Composite Order
Evolved in 100 AD, combining prominent volutes of Ionic
with acanthus of Corinthian
Most decorative
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Roman
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
Adoptedcolumnar andtrabeatedstyle of Greeks
Arch and vault systemstarted by Etruscans - combined
use of column, beamandarch(arctuated)
Were able to cover large spaces without the aid of
intermediate support
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
TYPES OF VAULTS
Wagon/ Barrel/ Tunnel Vault:
Semi-circular or wagon-headed, borne on two parallel
walls throughout its length
Wagon Vault with Intersecting Vault:
Cross Vault:
Formed by the intersection of two semi-circular vaults of
equal span- usedover square apartment or bays
Hemispherical Dome/ Cupola:
Usedover circular structures
Roman
DECORATION
Mosaics
Thousands of small stones or glass tiles set in mortar to
forma pattern
Showedpictures of romanlife
Opus Incertum - small stones, loose pattern resembling
polygonal walling
Opus Quadratum - rectangular blocks, with or without
mortar joints
Opus Reticulatum- net-like effect, with fine joints running
diagonally
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
FORUM
Roman cities were well-planned with straight streets
crossingthe townin a gridpattern
Inthe towncenter was anopenspace calledthe forum
Surroundedbya hall, offices, lawcourts andshops
BASILICAS
Basilica in the Forum, Pompeii
Basilica of Septimius Severus, Lepcis Magna
EXAMPLES
RECTANGULAR TEMPLE
Maison Caree, Nimes
CIRCULAR TEMPLE
The Pantheon. Rome
Roman
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
THERMAE
Romans likedto keepcleanandfit
Built elaborate public baths throughout the empire
For as manyas 30menandwomenin the open
Parts of the thermae
Apodyteria dressingroom
Laconicum(sudatorium) - sweat room, rubbingwith oil
Tepidarium warmbath
Frigidarium coldbath
Unctuaria oils andperfumes room
Baths of Diocletian, Rome
Roman
DOMUS
INSULAE
3- or 4- storeytenement type buildings
Prototype for the moderncondominium
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
CIRCUS
Circus Maximus, Rome
THEATERS and AMPHITHEATERS
Gladiators trained to fight each other at organized
contests
For the entertainment of the townspeople
The Colosseum, Rome
Roman
TRIUMPHAL ARCHES
Arch of Septimius Severus, The Forum, Rome
AQUEDUCTS
Carried water in pipes fromthe country to the heart of the
city
Pont du Gard, Nimes, France
Segovia Aqueduct, Spain
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Early Christian
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Pre-Historic
Egyptian
Near East
Roman
Early Christian Greek
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
In 63 BC, the Romans conquered J udea in the Eastern
Mediterranean
Maininhabitants were the J ews
J ews believed that one day the Messiah or Christ
wouldfree themfromthe Romans
In 27 AD, J esus began preaching to people in Galilee,
northof J udea
After three years, he was arrested by the J ews and found
guiltyof offendingtheir god
He was nailedto a cross anddieda painful death
He appeared to his disciples after his resurrection from
the dead
Belief that J esus was the Christ and the Son of God -
Christianitywas born
Disciples spread stories of J esus life and teaching by
word of mouth and by written account in the new
testament
Moved from J udea to Antioch in Syria and into the
NorthernMediterranean
Foundednewcommunities alongthe way
Carried by St. Peter, St. Paul and other missionaries to
Rome, the center of the Empire and fountainhead of power
andinfluence
Emperor Nero ordered Christians to be fed to wild beasts
or burnedto death
Despite this, in 4thcenturyRome, Christianitygrew
In 312 AD, Constantine, a converted Christian, named it
the official religionof the Romanempire
By 600 AD, most roman villages had their own churches,
governedbya bishop
Patriarchs based in J erusalem, Alexandria, Antioch,
Constantinople andRome
GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY
Ruins of Roman buildings served as quarries fromwhich
materials were obtained
Early Christian
Christianized
by 600 AD
PERSIA
EGYPT
GREECE
FRANCE
SPAIN
NORTH AFRICA
BRITAIN
ITALY
MARSEILLE
ROME
CARTHAGE
CONSTANTINOPLE
ANTIOCH
NAPLES
ATHENS
LONDON
SEVILLE
SYRIA
JUDEA
J ERUSALEM
DAMASCUS
BETHLEHEM
ALEXANDRIA
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION
Highly-influencedbyRomanart andarchitecture
This architecture hardly has the architectural value of a
style, simply because it was never really produced by the
solutionof constructive problems
ROOF and CEILING
Further development of trusses - king and queen post
trusses
EXAMPLES
BASILICAN CHURCHES
Romanbasilicas as models
Usually erected over the burial place of the saint to whom
it was dedicated
Unlike Greek and Roman temples which sheltered gods,
the purpose of the Christian church was to shelter
worshippers
Came in a complex, with cathedral, belfry or campanile,
andbaptistery
Fine sculptures andmosaics workedinto newbasilicas
Paidlittle regardto external architectural effect
Entrance at west
Priest stoodbehindaltar, facingeast
Early Christian
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Early Christian
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
St. Peter's, Rome
Erected by Constantine near the site of St. Peter's
martyrdom
The Circus of Nero was torndownto erect it
Early Christian
Other examples:
S. Apollinare, Ravenna
S. Sabina
S. Agnese Fuori Le Mura, Rome
St. Paulo Fuori Le Mura
S. Clemente, Rome
S. Maria Maggiore, Rome
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
BAPTISTERIES
Used only for sacrament of baptism, on festivals of
Easter, Pentecost andEpiphany
Large separate building from church, sometimes
adjoinedatrium
TOMBS or CATACOMBS
Christians objected to cremation, insisted on burial on
consecratedground
Landfor burials hadbecome scarce andexpensive
Monumental tombs became expressions of faith in
immortality
Cemeteries or catacombs were excavatedbelowground
Several stories extendingdownwards
Usually domed and enriched with lavish mosaic
decorations
Walls and ceilings were lavishly decorated with paintings
mixing pagansymbolismwithscenes fromthe bible
Early Christian
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Byzantine
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Pre-Historic
Egyptian
Near East
Roman
Byzantine
Early Christian Greek
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
Fierce barbaric tribes such as the Goths and Vandals
attackedfromoutside the empire
In 285 293 AD, the empire had split into two an
EasternandWesternempire
Constantine, a converted Christian, changed the capital
of the Empire fromRome to Constantinople in 330AD
The western empire based in Rome finally collapsed in
476AD
Eastern empire lasted another thousand years and was
knownas the Byzantine empire
Constantinople stood on the site of an old Greek town
calledByzantium(present-dayIstanbul)
Known as the "new Rome", most commanding position
andmost valuable part of easternRomanempire
Bulwark of Christianityduringthe Middle Ages
Strongly Christian people - founded many monasteries
andchurches
Converted the Russians and Eastern Europeans to
Christianity - this formof Christianity survives today as the
EasternOrthodoxChurch
Under Emperor J ustinian, regained control of lost lands
of the Western Roman Empire, such as Northwest Africa,
ItalyandSpain
Attacks from Slav Barbarians and Bulgars from the
northwest were constantlybeingrepelled
Persians, Arabs andMuslims fromeast
Normans andVenetians
Ottoman Turks captured the city in 1453 and killed
Constantine XI the last emperor
GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY
Where Asia and Europe meet, separated by a narrow
stripof water
Art and architecture executed by original Greek
craftsmen
Influence reached Greece, Serbia, Russia, Asia Minor,
NorthAfrica, further west
Also Ravenna, PerigeuxandVenice, throughtrade
Byzantine
Byzantine Empire in 565 AD
under Emperor J ustinian
CORDOBA
SYRIA
EGYPT
GREECE
SPAIN
AFRICA
ROME
CARTHAGE
CONSTANTINOPLE
ANTIOCH
ATHENS
J ERUSALEM
DAMASCUS
ALEXANDRIA
BULGARIA
ASIA MINOR
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION
First buildings constructedwere churches
Dumped Early Christian style for new domical Byzantine
style
Byzantine is still official style for Orthodoxchurch
distinction:
Basilicanplan- EarlyChristian
Domed, centralizedplan- Byzantine
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
Fusion of domical construction with classical columnar
style
Domes of various types placed over square
compartments usingpendentives
Semi-circular arches rest directly on columns, with
capitals able to support springingof arches
Byzantine
DOMES
The dome was the prevailing motif of Byzantine
architecture
Practice of using domes contrasts with Early Christian
timber truss system
3types of dome:
Simple - Pendentives anddomes are of same sphere
Compound
Dome of separate sphere, rises independently over
sphere of pendentives or dome raisedonhighdrum
Special designs: melon, serrated, onionor bulbous shape
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
EXAMPLES
CHURCHES
Centralizedtype of plan
Dome over nave, sometimes supportedbysemi-domes
Entrance at west
S. Sophia, Constantinople
Hagia Sophia "divine or holywisdom"
Built by J ustinian, designed by Anthemius of Tralles and
Isidorus of Miletus
Rose on the site of 2 successive Basilican churches of
the same name
Most important churchin Constantinople
Perfectionof Byzantine style
Later convertedinto a mosque
Byzantine
S. Mark, Venice
Onthe site of original Basilicanchurch
An exterior quality all its own: blending of features from
manyforeignlands
Sits behind the Piazza of San Marco, vast marble-paved
openspace serves as atriumto church
Glittering, resplendent faade
Exterior enriched by fine entrance portals, mosaic and
marble decorations
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Romanesque
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Pre-Historic
Egyptian
Near East
Roman
Byzantine
Early Christian Greek Romanesque
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
The decline of the Roman Empire led to the rise of
independent states andnations across Europe
Most states still had ecclesiastical and political ties to
Rome
This went onfor three centuries, from500to 800AD
Charlemagne, a Frankish Carolingian king, was
barbarianEuropes most effective ruler
In800AD, he was crownedEmperor byPope Leo III -
established the Holy Roman Empire, tried to be as grand
as the RomanandByzantine emperors before him
Built his palace in Aachen, based on Byzantine palace
andchapel in Constantinople
Conqueredparts of Germany, Austria, ItalyandSpain
Art andcivilizationwas restoredover Europe
There was a newreligious enthusiasm:
The crusades were conductedagainst Muslims
Papacyrose to great power
Great monastic foundations
Christianity was source of education, culture, and
economy
In 814 AD, Charlemagnes empire began to break up
splittinginto 3kingdoms
Vikings from Norway, Denmark and Sweden began
attacking Britain, France, Ireland, Russia and North
America, onlystoppingby1000AD
Romanesque
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
The RomanEmpire was halvedinto East andWest
Those outside the Empire were called barbarians -
German tribes such as the Franks, Saxons, Vandals,
Goths; Asiantribes suchas the Huns
4th century, Huns invaded Europe forcing the Goths and
Vandals to seek shelter inside the RomanEmpire
Rome agreed to let them stay in exchange for help
against the Huns
In410AD, Alaric the GothseizedRome, settledin Spain
Ostrogoths held much of Italy, Vandals moved across
Europe into Africa
486 507, Clovis, King of the Franks, conquered Gaul,
but was overthrownbythe Carolingians in 751AD
Franks, Visigoths andBurgundians ruledGaul
Angles, Saxons andJ utes occupiedBritain
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
RELIGION
Rise of the religious orders
Science, letters, art and culture were the monopoly of
orders
Gave impulse to architecture; fosteredart andlearning
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION
Religious fervor expressedin:
Art, cathedrals andmonastic buildings
Architecture spread throughout Europe but governed by
classical traditions Romanesque
Ruins of classical buildings - classical precedent was
used only to suit the fragments of old ornaments used in
newbuildings
EXAMPLES
CATHEDRALS
MostlyBasilicanin plan
Rib and Panel vaulting - framework of ribs support thin
stone panels
BAPTISTERIES
Large, separate buildings usually octagonal in plan and
connectedto the cathedral bythe atrium
Used3times a year: Easter, Pentecost, Epiphany
CAMPANILES
Straight towers shafts, generallystandingalone
Served as civic monuments, symbols of power, watch
towers
NORTHERN ITALY
Milan, Venice, Ravenna, Pavia, Verona, Genoa - cities
competedto construct glorious buildings
Links to Northern Europe (through alpine passes) and
Constantinople (throughVenice andRavenna)
Ornamental arcades all over faade
Wheel window
Central projecting porch, with columns on roughly-carved
grotesque figures of men and beasts (shows Northern
Europeaninfluence)
S. Ambrogio, Milan
S. Zeno Maggiore, Verona
S. Fedele, Como
S. Michele, Pavia
Romanesque
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
SOUTHERN ITALY
Underwent Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Muslim and
Normanrule
Richer in designandcolor
Elaborate wheel windows made of sheets of pierced
marble
Greater varietyin columns andcapitals
Elaborate bronze doors andbronze pilasters
Byzantine influence: mosaic decorations, no vaults, used
domes
Muslim influence: use of striped marbles, stilted pointed
arches, colorful, geometric designs as predominant interior
decoration
Cefalu Cathedral, Sicily
Most distinct Romanesque churchin Sicily
Monreale Cathedral
Most splendidunder Normanrule in Sicily
BasilicanandByzantine planning
CENTRAL ITALY
Rome, Florence, Naples, Pisa cities rich in pagan
influence
Pisa had commercial links with the Holy Land; fought
with Muslims
Great stone andmineral wealth, brilliant atmosphere
Pisa Cathedral
Forms one of most famous building groups in the world -
Cathedral, Baptistery, Campanile, andCampo Santo
Resembles other earlyBasilicanchurches in plan
Exterior of redandwhite marble bands
Baptistery
39.3mcircular planbyDioti Salvi
Campanile
aka The LeaningTower of Pisa
8storeys, 16min diameter
Due to failure of foundations, overhangs 4.2m
Romanesque
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
FRANCE
Remains of old buildings were less abundant they had
greater freedomof developingnewstyle
Rib-vaults and semi-circular or pointed arches over the
nave andaisles
Timber-framed roofs of slate finish and steep slope to
throwoff snow
S. Madeleine, Vezelay
Earliest pointedcross-vault in France
Abbey of St. Denis, near Paris
Amongthe first instances of usingthe pointedarch
Ribbed vault, pointed arch and flying buttresses
successfullycombined
Romanesque
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
CENTRAL EUROPE
Worms Cathedral
Easternandwesternapses andoctagons
2circular towers flank each
Octagonat crossing, with pointedroof
SPAIN
Use of bothBasilicanandGreek-cross forms
Use of horseshoe arch
Santiago de Compostela
Finest achievement of Romanesque in Spain
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
ENGLAND
3foundations:
Oldfoundation- servedbysecular clergy
Monastic foundation- servedbyregular clergyor monks
Newfoundation- to whichbishops hadbeenappointed
Peterborough Cathedral
Fine Normaninterior
Original timber ceilingover nave
Durham Cathedral
Rib andpanel vaultingwith pointedarches
MONASTIC BUILDINGS
Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire
FORTIFICATIONS & TOWN WALLS
All over Europe - 1500 castles in England in 11th and
12thcenturies
Beganas motte andbaileyearthworks
Later became citadels withstone curtainwalls
Romanesque
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Romanesque
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Gothic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Pre-Historic
Egyptian
Near East
Gothic
Roman
Byzantine
Early Christian Greek Romanesque
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Some 4000 new towns were built to accommodate the
risingpopulation
Towns became centers of trade Paris, Milan, Florence,
Venice, Naples
Mixture of lands ruled by nobles
Feudal system - landlords ruled with tyranny
There was restlessness amongthe people
Towns became crowdedanddirty - disease was rife
Black Death struck Europe from1347 to 1351 and killed
half the population - spread by rats and fleas, could kill a
personwithin3days
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER - DESCRIPTION
"Gothic" is a termusedin reproachto this style
a departure fromclassic lines
Canbe identifiedbythe general use of pointedarch
Also calledMedieval Architecture
Gothic
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
12th 13th centuries: Holy Roman Empire was reduced
to the area of Germany
Only 3 great kingdoms were left: France, England and
Castile in Spain
Prosperous years in terms of agriculture - warmweather
and invention of the windmill and water-mill increased the
amount of foodproduced
Most Europeans were Catholics
Churchunder the Pope brought Christians together
Entire Christianitywas unitedagainst Muslims
The rulers, the church and townspeople spent wealth on
buildingmore castles, cathedrals andmonasteries
Towns competed with each other to produce the best
architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
FRANCE
CASTILE
AFRICA
ENGLAND
HOLY ROMAN
EMPIRE
SCOTLAND
IRELAND
NORWAY
SWEDEN
POLAND
HUNGARY
RUSSIA
DENMARK
ESTONIA
LIVONIA
LITHUANIA
PAPAL
STATES
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
FRANCE
InFrench, "L'architecture Ogivale
Primaire (12th Century AD)
Also called"a lancettes"
Distinguished by pointed arches and
geometric traceriedwindows
Secondaire (13th Century AD)
Also called"Rayonnant"
Characterized by circular windows
with wheel tracery
Tertiare (14th to 16th Century AD)
Also called"Flamboyant"
Flame-like window tracery or free-
flowingtracery
Features:
Use of pointed arch to cover
rectangular bays
Use of flying buttresses weighted by
pinnacles
Tall, thin columns stretching up as
if to heaven
Walls released from load-bearing
function
Invention of colored, stained glass
windows to adornwindow-walls
Tracery windows provided a
framework for Bible stories to be told
in pictures
Cathedrals as a library for illiterate
townspeople - Biblical stories were
toldwithstained-glass andstatuary
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Gothic
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Amiens Cathedral Reims Cathedral
Gothic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Chartres Cathedral
Notre Dame, Paris
One of the oldest Frenchcathedrals
BegunbyBishopMaurice de Sully
Faade features successive tiers of niches with statues:
Christ andFrenchkings
Central wheel window
Two westerntowers withhighpointedlouvredopenings
Other cathedrals:
Beauvais Cathedral
Laon Cathedral
Soissons Cathedral
Gothic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Gothic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
CASTLES
Built onmounds above rivers
Thick walls andsmall windows to resist attack
Many were adapted to make convenient residences in
later periods
Carcassone
built in 13thCenturyAD
double wall, inner one made in 600AD
50towers andmoat
two gateways guarded by machicolations, drawbridge
andportcullis
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Gothic
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
ENGLAND
NORMAN (1066 to 1154 AD)
Includes the raising of most of major Romanesque
churches andcastles
TRANSITIONAL (1154 to 1189 AD)
Pointedarches in Romanesque structures
EARLY ENGLISH (1189 to 1307 AD)
Equivalent to HighGothic in France
Also called "Lancet" or "First Pointed" style, from long
narrowpointedwindows
DECORATED (1307 to 1377 AD)
Window tracery is "Geometrical" in form, and later,
flowingtracerypatterns andcurvilinear surface pattern
Also called "Second Pointed", equivalent to French
"Flamboyant" style
PERPENDICULAR (1377 to 1485 AD)
Also called"Rectilinearor "ThirdPointed"
TUDOR (1495 to 1558 AD)
Increasingapplicationof Renaissance detail
ELIZABETHAN (1558 to 1603 AD)
Renaissance ideas take stronghold
Gothic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
CATHEDRALS
May have been attached to monasteries or to collegiate
institutions
Found in precincts with dormitories, infirmary, guest
houses, cloisters, refrectory, other buildings
Salisbury Cathedral
Westminster Abbey
Complexof church, royal palace andburial grounds
Most important medieval buildingin Britain
widest (32m) andhighest vault in England(102ft)
Other examples:
Wells Cathedral
York Cathedral - largest medieval cathedral in England
andin NorthernEurope
Winchester Cathedral - longest medieval cathedral in
England
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
MANOR HOUSES
Erectedbynewandwealthytradingfamilies
Parts:
great hall, roomwith solar room, chapel, latrine chamber,
service rooms, kitchens, central hearth
Later, in Tudor Manor Houses
increased rooms, quadrangular court, battlement
parapets, and gateways, chimneys, buttery (butlers
pantry), oven, pantry, serving area and storage, larder
(food storage), wardrobe, oratory-study, private chapel
with altar andcrucifix, scullery, brewhouse
Penhurst Place, Kent
GERMANY, BELGIUM AND THE NETHERLANDS
In Germany, the chief influence came from France, not
fromGermanRomanesque
In Belgiumand The Netherlands, it was based on French
Gothic, developingthe Brabantine style
HALL CHURCHES
Hada different look:
Nave andaisle of same height
One or two immense and ornate western towers or apse,
in place of sculptureddoorway
Brick-work andsimplifiedornamentation
Ulm Cathedral
St. Elizabeth, Marburg
Typical hall church
Gothic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
SPAIN
Strong Moorish influences: the use of horseshoe arches
and rich surface decoration of intricate geometrical and
flowingpatterns
Churches had flat exterior appearance, due to chapels
insertedbetweenbuttresses
Excessive ornament, without regard to constructive
character
Burgos Cathedral (1221 - 1457 AD)
Irregular in plan
Most beautiful andpoetic of all Spanishcathedrals
Seville Cathedral (1402 to 1520 AD)
Largest Medieval churchin Europe
Second largest church in the world, next to St. Peter's,
Rome
Gerona Cathedral
Granada Cathedral
Toledo Cathedral
Salamanca Cathedral
Other cathedrals:
Avila Cathedral, Segovia Cathedral, Barcelona Cathedral
Gothic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
ITALY
Led the way in Europe, in terms of art, learning and
commerce
Cultural revival was taking place in Italy in advance of
northernEurope
Romantraditionremainedstrong
This arrested the development of Gothic architecture in
Italy
Verticality of Gothic is generally neutralized by horizontal
cornices andstringcourses
Absence of pinnacles andflying buttresses
Small windows without tracery
Projecting entrance porches with columns on lion-like
beasts
Florence Cathedral or S. Maria del Fiore
DesignedbyArnolfo di Cambio
Essentially Italian in character, without the vertical
features of Gothic
Peculiar latincross planwithcampanile andbaptistery
Siena Cathedral
One of most stupendous undertakings since the building
of the Pisa cathedral
Outcome of civic pride - all artists in Siena contributed
their works to its buildingandadornment
Cruciformplan
Zebra marble stripingonwall andpier
Other cathedrals:
Milan Cathedral
Largest Medieval cathedral in Italy
3rdlargest cathedral in Europe
Gothic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Renaissance
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Pre-Historic
Egyptian
Near East
Gothic
Roman
Renaissance
Byzantine
Islamic
Early Christian Greek Romanesque
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
PrintingbyMovable Types
Ledto the mass productionof books
Contributedto the circulationof ideas andknowledge
Several Christian thinkers challenged and attacked the
beliefs, customs, power andwealthof the Catholic Church
Protestants in Germany, Scandinavia andEngland
MartinLuther andJ ohnCalvin
Religious and intellectual unity of Christendom had
begunto crumble
Increasedunderstandingof Science andthe Arts
Medicine andAstronomy
HumanAnatomybyAndreas Vesalius
Attempt to understand the ancient world, its values,
literary, artistic forms andarchitectural forms
"Treatise onArchitecture" byVitruvius in 1486
Renaissance
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
Previous trade routes to the east had now been blocked
bythe OttomanTurks in Constantinople
1450, series of voyages and explorations by sea led by
SpainandPortugal
For trade mostlybut also for the discoveryof more lands
Warfare was changedbythe inventionof gunpowder
This brought about the needfor a newbuildingtype
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
OTTOMAN
EMPIRE
FRANCE
SPAIN
AFRICA
GREAT
BRITAIN
HOLY ROMAN
EMPIRE
NORWAY
SWEDEN
POLAND
RUSSIA
DENMARK
LITHUANIA
PAPAL
STATES
PORTUGAL
SAVOY
SWISS
CONF.
DUTCH
REP.
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION
The Renaissance movement created a break in the
evolutionof Europeanchurcharchitecture
Departure from Gothic, with the employment of Classic
RomanOrders of Architecture
Byzantine structural and decorative practices, instead of
Gothic, were interwoven with those from Roman and
Romanesque succession
PERIODS
EARLY RENAISSANCE
Periodof learning
Designers were intent on the accurate transcription of
Romanelements
HIGH RENAISSANCE or PROTO-BAROQUE
Renaissance became anindividual style in its ownright
Purist or Palladian, where Roman tradition was held in
highrespect (representedbyAndrea Palladio)
Proto-Baroque, where there was more confidence in
using the acquired vocabulary freely (represented by
Michelangelo)
Mannerist, where practices which had no Roman
precedent were interspersed with the usual buildings, or
entire buildings were conceivedin a non-Romanway
Mannerists used architectural elements in a free,
decorative and illogical way, unsanctioned by antique
precedent
BAROQUE
Architects worked with freedom and firmly-acquired
knowledge
The true nature of Renaissance as a distinctive style
beganto emerge
Baroque saw architecture, painting, sculpture and the
minor arts being used in harmony to produce the unified
whole
ROCOCO
Style whichis primarily Frenchin origin
Rock-like forms, fantastic scrolls, andcrimpedshells
Profuse, oftensemi-abstract ornamentation
Light in color andweight
IN SUMMARY:
PalladianArchitecture was logical, staidandserene
Proto-Baroque Architecture was vivid, virile andintense
Baroque Architecture was dramatic, rich, grandandalive
Rococo Architecture was a profusion and confusion of
detail, presentinga lavishdisplayof decoration
Renaissance
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
FLORENCE
Cities of Florence, Genoa, Milan - central, chief powers
of Italy
Medici family - founded by Giovanni de Medici, who was
a commercial andpolitical power
Vitalityof social life at everylevel
Artists, who excelled in several arts, achieve high status
in society
Craft guilds, with both religious and lay connotations,
directedactivities of studios andworkshops
Renaissance hadits birthin Florence
PALAZZI
With the development of gunpowder, palace-type building
evolved, takingthe place of fortifiedcastles
Built around a cortile or interior court, like medieval
cloister
Groundfloor andpiano nobile
Faade of massive, rugged, fortress-like character due to
use of rusticatedmasonryandwall angles calledquoins
Large windows unnecessaryandunsuitable
Low pitched roof covered by a balustrade, parapet or
boldlyprotrudingroof cornices
Palazzo Strozzi
ByBenedetto da Majano
Representative of the Florentine palace of that period
Opencortile andpiano nobile
Astylar exterior of uniformrustication
Cornice of 1/13the height, 2.1mprojection
ROME
Splendidly presented examples of High Renaissance and
Proto-baroque
Famous architect is Donato Bramante
Tempietto in S. Pietro, Montorio
Resembling small Roman circular temple with Doric
columns
4.5minternal diameter
Site where S. Peter was martyred
DesignedbyDonato Bramante
Dome on drum pierced with alternating windows and
shell-headedniches
Renaissance
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
S. Peter, Rome
Most important Renaissance buildingin Italy
With cathedral, piazza and the Vatican, forms a world-
famous group
120 years, outcome of the works of many architects
under the directionof the pope
12Architects:
1. Bramante
His design was selected from several entries in a
competition
He proposed a Greek cross plan and a dome similar to
the Pantheonin Rome
Foundationstone laidin 1506
2. Giuliano da Sangallo
Upondeathof J ulius II in 1513
3. Fra Giocondo
4. Raphael
Proposeda Latincross plan
Died
5. Baldassare Peruzzi
Revertedto Greek cross
Died
6. Antonio da Sangallo
Slightly altered plan - extended vestibule and campanile,
andelaboratedthe central dome
Died
7. Michelangelo
Undertook the project at 72 years old - present building
owes most of its outstandingfeatures to him
Greek-cross plan, strengthened dome, redesigned
surroundingchapels
8. Giacomo della Porta
9. Domenico Fontana
Completeddome in 1590
10. Vignola
Addedsidedcupolas
11. Carlo Maderna
Lengthened nave to form Latin cross and built the
gigantic facade
12. Bernini
Erected noble entrance piazza 198 mwide with Tuscan
colonnade
Completed plan is a Latin cross with an internal length of
183m, widthof 137m
At crossing, majestic dome of 41.9minternal diameter
Largest churchin the world
Renaissance
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
FRANCE
COUNTRY HOUSES
Countryhouses took the place of fortifiedcastles
Some examples:
Chateau de Justice, Rouen
Chateau d'O, Mortree
Chateau de Josselin
Chateau de Blois
Chateau d'Azay-Rideau
Chateau de Chenonceaux
Chateau de Chambord
DesignedbyanItalian, Domenico da Cortona
Semi-fortifiedpalace, most famous in Loire district
Chateau de Maisons
One of the most harmonious of all chateaux
DesignedbyFrancois Mansart ona symmetrical E-plan
Palaise du Louvre, Paris
Built fromFrancis I to NapoleonIII
Together with Tuilleries, 45 acres constituting one of the
most imposingpalaces in Europe
Renaissance
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Petit Trianon, Versailles
DesignedbyJ A Gabriel for Louis XV
One of most superb pieces of domestic architecture of
the century
CHURCHES
Church of the Val de Grace, Paris
Projecting portal by Francois Mansart, dome by
Lemercier
St. Gervais, Paris
earliest wholly-classical churchfacade
bySalomonde Brosse
St. Etienne du Mont, Paris
Renaissance
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Renaissance
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
ENGLAND
PERIODS
ELIZABETHAN (1558 to 1603 AD)
Duringthe reignof QueenElizabeth
Establishment of Renaissance style in England, followed
Tudor architecture
Transition style with Gothic features and Renaissance
detail
JACOBEAN (1603 to 1625 AD)
STUART (1625 to 1702 AD)
1st Phase: Inigo J ones was influenced by Italian
Renaissance
2nd Phase: Christopher Wren was influenced by French
Renaissance
GEORGIAN (1702 to 1830 AD)
ELIZABETHAN MANSIONS
Statesmen, merchants and gentry built mansions in the
countryside to suit their positions
E-shapedplanor H-shapedplan
Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire
Great hall, kitchen and office, living rooms, grand
staircase, long gallery, withdrawing roomor solar, towers,
gables, parapets, balustrades, chimney stacks, oriel and
baywindows
STUART BUILDINGS
Banqueting House, Whitehall, London
DesignedbyInigo J ones
Queen's House
InfluencedbyPalladianarchitecture
St. Paul's Cathedral, London
DesignedbyChristopher Wren
Area of 6000 sq.mand a large central space under dome
for bigcongregations
GEORGIAN HOUSES
Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire
Most monumental mansionin England
Example of central block with wings
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
SPAIN & PORTUGAL
EARLY PERIOD (1492 to 1556 AD)
GraftingRenaissance details unto Gothic forms
In Spain:
Plateresque, rich and poetic style, so named for its
similarity to silversmiths' work plateria
Influenced by Moorish art - extremely florid and
decorative, fromthe minuteness of detail
in Portugal:
Manueline Style (fromKingManuel I, 1495to 1521AD)
Decorative rather than structural in character, inspired by
the voyages of discoverers
CLASSICAL PERIOD (1556 to 1690 AD)
Close adherence to ItalianRenaissance art
BAROQUE PERIOD (1650 to 1750 AD)
Classical rules disregarded
Churrigueresque, fantastically extravagant expression,
byJ ose de Churriguera, (1650to 1723AD)
ANTIQUARIAN PERIOD (1750 to 1830 AD)
Returnedto ancient classical models
The Escorial, Madrid
Austere group of buildings, composed of the monastery,
college, churchandpalace withstate apartments
The University, Salamanca
The facade is a Plateresque designmasterpiece
Admirable craftsmanship
Renaissance
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Renaissance
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
GERMANY
Heidelberg Castle
Exemplifies progressive developments of the Early
Renaissance onthe castle
Saalbau, Heinrichsbau, Friedrichsbau
Great watchtower andirregular court
Monastery, Melk
One of most strikingBaroque monuments
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
18
th
-19
th
C: Revival
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Pre-Historic
Egyptian
Near East
Gothic
Roman
Renaissance
18
th
-19
th
C:
Revival
Byzantine
Early Christian Greek Romanesque
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Home-based cottage industries were rendered obsolete
bythe inventionof the steamengine byWatt in 1785
Goods couldbe made more cheaply
Factories sprouted all over Britain where coal was
available to fuel the engines, other countries followedsuit
Social andPolitical changes:
Centuries-old monarchies gave way to democratic
institutions American Declaration of Independence
(1776) andFrenchRevolution(1789)
Urbanizationandrise in population
Growthof the bourgeoisie or middle class
Professionals andbusinessmen
Technological innovations:
Railways to easilytransport people andgoods
Improveddrainage andsanitation
Coal-gas andgas lamps, later electricity
Lift or elevator
Growthof communications
Ship-buildingandthe Suez Canal
International exhibitions of science andindustry
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
Revolutionarychanges affectingeveryaspect of life
The Industrial Revolution started in Britain - new
machines and innovative processes helped change
nations fromagricultural to industrial ones
Spreadto continental Europe andto NorthAmerica
Created a new type of worker the wage laborer or
proletarian
18
th
-19
th
C: Revival
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
18
th
-19
th
C: Revival
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
The need to create an imposing effect research into old
styles
Conservationof historic relics or monuments hadbegun
Interest in Classicism, in the Romanesque, the Gothic,
the Renaissance, the Baroque
age of revivals - eclecticism, taste for exotic forms,
combiningnative andforeignstyles
age of innovation- use of newlyavailable materials
Formfollows Function(Louis Sullivan)
Due to inventions in metallurgy and construction, new
materials became available for building:
structural ironandcast-iron
ironandglass
zinc
steel
reinforcedconcrete first usedbyAuguste Perret
Newbuildingtypes:
Industrial Buildings andWarehouses
Houses of Parliament
Railways and Transport Stations spread all over
Europe
Museums took the place of aristocratic private
collections of art
Department Stores in Paris, London, Brussels, other
commercial areas
Hospitals, Public Banks, Fire and Police Stations,
ExhibitionHalls
Newemergingstyle:
The Arts andCrafts Movement in Britain
in the traditionof craft guilds in the Middle Ages
led by artist-craftsman William Morris, architect Philip
Webbandwriter J ohnRuskin
furniture, glassware, fabrics, wallpaper, etc decorated
with repeatingstylizedfloral patterns
Periods in Britain:
EARLY VICTORIAN (1830 to 1850 AD)
HIGH VICTORIAN (1850 to 1870 AD)
LATE VICTORIAN & EDWARDIAN (1870 to 1914 AD)
AFTERMATH (after World War I)
The Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol
DesignedbyIsambardBrunel
Pylons of Egyptiancharacter
St. George's Hall, Liverpool
DesignedbyHarveyLonsdale Elmes
Most magnificent Neo-Classical monument in Britain
City Hall, Swansea
DesignedbySir PercyThomas
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
18
th
-19
th
C: Revival
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
The Conservatory, Carlton House, London
Cast-ironfor structural anddecorative purpose
Palm House, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
DesignedbyDecimus BurtonandRichardTurner
Crystal Palace, London
DesignedbySir J osephPaxton
One of the most remarkable buildings in 19th century
Britain free of anytraditional precedent
Housed the Great Exhibition of 1851, erected in Hyde
Park, movedto Sydenhamin 1852to 1854
Westminster New Palace (Houses of Parliament), London
DesignedbySir Charles Barry
Non-classical design: Gothic detail byPugin
Victoria tower, Clock tower Big Ben
First major public buildingof Gothic revival
St. Giles, Cheadle, Staffs
DesignedbyPugin
The University Museum, Oxford
DesignedbyBenjaminWoodward
landmark of HighVictorianGothic
The Cathedral, Guilford
DesignedbySir EdwardMaufe
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Periods in Continental Europe:
1850 to 1870 AD
Comparable to HighVictorianin Britain
Renaissance andGothic revival
Structural use of iron
1870 to 1914 AD
Use of metals was intensified, especiallyin exhibitions
Antique forms insteadof Renaissance
ART NOVEAU (1893 to 1906 AD)
Derivedfromthe Arts andCrafts Movementin Britain
Anart free of anyhistorical style
Deliberate simplification of structural elements in
buildings andinteriors, handmade objects andfurniture
Forms of nature for ornamentationin the facade
Floral style, freely-shapedwrithingvegetal forms
Versions:
France Le ModernStyle
Germany J ugendstil
Austria Sezessione
Italy Stile Liberty
Spain- Modernismo
The Votivkirche, Vienna
Neo-Gothic byHeinrichvonFerstel
The Church of Sacre-Coeur, Paris
Neo-Byzantine byPaul Abadie
18
th
-19
th
C: Revival
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
The Schauspielhaus, Berlin
Greek-revival style byKF vonSchinkel
The Library of St. Genevieve, Paris
Neo-Renaissance byHenri Labrouste
The Stock Exchange, Amsterdam
Neo-Romanesque byHP Berlage
The Opera House, Paris
Neo-Baroque byCharles Garnier
The Victor Emanuel II Monument, Rome
Neo-Classical byGiuseppe Sacconi
Others:
Reighstag, Berlin Paul Wallot
Parliament, Budapest Imre Steindl
Dresden Opera - neo-Renaissance by Gottfried Semper
The Altes Museum, Berlin - Greek-revival style
Thorwaldsen Museum, Copenhagen - Greek-revival
The Opera House, Cologne - FrenchNeo-Baroque
The Post Savings Bank, Vienna - Art Noveau by Otto
Wagner
18
th
-19
th
C: Revival
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
The Entrance Pavilion, Exposition Universelle 1889
DesignedbyGustavEiffel andmaurice koechlin
Extensive use of iron, 300mhigh
The Galerie des Machines, Exposition Universelle 1889
ByVictor Contamin, engineer, andCLF Dutert, architect
Art Noveau Architects:
Victor Horta in Brussels
Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona
Raimondo DAronco in Constantinople and Turin
J oseph Hoffman in Vienna
Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow
The Palau Guell, Barcelona
DesignedbyAntoni Gaudi
Seems to presage Art Noveauin its forms
Casa Mila, Barcelona
DesignedbyAntoni Gaudi
Sagrada Familia, Barcelona
Art Noveau by Antoni Gaudi
18
th
-19
th
C: Revival
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Periods in America:
POST-COLONIAL (1790 to 1820 AD)
Neo-Classic elements
FIRST ECLECTIC PHASE (1820 to 1860 AD)
Greek-revival style, also Gothic andEgyptianstyles
SECOND ECLECTIC PHASE (1860 to 1930 AD)
1
st
Stream:
Romanesque andGothic inspiration
InfluencedbyArts andCrafts movement in England
HH Richardson, Louis SullivanandFrank LloydWright
2
nd
Stream:
Italian and French Renaissance, ancient Greek and
Roman, late Gothic inspiration
Influencedbythe Ecole des Beaux-Artes
Structural experiment and achievement: metal frame
construction, non-load-bearingcurtainwall, elevators
Produced the skyscraper - America's single greatest
contributionto architecture
The White House, Washington DC
Presidents official residence
DesignedbyJ ames Hoban, Irish architect
EnglishPalladianstyle
Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia
DesignedbyThomas J efferson, 3rdAmericanpresident
Palladianstyle
Robie House, Chicago
DesignedbyFrank LloydWright
Winslow House, River Forest, Illinois (aka Prairie House)
First important work of Frank LloydWright
Taliesin East, Spring Green, Wisconsin
DesignedbyFrank LloydWright
18
th
-19
th
C: Revival
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois
byFrank LloydWright
The United States Capitol, Washington DC
First designed by Dr. William Thorton along Palladian
lines
Numerous modifications after the war
Crowningdome
One of the world's best knownbuildings
The State Capitol, Richmond, Virginia
DesignedbyThomas J efferson
First neo-classical monument in America, based on
MaisonCaree, Nimes
Ionic order
Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC
DesignedbyHenryBacon
Greek Doric style
18
th
-19
th
C: Revival
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Merchants Exchange, Philadelphia
DesignedbyWilliamStrickland
Greek-revival
The Marshall Field Wholesale Warehouse, Chicago,
Illinois
DesignedbyHH Richardson
The Auditorium Building, Chicago, Illinois
DesignedbyDankmar Adler andLouis Sullivan
Neo-Byzantine interior
The Reliance Building, Chicago
DesignedbyBurnhamandRoot
The Monadnock Building, Chicago
DesignedbyDaniel Burnham
The Second Leiter Building, Chicago
Metal-framedbuilding
The Gace Building, Chicago
DesignedbyLouis SullivanandHolabirdandRoche
The Schlesinger-Mayer Store
DesignedbyLouis Sullivan
Suggestionof Art Noveaustyle
The Larkin Soap Co. Building, Buffalo, NY
DesignedbyFrank LloydWright
The Woolworth Building, NY
DesignedbyCass Gilbert
Gothic style
The Wainwright Building, St. Louis
DesignedbyAdler andSullivan
Empire State Building
DesignedbyShreve, LambandHarmon
85storeys
18
th
-19
th
C: Revival
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
20
th
C: Modern
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Pre-Historic
Egyptian
Near East
Gothic
Roman
Renaissance
18
th
-19
th
C:
Revival
20
th
C:
Modern
Byzantine
Early Christian Greek Romanesque
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
More innovations:
Curtainwall
Steel andplate-glass
FoldedslabbyEugene Freyssinet
Flat slabbyRobert Maillart
Laminatedtimber
Functionalismin design
20
th
C: Modern
FAMOUS ARCHITECTS
Marcel Breuer
Architect anddesigner
Best knownfor the designof tubular steel WassilyChair
Studied at the Bauhaus - become director of the school's
furniture department in 1924
Designed a series of noted structures including
innovative houses andthe WhitneyMuseumof Art
UNESCO Secretariat Building, Paris
Eero Saarinen
Works include:
- Dulles International Airport Building, near Washington
- The General Motors Technical Center, Warren, Michigan
TWA Terminal, JFKennedy Airport
Undulating shape was meant to evoke the excitement of
highspeedflight
Even interior details: lounges, chairs, signs, and
telephone booths harmonized with the curving gull
wingedshell
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
20
th
C: Modern
Frank Lloyd Wright
Johnson Wax Co. Building
Falling Water, Pennsylvania
Also designed:
- Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, NY
- Imperial Hotel in Tokyo he played a decisive role in the
renewal of J apanese architecture
Oscar Niemeyer
Worked with city planner Lucio Costa to conceive and
build Brasilia, Brazil's capital in a record time of just four
years
Functionality and the use of pre-stressed concrete
dominate his designs
Also designed the cathedral, the national theater and the
presidential palace
Parliament Building, Brasilia
Eric Mendelsohn
Dynamic, sculptural quality
Einstein Tower, Potsdam
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
le Corbusier
Based in Switzerland and France, he dominated
Europeanscene for nearlyhalf-a-century
He believed that "the house is a machine to live in" - the
program for building a house should be set out with the
same precisionas that for buildinga machine
Five Points of NewArchitecture
1. Framework structurallyindependent of walls
2. Free-standing faade - the free facade, the corollary of
the free planin the vertical plane
3. Roof garden - restoring, the area of ground covered by
the house
4. Open planning - the free plan, achieved through the
separation of the load-bearing columns from the walls
subdividingthe space
5. Cube form elevated on stilts or columns - pilotises
elevatingthe mass off the ground
Chapel of Notre Dame, Ronchamp
Villa Savoye at Poissy
Realizationof his 'five points of newarchitecture
20
th
C: Modern
Buckminster Fuller
Created the Dymaxion House, the first machine for
living - a portable home inside from metal alloys and
plastics
Designed all necessary mechanical systems and devices
in the center of the building, with living spaces around it,
opento the arrangement tastes of the owner
The United States Pavilion at Expo 67, Montreal
Walter Gropius
Created prototype of modern architecture: free-standing
glass sheath suspended on a structural framework - aka
curtainwall
First used this on Hallidie Building, San Francisco in
1918
Established Bauhaus, a school or training intended to
relate art and architecture to technology and the practical
needs of modernlife
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
20
th
C: Modern
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
FAMOUS WORKS
Palazzetto dello Sport for 1960 Rome Olympics
DesignedbyPierre Luigi Nervi andVitellozzi
Sports Hall for 1964 Tokyo Olympics
DesignedbyKenzo Tange
Frei Otto
The seminal figure in the development of tensile
architecture
Veered away from the simple geometric solutions and
built organic free forms that could respond to complex
planningandstructural requirements
Munich Stadium for 1972 Olympic Games
Other Personalities:
Otto Wagner, Austria
Richard Neutra, Austria
Rudolf Schindler, Austria
Peter Behrens, Germany
August Perret, France
Hendrik Berlage, The Netherlands
JJP Oud, The Netherlands
Victor Horta, Belgium
Charles Rennie Mackintosh, UK
CFA Voysey, UK
Louis Sullivan, USA
Adolf Meyer
Tony Garnier
Max Berg
Mies van der Rohe
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
20
th
C: Modern
World Trade Center
OriginallydesignedbyMinoruYamasaki
Structural steel framing
Destroyedbythe September 11terrorist attacks
RedesignedbyDaniel Libeskind- 541mtall
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Sydney Opera House
DesignedbyJ ornUtzonof Denmark
He won the project in a competition for the design of a
performingarts complexin Sydney, Australia
The Chrysler Building, NY
DesignedbyWilliamvanAlen
Art Deco style
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Islamic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Pre-Historic
Egyptian
Near East
Roman
Byzantine
Islamic
Early Christian Greek
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
The religionof Islambeganin Arabia
610AD, MuhammadfromMecca sawvisions of anangel
Message from Allah to stop worshipping false idols and
to accept the will of godIslam
Arabs of Mecca rejectedthis message
622 AD, the Hegira - Muhammad moved to Medina and
convertedthe people into Islam
Within 10 years, the framework of religion and military
organization tasked with spreading the faith was
established
Medina then fought Mecca and in 630 AD destroyed all
its idols andconvertedit to Islam
Islamic
Muhammad died in 632 AD, but his Muslim followers
were readyto spreadhis teachings
Concerted efforts by conquering Arabic tribes to spread
Islam
Northinto Central Asia
Westwardto Africa
Alongtrade routes into India
Amongthe Turks andMongols
Spread of Islamis associated with military conquest and
racial movements
Establish a cultural tie with Arabian heartland, with
annual pilgrimage to Mecca
SOCIETY
Tribal groups
Public life was reserved for men (women had a
secondaryrole - for domestic andagricultural work)
Christians and J ews ("people of the book) were given
the freedomof worshipandself-government
Many of the conquered cities were already centers of
learning
Muslims translated into Arabic many scholarly writings
fromGreek, PersianandIndian
Rulers and scholars were interested in mathematics,
astronomy, geography, medicine, philosophyandscience
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION
Countries alreadyrichin buildingtradition
Product of the rapid conquest of diverse territories by a
people withno architectural tradition
Synthesis of styles under one philosophy but in many
different circumstances
Islamhada profoundimpact onits architecture:
No essential difference in techniques between religious
andnon-religious buildings
Important architectural endeavor is normally expended
onbuildings havinga direct social or communitypurpose
Decorations tend toward the abstract, using geometric,
calligraphic and plant motifs, with a preference for a
uniformfieldof decorationrather thana focal element
Basic conservatism discourages innovations and favors
establishedforms
Symmetry and balance (as in the concept of perfect
creation)
CentereduponGod
Related to a principal axis, the kibla, pointing towards
Mecca
DECORATION
in lieu of human and animal forms: abstract and
geometric motifs, calligraphy, floral abstraction, geometric
interlacement, mouldings and friezes, carvings in bas
relief, stone inlay and mosaic, patterned brickwork,
ceramic and glass mosaic, painting, timber inlay,
Arabesques, screenor piercedgrilles in marble
RELIGION
Last of 3great religions of Middle East
Complete philosophyof life andgovernment
One godAllah, Muhammadis the prophet
Faithis heldto be Allah's will for creation
Acceptance of the transitorynature of earthlylife
Personal humility
Abhorrence of image worship
Koran
Muhammad wrote down the words of angels who brought
himmessages fromAllah
After his death, these accounts were compiled into a holy
book
Speaks of the power of Allah, to accept his will and to
praise him
5 Pillars of Islam: Declaring faith in god, Prayer, Fasting,
Givingto charity, Pilgrimage to Mecca
Also jihad or holy war is sometimes added as a pillar to
spreadthe faithanddefendit fromattack
Islamic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
PARTS OF A MOSQUE
Sahn - cloistered or arcaded courtyard is a fundamental
feature
Fawwara - fountain
Mihrab- niche orientedtowards Mecca
Dikka - readingdesk
Maqsura - screen
Mimbar - raisedplatformfor ceremonial announcements
Iwan- open-frontedporchfacinga court
Minaret - tower fromwhicha call to prayer is made
Kibla - axis orientedtowards Mecca
Personalities:
Muezzin- caller who summons the faithful to prayer
Imam- manwho leads congregationin prayer
Caliph - successor to the prophet as military, judicial, or
spiritual leader of Islam
Sufi - holyman
EXAMPLES
MOSQUE
The prophet Muhammad called on people to honor Allah
in prayer - mosques were built wherever Islamhadspread
Principal place of worship
Buildingusedfor Fridayprayer
Prime purpose was contemplationandprayer
Could also be used as a school, place for transactions,
storage for treasures, place for hearingofficial notices
Masjid- small prayer house
Madrassah- religious college andmosque
Inward-lookingbuilding
Courtyard with sides punctuated with gateways, prayer
chambers andporches
No positive object of attentionor adoration
Conceivedaroundanaxis towards Mecca
In every mosque, there is a wall with a hole or niche cut
into it, showingthe directionof Mecca
Islamic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem (Kubbet-es-Sakhra)
688to 692AD
Most important Islamic structure
Great central dome covers the summit of Mt. Moriah
(fromwhere the prophet is believed to have made his ride
to heaven)
The Great Mosque, Cordoba
785 AD
The Great Mosque, Damascus
Earliest survivinglarge mosque, built in 705-711AD
Stoodin a walledtemenos
Dar al-Imara and Mosque of Ibn Tulun, Cairo
876to 879AD
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Islamic
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
TOMBS
The Taj-Mahal, Agra (1630 to 1653 AD)
Built by the emperor Shah J ahan for his favorite wife
Mumtaz Mahal
Took 11years to buildand20,000to work onit
Covered in white marble, which reflects the changing
colors of the sun
Sits in a well-landscapedgarden
Tomb of Humayun, Delhi
1565AD
SARAY or SERAI
Palace with courtyard
The Alhambra, Granada (1338 to 1390 AD)
Fortifiedpalace andcomplexof buildings set in gardens
One of most elaborate and richly decorated Islamic
palaces
Islamic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Indian
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Pre-Historic
Egyptian
Near East
Gothic
Roman
Renaissance
18
th
-19
th
C:
Revival
20
th
C:
Modern
Byzantine
Islamic
Early Christian
Indian
Greek Romanesque
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
Thirdgreat civilizationto emerge in a fertile river valley
Indus river 2500 BC, present-day Pakistan and
Northwest India
Major cities were Mohenjo-Daro andHarappa
Eachcity was ruledbypriest-kings, citadels atopthe city
Lastedonly800years
1500 BC Aryans from the north moved into India
Set-up 16 separate kingdoms all over
Most powerful, the Magadha kingdom, conquered all
other kingdoms
Established the Mauryan Empire in 300 BC under King
Ashoka
Links:
MesopotamianCultures (from2500to 1500BC)
Central Asia (via mountainpasses in the north)
Persia andGreco-RomanWesternAsia (via Baluchistan)
Successive military and economic incursions brought art
and architecture: Aryan, Persian, Greco-Roman,
Sassanian, Muslim, Portuguese, French, English
RELIGION
Hinduism
Main religion of India
Along with J udaism, the worlds oldest surviving religion
From indigenous Dravidians and Aryan invaders
Chief gods: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva
Belief in reincarnation, the soul comes back to life in a
different body
Caste system: priests, warriors and nobles, farmers and
traders, laborers and servants, untouchables
Buddhism
Many people disliked the way Hindu society divided
people into castes
Gautama Siddhartha 563 483 BC, gave up his princely
life to search for wisdom
After 6 years of wandering, he found enlightenment
through a deep thinking process called meditation
Overcome human weakness including greed and anger
Salvation or nirvana
Indian
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Mauryan Empire
under King Ashoka
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
MANDIRA
Hindu temple with a interior sanctuary called a vimana
Capped by a tapering spire-shaped tower sikhara
Porch-like mandapa halls for dancing and music
STAMBHAS or LATHS
Monumental pillars standing free without any structural
function
Circular or octagonal shafts
Capital Persepolitan in form, bell-shaped and crowned
with animals carrying the Challra, wheel of law
Indian
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
STUPAS
Buddhist memorial mound erected to enshrine a relic of
Buddha, to commemorate special events or mark a sacred
spot
Regarded as symbols of the universe
Based on the pre-historic funerary tumulus
Artificial domical mounds raised on a platform
With processional paths, rails, gateways, crowning
umbrella called a chattri
VIHARAS
Buddhist monasteries often excavated from solid rock
Central pillared chamber or quadrangle surrounded by
verandah
Small sleeping cells on the sides
In front stood the courtyard containing the stupa
CHAITYAS
Buddhist shrine also carved out of solid rock
Formed like an aisled basilica with a stupa at one end
Indian
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Chinese
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Pre-Historic
Indian
Chinese & Japanese
Egyptian
Near East
Gothic
Roman
Renaissance
18
th
-19
th
C:
Revival
20
th
C:
Modern
Byzantine
Islamic
Early Christian Greek Romanesque
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
Onlyancient civilizationthat has continuedto this day
Succession of emperors and dynasties and warring
states
1750 BC, a kingdom emerged in the middle reaches of
the YellowRiver in China, ruledbyShangDynasty
Lasted 1000 years but broke up into many smaller
kingdoms
221 BC, Shi Huangdi of Chin took control and became
the first emperor of China
Ruledwith armies andofficials
Organizedhuge number of laborers to work for him
Built the Great Wall of China to repel northernenemies
Terra-cotta army of 6000 life-size soldiers, horses and
chariots was buriedwith the emperor
Shi Huangdi died in 210 BC, Chin dynasty was replaced
byHanandwesternJ indynasties
SOCIETY
Foreigntrade bylandandsea
Theorists, schools of philosophy Confucius, Lao-Tzu
Writing, calendar andmoney
Arts, painting, calligraphy, architecture
RELIGION
Religious andethical influences:
Confucianism, code of social conduct and philosophy of
life, family andancestor worship
Taoism, universal love as solutionto social disorder
Buddhism
GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY
Larger than Europe in area, 1/13 of total land area of the
world
Mountainous with extensive fertile valleys, great plains
anddeserts, excellent harbors
Metals, trees, bamboo, clay
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Chin Kingdom
in 1000 BC
Shang Kingdom
in 206 BC
Chinese
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
PAI-LOUS
Monumental, ceremonial gateway and basic symbolic
structure in Chinese architecture
Erected as memorials to eminent persons
Led to temples, palaces, tombs or sacred places
Relatedto the Indiantorana andJ apanese torii
Trabeatedform, in stone or wood
Boldprojectingroofs
1, 3or 5openings
EXAMPLES
PAGODAS
Buddhist temple, most typical Chinese building of
religious significance
Later gained a secular nature: monuments to victory or a
memorial to holdrelics
Basedonthe Indianstupa andstambha
Octagonal in plan
Oddnumber of stories, 9or 13
Roofs projecting fromeach of its many floors, turned up
eaves
Slopes inwards to the top
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Chinese
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
FORTIFICATIONS
The Great Wall of China
Most famous of ancient Chinese buildings
byShi Huangdi
3700miles long, fromPacific Oceanto Gobi Desert
Mostly gray granite blocks, but also used whatever
materials were available in the locality
6to 9mhigh, with1.5mhighparapets
Base is 7.6mthick, 4.5mthick at top
Pavedroadwide enoughfor 5horses to runabreast
25,000 towers, 12 mhigh and 700 ft apart (2 bow shots
apart)
TEMPLES
Chief feature was the roof
Supportedontimber uprights andindependent of walls
A signof dignityto place roofs one over the other
Up-tiltedangles, withdragons andgrotesque ornaments
Loftypavilions, 1storeyeach
Successive open courts and porticoes, kitchens,
refectories, sleepingcells for priests
PALACES & HOUSES
Imperial places andofficial residences
Isolated, 1-storeyedpavilions resemblingtemples
Governed by building regulations limiting the dimensions
andnumber of columns
emperor - 9bays
prince - 7
mandarin- 5
ordinarycitizen- 3
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Chinese
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
Created in the 3rd century AD by ancestors of the
present emperor
7thcentury, was dividedinto provinces eachwitha ruler
Feudalism, with a caste systemof emperor and nobles,
military, people
More powerful were the shoguns or warrior lords, each
fightingwith eachother
In 1603 AD, under the shogun Ieyasu Tokugawa, J apan
was unitedandbrought to peace
The Tokugawa dynastyruledfor 250years
In 16th century, Portuguese traders came to trade and
Christian missionaries came to convert the J apanese
The threatened shoguns expelled foreigners, killed
Christian converts, stopped trade, closed J apan to the
outside world until 19th century
Little contact with Europe, more of Chinese influence
RELIGION
Shinto, indigenous poly-demonism
Buddhism
GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY
Off the easterncoast of China, Asianmainland
Principal island Honshu, and smaller islands at north and
south
Earthquakes &volcanoes
Hilly andforestedcountry
Stone, timber, bamboo
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Japanese
J apan
Extent of Chinese Empire
in 1760 AD
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
PAGODAS
Derivedfromthe Chinese pagoda
Square plan
Mostly5storeys, 45min height
Virtually suspended around a central timber (stable
against earthquake shocks)
Wide projectingroofs to eachstorey, subtlycurved
DWELLINGS, TEA HOUSES, BATH HOUSES
No other architecture reveals the structural and aesthetic
qualities of wood
Unpaintedwoodwithout anysurface treatment
Typical 1-storeyrectangular plan:
Vestibule
Veranda, engawa
Livinganddining
Guest rooms
Recess for flowers andart
Rooms for host andhostess
No distinctionbetweenliving andsleepingapartments
Roomdetermined by tatami or floor coverings 1 x ken
(1.8x 0.9m)
EXAMPLES
TEMPLES
Shinto temples andBuddhist temples
Featuredthe torii gateways
Monumental, free-standinggateways to a Shinto shrine
Derivedfromthe Chinese pai-lou
Two upright pillars or posts supporting 2 or more
horizontal beams, usuallycurvingupward
Worshippers have to pass under this for prayers to be
effective
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Japanese
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
Pre-Colonial:
Immigration via land-bridges as early as 250,000 years
ago, andlater, sea-vessels
Immigrants of Malayorigin, foodgatherers andhunters
3000 BC, joined by advanced agricultural race from
Indonesia, with barangays as tribal system
laws on marriage, inheritance, ownership, crime, and
behavior
elaborate animistic religion
Indians in 4th and 5th century BC
Chinese in 3rd and 4th century AD
Arabs - converted some parts to Islam in 1300 AD
Trade center of the Orient Sulu was frequented by
ships from China, Cambodia, Sumatra, J ava, India, Arabia
Spanish Rule:
1521FerdinandMagellanlanded
1564Miguel Lopez de Legazpi brought Christianity
Systematically and efficiently Christianized most part of
the country
IntroducedEuropeaninstitutionandthought
Economically linked Manila with Mexico and the rest of
the world- via the SpanishGalleonTrade
Brief occupation by the British forces (1762-1764);
attemptedseizure byDutchandChinese
Spanishcolonyuntil 1900's
Nationalist movement by J ose Rizal, unsuccessful revolt
byAguinaldo
Filipino
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
The Philippines
Route of Magellans Voyage
In 1519
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION
BuildingCapability:
Even with ties to nearby countries, our ancestors sawno
needfor large megalithic structures, etc
Nevertheless showed engineering capability and
prowess withthe Rice Terraces of NorthernLuzon
Settlements
bigvillages alongkeytrade centers
near the sea-shore, beside rivers and streams for
purposes of travel, communicationandsanitation
Filipino Architecture:
shaped by the climate, terrain, vegetation, and fauna
aroundit
two elements in making a house: 1) tradition or following
the generally accepted formand structural patterns; and 2)
chance or playing it by ear, allowing minor modifications
for the builder andhis family
Tropical architecture
Light
Openandtransparent
American Rule:
Islands were sold or ceded to America, as a result of
Spanishwar with USA
Continuedfighting
Democracy was introduced - allowed a self-government
calledthe CommonwealthEra
Japanese Invasion:
December 1941
Establisheda puppet government
LiberationwhenGen. McArthur returnedin J uly1945
Independence in 1946
3rdlargest English-speakingcountryin the world
Citadel of Christianityanddemocracyin East Asia
Mixture of races: Malay, Chinese, Spanish, American
RELIGION
Islam
RomanCatholicism
Protestantism, Aglipayan, Iglesia ni Kristo
GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY
Archipelago of 7100 islands mountainous and
fragmented
3main islandgroups: Luzon, Visayas andMindanao
Southeast Asia, Pacific Ocean - strategic position - in the
pathof Far East trade
major earthquake andvolcanic belt
in the pathof typhoons fromthe Pacific
CLIMATE
Dry andwet season
Typhoons andtropical storms
Filipino
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
EXAMPLES
CAVE DWELLINGS
earliest humanhabitation
Tabon Cave, Palawan had been inhabited for 30,000
years
caves in Angono, Rizal with ancient petroglyphs
TREE HOUSES
perched on forked branches of trees, up to 60 feet above
the ground
preventedattack byanimals andhumanenemies
bythe GaddangandKalinga of Luzon
Manobo andMandaya of Mindanao
Moros of Lake Lanao
LEAN-TOS
winbreaks or windscreens as the first attempt at building
served as shelters during a hunting or food-gathering
journey
made of light branches and fronds, but strong enough to
withstanda strom
Negritos of Zambales
Agtas of Palanan, Isabela
BAHAY KUBO or NIPA HUT
balai and spanish cubo or cube cube-shaped house,
fromits boxyappearance
primitive style of dwelling probably started around 200
BC, with the comingof irontools
well- adaptedto tropical climate
of wood, rattan, cane, bamboo, palmleaves, cogon and
nipa
Elevatedone to five feet fromthe ground- silong
protectionfromthe moist groundandflood
protectionfromvermin andother animals
enclosedarea as sleepingquarters
silong used for storage for tools and crops, an animal
enclosures, or burial ground
Filipino
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
KALINGA
BONTOC
IFUGAO
KANKANAI
BADJAO
SAMAL
YAKAN
MARANAO
ISNEG
usuallywith steepthatchroof
varies across regional andethnic lines
Cordillera Region
Mindanao & Sulu Region
Panay Region
Other Regions Ivatan, Mangyan, Subanun, Mandaya
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Filipino
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
SPANISH HOUSES: BAHAY-NA-BATO
Evolved from the Bahay Kubo: a tropical house
Steep, hip roof
Post and lintel construction
Elevated living quarters
Economy of materials
Space flowing from one room to next
Light and airy structure
Spanish, Neo-Classical, Gothic, and Baroque influence:
grandeur and solidity
Ornamentation
Vigan Houses, Antillan Houses, Ivatan Houses
FIRST FLOOR:
Zaguan, for caroza
Quadra, horse stable
Bodega, storeroom
SECOND FLOOR:
Stairway
Caida, ante-sala from stairs
Sala, living room
Comedor, dining room
Cocina, kitchen
Dispensa, pantry
Letrina or Comun, toilet
Bao, bath
Azotea, open terrace
Aljibe, water cistern
Cuarto, Alcoba, Dormitorio
Entresuelo, vault
Balcon, balcony
Patio, courtyard
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Taal Church, Batangas
byFr. MartinAguirre
biggest church
Sta. Ana Church, Manila
byFr. Vicente Ingles
restoredbyJ uanNakpil
Sto. Domingo Church, QC
byJ ose Maria Zaragosa
Sto. Nino, Cebu
byDiego de Herrera
UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST
San Agustin, Intramuros
Miagao Church, Ilo-ilo
San Agustin, Paoay, Ilocos Norte
Sta. Monica, Ilocos Sur
SPANISH CHURCHES
Calasiao, Pangasinan
2ndbest bell tower
byFr. RamonDalinao
Laoag Church, Ilocos Norte
byFr. J osephRuiz
sinkingbelltower
Las Pinas Church
byFr. Diego Cera
Loboc, Bohol
biggest number of murals onwalls andceilings
Manila Cathedral
byBishopDomingo Salazar
Miagao Church, Ilo-ilo
byFr. Fernando Comporedondo
Morong Church, Rizal
exquisite SpanishBaroque style
byFr. Blas dela Madre
Panay Church
largest bell, from 30 sacks of coins donated by
townspeople
Quiapo Church
restoredbyJ uanNakpil andJ ose Maria Zaragosa
San Agustin Church
byFr. J uanMacias
San Sebastian
one of first steel buildings
steel from Belgium by Eiffel
Filipino
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Filipino
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY IN THE PHILIPPINES
SCHOOLS
Escuela Practica Y Profecional de Artes Oficio de Manila
1890
taught maestros de obras
Liceo de Manila
MO-P Maestros de Obra-Practica
MO-A Maestros de Obra-Academia
Escuela de Ingenieria Y Arquitectura
Closed after one year
Mapua Institute of Architecture (1925)
1st school of Architecture
Adamson University
2nd school of architecture
UST College of Architecture (1930)
3rd school of architecture
ORGANIZATIONS
Philippine Architects Society
Philippine Institute of Architects
League of Philippine Architects
Association of Phil. Government Architects
In 1975, PIA +LPA +APGA =United Architects of the
Philippines
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Manila Hotel
1
st
hotel in Asia, 1
st
with elevator
Originally by William Parsons, renovated by Locsin in
1975
Philippine General Hospital
by William Parsons
UST Main Building
by Roque Rueno
Post Office Building
by J uan Arellano
EARLY AMERICAN PERIOD
Daniel Burnham - city planof Manila andBaguio
William Parsons
Juan Arellano
Tomas Mapua - 1st registeredarchitect in country
Alejandro Legardo
Antonio Toledo
Carlos Barredo
Masonic Temple, Escolta
1st concrete buildingin Escolta
Philippine Normal School
Phil. Normal University
University of the Philippines
Padre Faura
National Museum
1st was the Legislative Building
Intendencia Building
adjacent to Manila Cathedral
Luneta Hotel
2ndhotel in Asia
FrenchBaroque style
Army and Navy Club
rest and recreation for American soldiers
De La Salle College
by Tomas Mapua
Rizal Monument
obelisk
Sta. Isabel College
Filipino
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
FEU Main Building
byPablo Antonio
Metropolitan Theater
byJ uanArellano
College of Engineering and Liberal Arts, UP Diliman
byCesar Concio
The Church of the Risen Lord, UP by Cesar Concio
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD
Juan Nakpil - 1
st
National Artist for Arch.
Pablo Antonio - 2
nd
National Artist for Arch.
Enrique Bautista
Gonzalo Barreto
Fernando Ocampo
Andres Luna y San Pedro
Leandro Locsin - 3
rd
National Artist for Arch.
Agriculture & Finance Building
Crystal Arcade, Escolta
Quezon Institute
ByJ uanNakpil
Lyric Theater, Escolta
ByJ uanNakpil
Ideal Theater, Avenida Rizal
byPablo Antonio
Jai Alai Building - demolishedin 2001
Art Deco, streamline style
Ambassador Hotel
byFernando Ocampo, 1st skyscraper (4storeys)
Syquia Apartments, Malate
by Pablo Antonio
Natividad Building, Escolta
by Andres Luna y San Pedro
Regina Building, Escolta
by Andres Luna y San Pedro
Filipino
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
The Quezon Monument
by Federico Ilustre
The Central Bank of the Philippines
by Gabriel Formoso
Asian Institute of Management
by Gabriel Formoso
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
The Iglesia Ni Cristo Cathedrals
by Carlos Santos Viola
The Meralco Building
byJ ose Zaragoza
Philippine Heart Center
by J orge Ramos
The Quiapo Mosque
by J orge Ramos
Filipino
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Filipino
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
by Leandro Locsin:
The New Istana, Brunei
The Cultural Center of the Philippines
The Parish of the Holy Sacrifice, UP Diliman
The Philippine Stock Exchange
SM Megamall
by Antonio Sindiong
Robinsons Galleria
by William Coscolluela
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Types of Vaults
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 Orders of Architecture
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Egypt Methods of Natural Lighting
1.
2.
3.
Gateways
1. Egyptian
2. Greek
3. Indian
4. Chinese
5. J apanese
Pyramid vs. Ziggurat
1.
2.
3.
Hellenic vs Hellenistic
Famous Building Groups
1.
2.
3.
4.
Campanile vs Belfry
Types of Domes
1.
2.
3.
Periods of Renaissance
1.
2.
3.
4.
12 Architects of St. Peters
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Architects of Stuart Period, Britain
1
st
Phase -
2
nd
Phase -
Biggest Churches
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Chinese vs Japanese Pagodas
1.
2.
Types of Crosses
1.
2.
Types of roofs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
5 Points of New Architecture
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Art Noveau Styles
1. France
2. Germany
3. Austria
4. Italy
5. Spain-
QUIZ:
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y

o
f

a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
Types of Vaults
1. Wagon/ Barrel/ Tunnel Vault
2. Wagonwith IntersectingVault
3. Cross Vault
4. Hemispherical Dome/ Cupola
5 Orders of Architecture
1. Doric
2. Ionic
3. Corinthian
4. Tuscan
5. Composite
Egypt Methods of Natural Lighting
1. Clerestory
2. Skylight
3. Temple door
Gateways
1. Egyptian- Pylon
2. Greek - Propylaeum
3. Indian- Torana
4. Chinese - Pai-lou
5. J apanese Torii
Pyramid vs. Ziggurat
1. Pyramids have sloping faces;
ziggurats have diminishingfaces
2. Pyramids used stone as building
material, ziggurats usedmud-bricks
3. Pyramids have sides facing the
cardinal points, ziggurats have
corners facingthe cardinal points
Hellenic vs Hellenistic
Hellenic - religious architecture
Hellenistic - civic architecture
Famous Building Groups
1. Pyramids at Giza
2. The Acropolis, Athens
3. Pisa Cathedral
4. St. Peters, Rome
Campanile vs Belfry
Belfry - attached to church
Campanile - detached from church
Types of Domes
1. Simple
2. Compound
3. Melon, Serrated, Onion or Bulbous
shape
Periods of Renaissance
1. EarlyRenaissance
2. HighRenaissance
3. Baroque
4. Rococo
12 Architects of St. Peters
1. Donato Bramante
2. Giuliano da Sangallo
3. Fra Giocondo
4. Raphael
5. Baldassare Peruzzi
6. Antonio da Sangallo
7. Michelangelo
8. Giacomo della Porta
9. Domenico Fontana
10. Vignola
11. Carlo Maderna
12. Bernini
Architects of Stuart Period, Britain
1
st
Phase - Inigo J ones
2
nd
Phase - Christopher Wren
Biggest Churches
1. St. Peters, Rome
2. Seville Cathedral
3. Milan Cathedral
4. Cologne Cathedral
5. St. Pauls, London
Chinese vs Japanese Pagodas
1. Chinese - octagonal plan, J apanese
- square
2. Chinese - 9 or 13 storeys,
J apanese - 5 storeys
Types of Crosses
1. Latin cross
2. Greek cross
Types of roofs
1. Gable
2. Hip
3. Hippedgable
4. Mansart
5. Gambrel
6. Butterfly
7. Rainbow
5 Points of New Architecture
1. Framework structurally independent
of walls
2. Free-standing faade
3. Roof garden
4. Open planning
5. Cube form elevated on stilts or
columns
Art Noveau Styles
1. France Le ModernStyle
2. Germany J ugendstil
3. Austria Sezessione
4. Italy Stile Liberty
5. Spain- Modernismo
QUIZ: