Equations of Circles: Skills Assessment

Chapter 8: Equations of Circles 69
Skills Assessment (P.60)

1. The equation of L is
y - 6 = -1[x - (-4)]
y - 6 = -x - 4
i.e. x + y - 2 = 0
2. The equation of L is

( ) x
y
1
2
- -
-
=
( ) 0 1
3 2
- -
-

x
y
1
2
+
-
= 1
y - 2 = x + 1
i.e. x - y + 3 = 0
3. y + 1 =
1
2
(x - 1)
2y + 2 = x - 1
i.e. x - 2y - 3 = 0
4. Slope = -
2
4
-
= 2
y-intercept = -
2
5
-
= . 2 5
5. Since the equation 3x
2
- 6x - k = 0 has two
distinct real roots, the discriminant D 2 0,
i.e. (-6)
2
- 4(3)(-k) 2 0
36 + 12k 2 0
12k 2 -36
` k 2 -3
6.

O
A
B
N
a ON = AB
` AN = NB
i.e. AN =
1
2
AB
=
1
2
# 16 cm
= 8 cm
Join OA.
In 3OAN,
OA
2
= AN
2
+ ON
2
OA = AN ON
2 2
+
= 8 6
2 2
+ cm
= 10 cm
` The radius of the circle is 10 cm.
7. a CD = AB and AM = MB,
` CD passes through the centre O, i.e. CD is a
diameter.
` Length of CD = 2 # 10 cm
= 20 cm
8. a OA = OB
` +OAB = +OBA
In 3OAB,
+AOB + +OAB + +OBA = 180c
80c + 2+OAB = 180c
2+OAB = 100c
+OAB = 50c
a The straight line TA touches the circle at A,
` +TAO = 90c
` +TAB = +TAO + +OAB
= 90c + 50c
= 140c
Chapter 8 Equations of Circles
08 NSS TM 5B (E)-2P-h.indd 69 2011/1/3 4:04:36 PM
70 Solutions
Exercise 8A (P.68)
1. The equation of the circle is
[x - (-3)]
2
+ (y - 1)
2
= 5
2
i.e. (x + 3)
2
+ (y - 1)
2
= 25
x
2
+ y
2
= 7
2
i.e. x
2
+ y
2
= 49
(x - 5)
2
+ [y - (-3)]
2
= 4
2
i.e. (x - 5)
2
+ (y + 3)
2
= 16
x
2
+ y
2
= ( 5 )
2
i.e. x
2
+ y
2
= 5
5. (a) x
2
+ y
2
- 6x = 12 - 4y
x
2
+ y
2
- 6x + 4y - 12 = 0
It satisfies the general form of the equation
of a circle.
` It is the equation of a circle.
(b) 3x
2
- y
2
= 6x - y
3x
2
- y
2
- 6x + y = 0
x
2
-
3
1
y
2
- 2x +
3
1
y = 0
The coefficient of y
2
is not equal to 1.
` It is not an equation of a circle.
(c) 4x
2
+ 4y
2
= 5x - 1
4x
2
+ 4y
2
- 5x + 1 = 0
x
2
+ y
2
-
4
5
x +
4
1
= 0
of a circle.
(d) 2x
2
+ 2y
2
= 3xy + 6 has the xy term.
6. (a) (x - 6)
2
+ (y + 5)
2
= 16
x
2
- 12x + 36 + y
2
+ 10y + 25 = 16
x
2
+ y
2
- 12x + 10y + (36 + 25 - 16) = 0
` x
2
+ y
2
- 12x + 10y + 45 = 0
(b) (x - 2)
2
+ (y - 4)
2
= 25
x
2
- 4x + 4 + y
2
- 8y + 16 = 25
x
2
+ y
2
- 4x - 8y + (4 + 16 - 25) = 0
` x
2
+ y
2
- 4x - 8y - 5 = 0
(c) x
2
+ (y + 3)
2
= 9
x
2
+ y
2
+ 6y + 9 = 9
x
2
+ y
2
+ 6y + (9 - 9) = 0
` x
2
+ y
2
+ 6y = 0
x
2
2
1
- a k
+ y
2
2
5
- - a k : D
= ( ) 3 2
2
i.e. x
2
2
1
- a k
+ y
2
2
5
+ a k
= 18
8. Radius of the circle = BG
= 2 - (-4)
= 6
` The equation of the circle is
[x - (-4)]
2
+ (y - 0)
2
= 6
2
i.e. (x + 4)
2
+ y
2
= 36
9. Radius of the circle = CO
=
3
2
- 0
=
3
2
x
2
+ y
2
=
2
3
2
a k
i.e. x
2
+ y
2
=
9
4
10. (a) Radius of the circle = 0 - (-8)
= 8
[x - (-8)]
2
+ [y - (-7)]
2
= 8
2
i.e. (x + 8)
2
+ (y + 7)
2
= 64
(b) Radius of the circle = 2 - (-3)
= 5
(x - 8)
2
+ (y - 2)
2
= 5
2
i.e. (x - 8)
2
+ (y - 2)
2
= 25
11. (2x + 1)
2
+ (2y - 4)
2
=
2
2
17
b l
4x
2
+ 4x + 1 + 4y
2
- 16y + 16 =
4
17
4x
2
+ 4y
2
+ 4x - 16y + 1 16
4
17
+ - a k
= 0
4x
2
+ 4y
2
+ 4x - 16y +
4
51
= 0
` x
2
+ y
2
+ x - 4y +
16
51
= 0
Exercise 8B (P.75)
1. (a) The equation can be written as
(x - 0)
2
+ (y - 0)
2
= 4
2
.
` The coordinates of the centre are (0 , 0)
and the radius is 4.
(b) The equation can be written as
(x - 0)
2
+ [y - (-5)]
2
= 7
2
.
` The coordinates of the centre are (0 , -5)
(x - 6)
2
+ [y - (-4)]
2
= 13
2
.
[x - (-6)]
2
+ (y - 1)
2
= 6
2
.
` The coordinates of the centre are (-6 , 1)
3. (a) Coordinates of the centre = c-
2
8 -
, 0m
= (4, 0)
Radius = 4 0 0
2 2
+ -
= 4
(b) Coordinates of the centre = c0 , -
2
6
m
= ( , - ) 0 3
Radius = ( ) ( ) 0 3 7
2 2
+ - - -
= 4
(c) Coordinates of the centre = c-
2
2
, -
2
8 -
m
= ( , ) 1 4 -
Radius = ( ) 1 4 9
2 2
- + -
= 8 (or 2 2 )
4. (a) 2x - 6y - x
2
- y
2
= 6
x
2
+ y
2
- 2x + 6y + 6 = 0
Coordinates of the centre = c-
2
2 -
, -
2
6
m
= ( , - ) 1 3
Radius = ( ) 1 3 6
2 2
+ - -
= 2
(b) 8 - y =
2 2
x y
4
+
32 - 4y = x
2
+ y
2
x
2
+ y
2
+ 4y - 32 = 0
Coordinates of the centre = c0 , -
2
4
m
= ( , - ) 0 2
Radius = ( ) ( ) 0 2 32
2 2
+ - - -
= 6
(c) 2x
2
+ 2y
2
+ 2x - 4y - 5 = 0
x
2
+ y
2
+ x - 2y -
2
5
= 0
Coordinates of the centre = c-
2
1
, -
2
2 -
m
= c-
2
1
, 1m

Radius = 1
2
2
2
1
2
5
- + - - a a k k
=
2
15
72 Solutions
[x - (-2)]
2
+ (y - 6)
2
= 2
2
.
` The coordinates of the centre are (-2 , 6)
(b) The distance d between point P and the
centre
= [ ( )] ( ) 2 1 6 7
2 2
- - - + -
= 2
a d 1 radius
` P is a point inside the circle.
6. The equation can be written as
(x - 0)
2
+ y
2
2
1
- - a k 9 C = 3
2
.
` The coordinates of the centre are c0 , -
2
1
m
The distance d between point Q and the centre
= ( ) ( ) 0 3 2
2
2
2
1
- + - - - 9 C
=
4
45
a d 2 radius
` Point Q lies outside the circle.
7.
2
D
2
a k
+
2
E
2
a k
- F =
2
2
8 -
a k
+
2
2
10
a k
- 41
= 0
` The equation represents a point circle.
8. x
2
2
1
- a k
+ (y + 2)
2
+
4
1
= 0
x
2
2
1
- a k
+ (y + 2)
2
= -
4
1
a The value of the right-hand side of the
equation = -
4
1
1 0
` The equation represents an imaginary
circle.
9. Coordinates of the centre = (0 , 0)
Radius = 25 = 5
The distance d between point P and the centre
= a - 0
= a
a P(a , 0) is a point inside the circle,
` d 1 radius
i.e. a 1 5
and a 2 0
` The range of values of a is 0 1 a 1 5.
10. Radius = 5
2 2
2
6
2
2
+ -
- -
a a k k
= 5
` Area of the circle = r( 5 )
2
= 5r
11. Coordinates of the centre = (3 , -2)
Let the coordinates of point B be (p , q).
a Coordinates of the centre
= coordinates of the mid-point of AB
`
p
2
7 +
= 3
7 + p = 6
p = -1

q
2
1 +
= -2
1 + q = -4
q = -5
` The coordinates of point B are (-1 , -5).
12. (a) Coordinates of the centre G
= c-
2
10 -
, -
2
4
m
= (5 , -2)

(b) Slope of BG =
( )
5 3
2 1
-
- - -
= -
2
1
Let m be the slope of the straight line.
a The straight line is perpendicular to
BG,
` m
2
1
- a k
= -1
m = 2
The required equation is
y - (-1) = 2(x - 3)
y + 1 = 2x - 6
i.e. 2x - y - 7 = 0
2
4
, -
2
8 -
m
= (- , ) 2 4
Radius = ( ) 2 4 8
2 2
- + -
= 12 (or 2 3 )
(b) The distance d between point P and the
centre
= ( ) [ ( )] 2 2 4 1
2 2
- - + - -
= 41
a d 2 radius
` P lies outside the circle.
14. (a) Coordinates of the centre
= c-
2
12
, -
2
16 -
m
= (-6 , 8)
Radius = ( ) 6 8 0
2 2
- + -
= 10
The distance d
A
between point A and the
centre
= ( ) ( ) 6 3 8 7
2 2
- - + -
= 82
a d
A
1 radius
` A lies inside the circle.
The distance d
B
between point B and the
centre
= [ ( )] ( ) 6 11 8 0
2 2
- - - + -
= 89
a d
B
1 radius
` B lies inside the circle.
` The line segment joining A and B is
inside the circle.
(b) Slope of AB =
11 3
0 7
- -
-
=
2
1
a The straight line is parallel to AB,
` slope of the straight line =
2
1
The required equation is
y - 8 =
2
1
[x - (-6)]
2y - 16 = x + 6
i.e. x - 2y + 22 = 0
15. (a) (4x - 1)
2
+ 16(y + 3)
2
- 80 = 0
x 4
2
4
1
- a k 9 C
+ 16(y + 3)
2
= 80
16 x
2
4
1
- a k
+ 16(y + 3)
2
= 80
x
2
4
1
- a k
+ (y + 3)
2
= 5
equation = 5 2 0
` The equation represents a real circle.
(b) The coordinates of the centre of the circle
are c
4
1
, -3m.
Exercise 8C (P.84)
1. (a) Radius =
2
2
= 1
(x - 1)
2
+ (y - 4)
2
= 1
2
i.e. (x - 1)
2
+ (y - 4)
2
= 1
(b) Radius =
2
8
= 4
[x - (-2)]
2
+ (y - 0)
2
= 4
2
i.e. (x + 2)
2
+ y
2
= 16
74 Solutions
2. (a) Radius
= distance between G and the origin O
= ( ) ( ) 8 0 6 0
2 2
- + -
= 10
(x - 8)
2
+ (y - 6)
2
= 10
2
i.e. (x - 8)
2
+ (y - 6)
2
= 100
(b) Radius = distance between G and (0 , 4)
= ( ) ( ) 3 0 0 4
2 2
- - + -
= 5
[x - (-3)]
2
+ (y - 0)
2
= 5
2
i.e. (x + 3)
2
+ y
2
= 25
(c) Radius = distance between G and (3 , -1)
= ( ) [ ( )] 5 3 4 1
2 2
- + - - -
= 13
(x - 5)
2
+ [y - (-4)]
2
= ( 13)
2
i.e. (x - 5)
2
+ (y + 4)
2
= 13
3. (a) Radius = distance between the centre and
(-6 , -3)
= ( ) ( ) 6 0 3 5
2 2
- - + - -
= 10
(x - 0)
2
+ (y - 5)
2
= 10
2
i.e. x
2
+ (y - 5)
2
= 100
(b) Radius = distance between the centre and
(1 , 0)
= ( ) [ ( )] 1 4 0 3
2 2
- + - -
= 18
(x - 4)
2
+ [y - (-3)]
2
= ( 18 )
2
i.e. (x - 4)
2
+ (y + 3)
2
= 18
4. Let the centre be at G. Then G is the mid-point
of AB.
Mid-point of AB = c
2
4 2 - +
,
2
1 1 +
m
= (-1 , 1)
` The coordinates of G are (-1 , 1).
Radius of the circle = AG
= -1 - (-4)
= 3
[x - (-1)]
2
+ (y - 1)
2
= 3
2
i.e. (x + 1)
2
+ (y - 1)
2
= 9
5. Let the centre be at G. Then G is the mid-point
of CD.
Mid-point of CD = c
( )
2
6 2 - + -
,
( )
2
4 4 + -
m
= (-4 , 0)
` The coordinates of G are (-4 , 0).
Radius of the circle
= CG
= [ ( )] ( ) 4 6 0 4
2 2
- - - + -
= 20
[x - (-4)]
2
+ (y - 0)
2
= ( 20)
2
i.e. (x + 4)
2
+ y
2
= 20
6. (a) a AC is a diameter,
` +ABC = 90c
AC
2
= AB
2
+ BC
2
AC = 8 6
2 2
+
= 10
(b) Radius of the circle =
AC
2
=
2
10
= 5
(x - 4)
2
+ (y - 5)
2
= 5
2
i.e. (x - 4)
2
+ (y - 5)
2
= 25
7. (a) a M is the mid-point of PQ,
` PM =
2
1
PQ
=
2
1
# 6
= 3
MG = ( ) ( ) 5 1 2 5
2 2
- + -
= 5
(b)

y
x
O
M( 1, 5)
G( 5, 2)
P
Q
Join PG.
a PM = MQ
` GM = PQ
PG
2
= PM
2
+ MG
2
PG = 3 5
2 2
+
= 34
(x - 5)
2
+ (y - 2)
2
= ( 34)
2
i.e. (x - 5)
2
+ (y - 2)
2
= 34
8. (a) Radius = ( ) ( ) 1 2 4 2
2 2
- - + -
= 13
[x - (-1)]
2
+ (y - 4)
2
= ( 13)
2
i.e. (x + 1)
2
+ (y - 4)
2
= 13
(b) The distance d between point B and the
centre
= [ ( )] ( ) 4 1 6 4
2 2
- - - + -
= 13
a d = radius
` B lies on the circle.
9. (a) Let the centre be at G. Then G is the
mid-point of RS.
Mid-point of RS = c
2
0 2 +
,
( )
2
7 1 + -
m
= (1 , 3)
` The coordinates of G are (1 , 3).
Radius of the circle = RG
= ( ) ( ) 1 0 3 7
2 2
- + -
= 17
(x - 1)
2
+ (y - 3)
2
= ( 17 )
2
i.e. (x - 1)
2
+ (y - 3)
2
= 17
(b) The distance d between the origin and the
centre
= ( ) ( ) 1 0 3 0
2 2
- + -
= 10
a d 1 radius
` The origin lies inside the circle.
10. (a) Join AG and construct GN = AB.

y
x
O
G( 1, 2)
A B N
AN =
2
1
AB =
2
1
# 4 = 2
GN = 2
AG
2
= AN
2
+ GN
2
AG = 2 2
2 2
+ = 8
[x - (-1)]
2
+ [y - (-2)]
2
= ( 8 )
2
i.e. (x + 1)
2
+ (y + 2)
2
= 8
(b) The distance d between (-3 , -4) and the
centre
= [ ( )] [ ( )] 1 3 2 4
2 2
- - - + - - -
= 8
a d = radius
` (-3 , -4) lies on the circle.
76 Solutions
11. (a) Let the radius of the circle be r.
Then rr
2
= 25r
r = 5
` The radius of the circle is 5.
(b) The standard form of the equation of the
circle is
(x - 2)
2
+ (y - 4)
2
= 5
2
i.e. (x - 2)
2
+ (y - 4)
2
= 25
Convert the equation into the general form:
(x - 2)
2
+ (y - 4)
2
= 25
x
2
- 4x + 4 + y
2
- 8y + 16 = 25
x
2
+ y
2
- 4x - 8y - 5 = 0
(c) If (6 , k) lies on the circle, then
the distance between the point and the
centre = 5
i.e. ( ) ( ) k 6 2 4
2 2
- + - = 5
4
2
+ (k - 4)
2
= 25
16 + k
2
- 8k + 16 - 25 = 0
k
2
- 8k + 7 = 0
(k - 1)(k - 7) = 0
` k = 1 or 7
12. (a) The equation of C
2
is
4x + 6y - x
2
- y
2
= -23
i.e. x
2
+ y
2
- 4x - 6y - 23 = 0
` Coordinates of the centre of C
2

= c-
2
4 -
, -
2
6 -
m
= (2 , 3)
i.e. The centres of C
1
and C
2
are the same.
(b) Radius of C
2
= ( ) 2 3 23
2 2
+ - -
= 6
Radius of C
1
=
2
1
# 6
= 3
` The equation of C
1
is
(x - 2)
2
+ (y - 3)
2
= 3
2
x
2
- 4x + 4 + y
2
- 6y + 9 = 9
i.e. x
2
+ y
2
- 4x - 6y + 4 = 0
13. (a) Let the coordinates of the centre be G(g , 0).
Then AG = BG.
[ ( )] ( ) g 1 0 1
2 2
- - + -
= ( ) [ ( )] g 0 0 2
2 2
- + - -
(g + 1)
2
+ 1 = g
2
+ 4
g
2
+ 2g + 1 + 1 = g
2
+ 4
2g = 2
g = 1
` The coordinates of the centre are (1 , 0).
(b) Radius = AG
= [ ( )] ( ) 1 1 0 1
2 2
- - + -
= 5
(c) The equation of the circle is
(x - 1)
2
+ (y - 0)
2
= ( 5 )
2
x
2
- 2x + 1 + y
2
= 5
x
2
+ y
2
- 2x - 4 = 0
14. (a) Let the required equation be
x
2
+ y
2
+ Dx + Ey + F = 0 ................. (
*
)
(0 , 0), (2 , 4) and (8 , -4) must satisfy
the equation (
*
). Hence, we have
0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + F = 0 ............... (i)
4 + 16 + 2D + 4E + F = 0 .............. (ii)
64 + 16 + 8D - 4E + F = 0 ............. (iii)
From (i), F = 0
Substitute F = 0 into (ii):
20 + 2D + 4E = 0 .............................. (iv)
Substitute F = 0 into (iii):
80 + 8D - 4E = 0 ............................... (v)
(iv) + (v): 100 + 10D = 0
D = -10
Substitute D = -10 into (iv):
20 + 2(-10) + 4 E = 0
E = 0
` The required equation is
x
2
+ y
2
- 10x = 0.
(b) Substitute R(5 , 5) into the equation from
(a):
L.H.S. = 5
2
+ 5
2
- 10(5)
= 0
= R.H.S.
` R(5 , 5) satisfies the equation, i.e. R is
also on the circle.
` OPRQ is a cyclic quadrilateral.
15. Let the mid-point of EF be M and the centre be
at G.
Coordinates of M = c
2
0 0 +
,
( )
2
3 5 + -
m
= (0 , -1)
a EF is a vertical line and the centre is on the
perpendicular bisector of EF,
` GM is a horizontal line.
Let the centre G be at (k , -1), where k 1 0.
a GE = 41
` ( ) ( ) k 0 1 3
2 2
- + - - = 41
k
2
+ 4
2
= 41
k
2
= 25
k = 5 (rejected) or -5
The equation of the circle is
[x - (-5)]
2
+ [y - (-1)]
2
= ( 41)
2
(x + 5)
2
+ (y + 1)
2
= 41
x
2
+ 10x + 25 + y
2
+ 2y + 1 = 41
x
2
+ y
2
+ 10x + 2y - 15 = 0
Exercise 8D (P.94)
1. Consider the simultaneous equations:

*

x
2
+ y
2
= 20 ................................................. (i)
y = x + 4 ..................................................... (ii)
Substitute (ii) into (i):
x
2
+ (x + 4)
2
= 20
x
2
+ x
2
+ 8x + 16 = 20
2x
2
+ 8x - 4 = 0
i.e. x
2
+ 4x - 2 = 0 ................................ (iii)
Discriminant D of equation (iii) = 4
2
- 4(1)(-2)
= 24
2 0
` Circle C and straight line L have 2 points of
intersection.

*

(x + 2)
2
+ y
2
= 9 ......................................... (i)
x + y = 3 ..................................................... (ii)
From (ii), y = 3 - x
Substitute y = 3 - x into (i):
(x + 2)
2
+ (3 - x)
2
= 9
x
2
+ 4x + 4 + 9 - 6x + x
2
= 9
2x
2
- 2x + 4 = 0
i.e. x
2
- x + 2 = 0 ................. (iii)
Discriminant D of equation (iii)
= (-1)
2
- 4(1)(2)
= -7
1 0
` Circle C and straight line L have no points
of intersection.
i.e. The number of points of intersection is 0.

*

x
2
+ y
2
- 18y + 1 = 0 ................................ (i)
x - 2y - 2 = 0 ........................................... (ii)
From (ii), x = 2y + 2
Substitute x = 2y + 2 into (i):
(2y + 2)
2
+ y
2
- 18y + 1 = 0
4y
2
+ 8y + 4 + y
2
- 18y + 1 = 0
5y
2
- 10y + 5 = 0
i.e. y
2
- 2y + 1 = 0 .............. (iii)
= (-2)
2
- 4(1)(1)
= 0
` Circle C and straight line L have 1 point of
intersection.

*

x
2
+ y
2
= 26 ................................................. (i)
y - 5 = 0 ..................................................... (ii)
From (ii), y = 5
Substitute y = 5 into (i):
x
2
+ 5
2
= 26
x
2
= 1
x = -1 or 1
` The points of intersection are (-1 , 5) and
(1 , 5).
78 Solutions

*

x
2
+ y
2
= 32 ................................................. (i)
y = 8 - x ..................................................... (ii)
x
2
+ (8 - x)
2
= 32
x
2
+ 64 - 16x + x
2
= 32
2x
2
- 16x + 32 = 0
x
2
- 8x + 16 = 0
(x - 4)
2
= 0
x = 4 (repeated)
When x = 4, y = 8 - 4 = 4.
` The point of intersection is (4 , 4).

*

x
2
+ y
2
+ 2x + 4y = 0 ................................ (i)
x = 3y + 10 ................................................. (ii)
(3y + 10)
2
+ y
2
+ 2(3y + 10) + 4y = 0
9y
2
+ 60y + 100 + y
2
+ 6y + 20 + 4y = 0
10y
2
+ 70y + 120 = 0
y
2
+ 7y + 12 = 0
(y + 4)(y + 3) = 0
y = -4 or -3
When y = -4, x = 3(-4) + 10 = -2.
When y = -3, x = 3(-3) + 10 = 1.
` The points of intersection are (-2 , -4)
and (1 , -3).
7.

y
x
O
G( 4, 3)
P( 1, 5)
L
Join PG.
Slope of PG =
( )
4 1
3 5
-
- - -
=
3
2
Let m be the slope of the tangent L.
a tangent L = PG
` m
3
2
a k
= -1
m = -
2
3
The equation of the tangent L is
y - (-5) = -
2
3
(x - 1)
2y + 10 = -3x + 3
i.e. 3x + 2y + 7 = 0
8.

y
x
O
R( 3, 1)
L
S( 3, 1)
Join RS.
Slope of RS =
3 3
1 1
- -
- -
=
3
1
Let m be the slope of the tangent L.
a tangent L = RS
` m
3
1
a k
= -1
m = -3
The equation of the tangent L is
y - 1 = -3(x - 3)
y - 1 = -3x + 9
i.e. 3x + y - 10 = 0

(
x + y - 6 = 0 .............................................. (i)
x
2
+ y
2
- 18 = 0 ........................................ (ii)
From (i), y = 6 - x
Substitute y = 6 - x into (ii):
x
2
+ (6 - x)
2
- 18 = 0
x
2
+ 36 - 12x + x
2
- 18 = 0
2x
2
- 12x + 18 = 0
x
2
- 6x + 9 = 0 ..................... (iii)
= (-6)
2
- 4(1)(9)
= 0
` Straight line L and circle C have only
1 point of intersection.
i.e. The straight line L is a tangent to the
circle C.
(x - 2)
2
+ [y - (-5)]
2
= 13.
` The coordinates of the centre are
(2 , -5).
(b) Let the centre be at G.
Then slope of AG =
( )
0 2
2 5
-
- - -
= -
2
3
Let m be the slope of the tangent.
a tangent = AG
` m
2
3
- a k
= -1
m =
3
2
` The equation of the tangent to the
circle at A is
y - (-2) =
3
2
(x - 0)
3y + 6 = 2x
i.e. 2x - 3y - 6 = 0

(
y = kx ............................................................ (i)
x
2
+ y
2
+ 6x - 3y = 0 ............................... (ii)
Substitute (i) into (ii):
x
2
+ (kx)
2
+ 6x - 3(kx) = 0
x
2
+ k
2
x
2
+ 6x - 3kx = 0
(1 + k
2
)x
2
+ (6 - 3k)x = 0
Since the straight line L touches the circle C,
we have D = 0,
i.e. (6 - 3k)
2
- 4(1 + k
2
)(0) = 0
6 - 3k = 0
` k = 2
` The equation of L is y = 2x.
(x - 3)
2
+ [y - (-2)]
2
= 4
2
(x - 3)
2
+ (y + 2)
2
= 16
Consider the simultaneous equations:

*

(x - 3)
2
+ (y + 2)
2
= 16 ............................ (i)
x - 3y + 7 = 0 ........................................... (ii)
From (ii), x = 3y - 7
Substitute x = 3y - 7 into (i):
(3y - 7 - 3)
2
+ (y + 2)
2
= 16
9y
2
- 60y + 100 + y
2
+ 4y + 4 = 16
10y
2
- 56y + 88 = 0
5y
2
- 28y + 44 = 0 ......... (iii)
= (-28)
2
- 4(5)(44)
= -96
1 0
` The straight line and the circle have 0 point
of intersection.
13. The equation of the y-axis is x = 0.

(
x = 0 ............................................................. (i)
(x - a)
2
+ (y - b)
2
= (a - b)
2
................. (ii)
(0 - a)
2
+ (y - b)
2
= (a - b)
2
a
2
+ y
2
- 2yb + b
2
= a
2
- 2ab + b
2
y
2
- 2by + 2ab = 0 ............................... (iii)
= (-2b)
2
- 4(1)(2ab)
= 4b
2
- 8ab
a a 2 0, b 1 0
` D = 4b
2
- 8ab 2 0
` The circle and the y-axis have 2 points of
intersection.
14. (a) Radius of the circle =
2
2 5
r
r
= 5
` The equation of C is
[x - (-2)]
2
+ (y - 0)
2
= ( 5 )
2
(x + 2)
2
+ y
2
= 5
x
2
+ 4x + 4 + y
2
- 5 = 0
x
2
+ y
2
+ 4x - 1 = 0
80 Solutions
(b) Consider the simultaneous equations:

*

x
2
+ y
2
+ 4x - 1 = 0 ......................... (i)
x - 2y + 7 = 0 .................................. (ii)
From (ii), x = 2y - 7
Substitute x = 2y - 7 into (i):
(2y - 7)
2
+ y
2
+ 4(2y - 7) - 1 = 0
4y
2
- 28y + 49 + y
2
+ 8y - 28 - 1 = 0
5y
2
- 20y + 20 = 0
y
2
- 4y + 4 = 0
(y - 2)
2
= 0
` y = 2 (repeated)
When y = 2, x = 2(2) - 7 = -3.
` The coordinates of the point of
intersection of L and C are (-3 , 2).
15. (a) Consider the simultaneous equations:

(
x + y - 2 = 0 ..................................... (i)
x
2
+ y
2
- 8x + 8y + 22 = 0 ............. (ii)
From (i), x = 2 - y
Substitute x = 2 - y into (ii):
(2 - y)
2
+ y
2
- 8(2 - y) + 8y + 22 = 0
4 - 4y + y
2
+ y
2
- 16 + 8y + 8y + 22 = 0
2y
2
+ 12y + 10 = 0
y
2
+ 6y + 5 = 0
(y + 1)(y + 5) = 0
` y = -1 or -5
When y = -1, x = 2 - (-1) = 3.
When y = -5, x = 2 - (-5) = 7.
` The coordinates of P and Q are
(3 , -1) and (7 , -5) respectively.
Coordinates of M
= c
2
3 7 +
,
( )
2
1 5 - + -
m
= (5 , -3)

(b)

y
x
O
L
Q
M
K
C
P
Coordinates of K = c-
2
8 -
, -
2
8
m
= (4 , -4)
Join KM.
a PM = MQ
` KM = PQ
The perpendicular distance between the
centre K and L
= KM
= ( ) [ ( )] 5 4 3 4
2 2
- + - - -
= 2

(
y = mx + 2 .......................................... (i)
(x - 6)
2
+ (y - 4)
2
= 8 .................... (ii)
(x - 6)
2
+ (mx + 2 - 4)
2
= 8
x
2
- 12x + 36 + m
2
x
2
- 4mx + 4 = 8
(1 + m
2
)x
2
- (12 + 4m)x + 32 = 0
Since L is a tangent to C, we have D = 0,
i.e. [-(12 + 4m)]
2
- 4(1 + m
2
)(32) = 0
144 + 96m + 16m
2
- 128 - 128m
2
= 0
-112m
2
+ 96m + 16 = 0
` 7m
2
- 6m - 1 = 0
` (m - 1)(7m + 1) = 0
m = 1 or
7
1
-
(b) From the results of (a),
the equation of L is
y = x + 2
i.e. x - y + 2 = 0
or y = -
7
1
x + 2
i.e. x + 7y - 14 = 0
17. (a) The equation of L is
y - (-2) = m(x - 0)
i.e. mx - y - 2 = 0

*

x
2
+ y
2
- 6y - 7 = 0 ......................... (i)
mx - y - 2 = 0 ................................. (ii)
From (ii), y = mx - 2
Substitute y = mx - 2 into (i):
x
2
+ (mx - 2)
2
- 6(mx - 2) - 7 = 0
x
2
+ m
2
x
2
- 4mx + 4 - 6mx + 12 - 7 = 0
(1 + m
2
)x
2
- 10mx + 9 = 0
i.e. (-10m)
2
- 4(1 + m
2
)(9) = 0
100m
2
- 36 - 36m
2
= 0
64m
2
= 36
m
2
=
16
9
` m =
4
3
or
4
3
-
(c) From the results of (a) and (b),
the required equations are

4
3
x - y - 2 = 0
i.e. 3x - 4y - 8 = 0
and -
4
3
x - y - 2 = 0
i.e. 3x + 4y + 8 = 0
Supp. Exercise 8 (P.98)
1. (a) The equation of the circle is
(x - 6)
2
+ (y - 0)
2
= 4
2
i.e. (x - 6)
2
+ y
2
= 16
(b) The equation of the circle is
[x - (-2)]
2
+ [y - (-7)]
2
= 5
2
i.e. (x + 2)
2
+ (y + 7)
2
= 25
(c) The equation of the circle is
(x - 0)
2
+ (y - 0)
2
= ( ) 2 3
2
i.e. x
2
+ y
2
= 12
(d) The equation of the circle is
x
2
2
1
- - a k 9 C + y
2
4
3
- a k
= 1
2
i.e. x
2
2
1
+ a k
+ y
2
4
3
- a k
= 1
[x - (-6)]
2
+ (y - 4)
2
= 7
2
i.e. (x + 6)
2
+ (y - 4)
2
= 49
(b) The equation of the circle is
(x - 0)
2
+ (y - 0)
2
= (2 5 )
2
i.e. x
2
+ y
2
= 20
(c) Radius = 7 - 4 = 3
(x - 7)
2
+ (y - 5)
2
= 3
2
i.e. (x - 7)
2
+ (y - 5)
2
= 9
3. (a) x
2
- 6x + y
2
- 7y = 0
x
2
+ y
2
- 6x - 7y = 0
of a circle.
(b) 3x
2
+ 2y
2
- 5x + 6y - 9 = 0
x
2
+
3
2
y
2
-
3
5
x + 2y - 3 = 0
2
is not equal to 1.
(c) x
2
- 6x = y
2
- 7y
x
2
- y
2
- 6x + 7y = 0
2
is not equal to 1.
(d)
2 2
x y
3
+
= 6x - 8
x
2
+ y
2
= 18x - 24
x
2
+ y
2
- 18x + 24 = 0
of a circle.
(e) 4x
2
+ 4xy + 4y
2
- 7x = 5 has the xy term.
4. (a) (x - 7)
2
+ (y + 1)
2
= 5
2
x
2
- 14x + 49 + y
2
+ 2y + 1 = 25
i.e. x
2
+ y
2
- 14x + 2y + 25 = 0
82 Solutions
(b) 3(x
2
+ y
2
) = 7x + 9
x
2
+ y
2
=
3
7
x + 3
i.e. x
2
+ y
2
-
3
7
x - 3 = 0
(c) (2x - 1)
2
+ 4(y - 3)
2
= 16
4x
2
- 4x + 1 + 4(y
2
- 6y + 9) = 16
x
2
- x +
4
1
+ y
2
- 6y + 9 = 4
i.e. x
2
+ y
2
- x - 6y +
4
21
= 0
(x - 5)
2
+ [y - (-2)]
2
= 1
2
(x - 5)
2
+ (y + 2)
2
= 1
x
2
- 10x + 25 + y
2
+ 4y + 4 = 1
i.e. x
2
+ y
2
- 10x + 4y + 28 = 0
(b) Radius = -
2
1
- (-3) =
2
5
(x - 0)
2
+ [y - (-3)]
2
=
2
2
5
a k
x
2
+ (y + 3)
2
=
4
25
x
2
+ y
2
+ 6y + 9 =
4
25
i.e. x
2
+ y
2
+ 6y +
4
11
= 0
(x - 7)
2
+ [y - (-3)]
2
= 6
2
.
x
2
4
1
- a k
+ (y - 0)
2
=
2
5
4
a k
.
` The coordinates of the centre are c
4
1
, 0m
and the radius is
5
4
.
(c) Coordinates of the centre
= c-
2
2 -
, -
2
12 -
m
= ( , ) 1 6
Radius = ( ) 1 6 1
2 2
+ - - = 38
(d) 4x
2
+ 4y
2
+ 12y = 4x - 9
x
2
+ y
2
+ 3y = x -
4
9
x
2
+ y
2
- x + 3y +
4
9
= 0
` Coordinates of the centre = c-
2
1 -
, -
2
3
m
= c
2
1
, -
2
3
m

Radius =
2 2
2
1
2
3
4
9
+ - - a a k k
=
2
1
7. (a) Coordinates of the centre = c-3 ,
2
1
m
Radius = 16 = 4
The distance d between point A and the
centre
= ( ) 3 0 1
2
2
2
1
- - + - a k
=
4
37
a d 1 radius
` A lies inside the circle.
(b) Coordinates of the centre = c-
2
2 -
, -
2
2
m
= (1 , -1)
Radius = ( ) ( ) 1 1 2
2 2
+ - - - = 2
centre
= 3 - 1
= 2
a d = radius
` A lies on the circle.
(c) Coordinates of the centre = c-
2
8 -
, -
2
4
m
= (4 , -2)
Radius = ( ) ( ) 4 2 32
2 2
+ - - - = 52
centre
= ( ) ( ) 4 9 2 4
2 2
- + - -
= 61
a d 2 radius
` A lies outside the circle.
8. (a)
2
D
2
a k
+
2
E
2
a k
- F
=
2
2
10 -
a k
+
2
2
4
a k
- 29
= 0
` The equation represents a point circle.
(b) 4x
2
+ 4y
2
- 4x - 12y + 11 = 0
x
2
+ y
2
- x - 3y +
4
11
= 0

2
D
2
a k
+
2
E
2
a k
- F
=
2
2
1 -
a k
+
2
2
3 -
a k
-
4
11
= -
4
1
1 0
` The equation represents an imaginary
circle.
(c) (2x + 1)
2
+ 4(y - 1)
2
- 9 = 0

4
1
(2x + 1)
2
+ (y - 1)
2
-
4
9
= 0

2
x
2
2 1 +
a k
+ (y - 1)
2
=
4
9
x
2
2
1
+ a k
+ (y - 1)
2
=
4
9
equation =
4
9
2 0
` The equation represents a real circle.
9. (a) Radius =
2
3 2
(x - 6)
2
+ (y - 8)
2
=
2
2
3 2
b l
i.e. (x - 6)
2
+ (y - 8)
2
=
2
9
(b) Radius = distance between the centre and
point (0 , 4)
= ( ) ( ) 0 1 4 6
2 2
- + -
= 5
(x - 1)
2
+ (y - 6)
2
= ( 5 )
2
i.e. (x - 1)
2
+ (y - 6)
2
= 5
(c) Coordinates of the mid-point of the
diameter
= c
2
1 7 +
,
2
4 6 +
m
= (4 , 5)
(4 , 5).
Radius = ( ) ( ) 4 1 5 4
2 2
- + -
= 10
(x - 4)
2
+ (y - 5)
2
= ( 10)
2
i.e. (x - 4)
2
+ (y - 5)
2
= 10

*

x
2
+ y
2
- 10x + 6y - 28 = 0 .................... (i)
2x - y + 4 = 0 ........................................... (ii)
From (ii), y = 2x + 4
Substitute y = 2x + 4 into (i):
x
2
+ (2x + 4)
2
- 10x + 6(2x + 4) - 28 = 0
x
2
+ 4x
2
+ 16x + 16 - 10x + 12x + 24 - 28 = 0
5x
2
+ 18x + 12 = 0 ..................................... (iii)
= 18
2
- 4(5)(12)
= 84
2 0
` The circle C and the straight line L have
2 points of intersection.

*

x
2
+ y
2
- 8x = 0 ................................. (i)
x + y - 8 = 0 .................................... (ii)
From (ii), y = 8 - x
Substitute y = 8 - x into (i):
x
2
+ (8 - x)
2
- 8x = 0
x
2
+ 64 - 16x + x
2
- 8x = 0
2x
2
- 24x + 64 = 0
x
2
- 12x + 32 = 0
(x - 4)(x - 8) = 0
x = 4 or 8
When x = 4, y = 8 - 4 = 4.
When x = 8, y = 8 - 8 = 0.
` The coordinates of A and B are (4 , 4)
and (8 , 0) respectively.
84 Solutions
(b) Length of AB = ( ) ( ) 4 8 4 0
2 2
- + -
= 32 (or 4 2 )
12. (a) a The circle touches the x-axis,
` the coordinates of the point of contact
of the circle and the straight line are
(-2 , 0).
Radius of the circle = 5 - 0 = 5
[x - (-2)]
2
+ (y - 5)
2
= 5
2
i.e. (x + 2)
2
+ (y - 5)
2
= 25
(b) a The circle touches the y-axis,
(0 , 1).
Radius of the circle = 0 - (-2) = 2
[x - (-2)]
2
+ (y - 1)
2
= 2
2
i.e. (x + 2)
2
+ (y - 1)
2
= 4
(c) a The circle touches y = 2,
(-3 , 2).
Radius of the circle = 2 - (-7) = 9
[x - (-3)]
2
+ [y - (-7)]
2
= 9
2
i.e. (x + 3)
2
+ (y + 7)
2
= 81

(
y = 2x + k .................................................... (i)
x
2
+ y
2
= 5 .................................................. (ii)
x
2
+ (2x + k)
2
= 5
x
2
+ 4x
2
+ 4kx + k
2
= 5
5x
2
+ 4kx + k
2
- 5 = 0
i.e. (4k)
2
- 4(5)(k
2
- 5) = 0
16k
2
- 20k
2
+ 100 = 0
-4k
2
= -100
k
2
= 25
k = 5 or 5 -
` The equation of L is
y = 2x + 5
i.e. 2x - y + 5 = 0
or y = 2x - 5
i.e. 2x - y - 5 = 0
14. (a) Coordinates of A = c-
2
4
, -
2
6
m
= (- , - ) 2 3
(b) Slope of OA =
2 0
3 0
- -
- -

=
2
3
OA,
` m
2
3
a k
= -1
m = -
3
2
y - 0 = -
3
2
(x - 0)
3y = -2x
i.e. 2x + 3y = 0
15. (a) Radius = k
2 2
2
6
2
14
+ -
-
a a k k
= k 58 -
(b) When the radius is 3,
k 58 - = 3
58 - k = 9
k = 49
16. Coordinates of the centre = (-8 , -6)
Let the coordinates of A and C be (p , 0) and
(0 , q) respectively.
a Coordinates of the mid-point of AC
= coordinates of the centre
`
p
2
0 +
= -8
p = -16

q
2
0 +
= -6
q = -12
` The coordinates of A and C are (-16 , 0)
and (0 , -12) respectively.
Area of rectangle OABC
= OA # OC
= [0 - (-16)] # [0 - (-12)]
= 192
17. (a) Coordinates of the centre
= c-
2
10 -
, -
k
2
-
m
= c5 ,
k
2
m

(b) (i) a C and the y-axis intersect at only
1 point,
` radius of C = 5
(ii) 5 36
2
2
k
2
+ - a k
= 5
25 +
2
k
4
- 36 = 25

2
k
4
= 36
k
2
= 144
` k = 12 or -12 (rejected)
2
14
, 0m
= ( , ) 7 0 -
Radius = ( ) 7 0 45
2 2
- + -
= 2
[x - (-7)]
2
+ (y - 0)
2
= 2
2
i.e. (x + 7)
2
+ y
2
= 4
(b) x
2
+ y
2
+ 14x + 45 = 0
(x
2
+ 14x + 49) + y
2
- 4 = 0
(x + 7)
2
+ y
2
- 4 = 0
` (x + 7)
2
+ y
2
= 4
(c) The equations found in (a) and (b) are the
same.
19. (a) Substitute (2 , 5) into the equation of the
circle:
2
2
+ 5
2
+ 4(2) - 8(5) + c = 0
c = 3
(b) Coordinates of the centre = c-
2
4
, -
2
8 -
m
= (-2 , 4)
Let the coordinates of the other end-point
of the diameter be (p , q).
= coordinates of the mid-point of the
diameter
`
p
2
2 +
= -2
p = -6

q
2
5 +
= 4
q = 3
` The coordinates of the other end-point
of the diameter are (-6 , 3).
(c) Radius of the circle = ( ) 2 4 3
2 2
- + -
= 17
The distance d between point (-7 , 5)
and the centre
= [ ( )] ( ) 7 2 5 4
2 2
- - - + -
= 26
a d 2 radius
` Point (-7 , 5) lies outside the circle.
20. (a) Substitute A(4 , 3) into the equation of
the circle:
4
2
+ 3
2
+ k(4) + 2(3) - 15 = 0
k = 4 -
86 Solutions
(b) Let the centre be at G.
Coordinates of G = c-
2
4 -
, -
2
2
m
= (2 , -1)
Slope of AG =
2 4
1 3
-
- -
= 2
a AB is a diameter of the circle,
` slope of AB = slope of AG
= 2
(c) Radius of the circle = ( ) ( ) 2 1 15
2 2
+ - - -
= 20
The distance d between point C and the
centre
= ( ) [ ( )] m m 2 2 1
2 2
- + - -
a C is a point inside the circle,
` d 1 radius
i.e. ( ) [ ( )] m m 2 2 1
2 2
- + - - 1 20
(m - 2)
2
+ (2m + 1)
2
1 20
m
2
- 4m + 4 + 4m
2
+ 4m + 1 1 20
5m
2
- 15 1 0
m
2
- 3 1 0
(m + 3 )(m - 3 ) 1 0
` - 3 1 m 1 3
21. Let the required equation be
x
2
+ y
2
+ Dx + Ey + F = 0 ............................(
*
)
(0 , 0), (3 , 9) and (8 , 4) must satisfy the
equation (
*
). Hence, we have
0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + F = 0 ....................... (i)
9 + 81 + 3D + 9E + F = 0 ...................... (ii)
64 + 16 + 8D + 4E + F = 0 ..................... (iii)
From (i), F = 0
Substitute F = 0 into (ii):
90 + 3D + 9E = 0
30 + D + 3E = 0 ....................................... (iv)
Substitute F = 0 into (iii):
80 + 8D + 4E = 0
20 + 2D + E = 0 ........................................ (v)
(iv) # 2 - (v): 40 + 5E = 0
E = -8
Substitute E = -8 into (v):
20 + 2D - 8 = 0
D = -6
x
2
+ y
2
- 6x - 8y = 0.
22. (a) AB
2
= [3 - (-5)]
2
+ (2 - 6)
2
= 80
BC
2
= [-5 - (-3)]
2
+ (6 - 10)
2
= 20
AC
2
= [3 - (-3)]
2
+ (2 - 10)
2
= 100
a AB
2
+ BC
2
= AC
2
` +B = 90c
` 3ABC is a right-angled triangle.
(b) Let the required equation be
x
2
+ y
2
+ Dx + Ey + F = 0 ................. (
*
)
(3 , 2), (-5 , 6) and (-3 , 10) must satisfy
the equation (
*
). Hence, we have
9 + 4 + 3D + 2E + F = 0
i.e. 3D + 2E + F = -13 .............. (i)
25 + 36 - 5D + 6E + F = 0
i.e. 5D - 6E - F = 61 ............ (ii)
9 + 100 - 3D + 10E + F = 0
i.e. 3D - 10E - F = 109 ....... (iii)
(i) + (ii): 8D - 4E = 48 ...................... (iv)
(i) + (iii): 6D - 8E = 96
3D - 4E = 48 ....................... (v)
(iv) - (v): 5D = 0
D = 0
Substitute D = 0 into (v):
3(0) - 4 E = 48
E = -12
Substitute D = 0 and E = -12 into (i):
3(0) + 2(-12) + F = -13
F = 11
x
2
+ y
2
- 12y + 11 = 0.
23. (a) Coordinates of the centre of C
1

= c-
2
4
, -
2
2 -
m
= (- , ) 2 1
Radius of C
1
= ( ) ( ) 2 1 59
2 2
- + - -
= 8
(b) The distance d between the centres of C
1

and C
2
= ( ) ( ) 2 1 1 5
2 2
- - + -
= 5
Let the radius of C
2
be r.
a C
2
lies inside C
1
and they touch each
other internally,
` d + r = radius of C
1
i.e. 5 + r = 8
r = 3
` The equation of C
2
is
(x - 1)
2
+ (y - 5)
2
= 3
2
x
2
- 2x + 1 + y
2
- 10y + 25 = 9
i.e. x
2
+ y
2
- 2x - 10y + 17 = 0
24. (a) Coordinates of the centre of C
1

= c-
2
8 -
, -
2
10
m
= (4 , -5)
Radius of C
1
= ( ) 4 5 16
2 2
+ - -
= 5
` Radius of C
2
= 5 - 3
= 2
` The equation of C
2
is
(x - 4)
2
+ [y - (-5)]
2
= 2
2
x
2
- 8x + 16 + y
2
+ 10y + 25 = 4
i.e. x
2
+ y
2
- 8x + 10y + 37 = 0
(b) a The ratio of the area of C
1
to that of
C
2
is 4 : 1,
` the ratio of the radius of C
1
to that of
C
2
is 2 : 1.
i.e.
5
radius of C
2
=
1
2
radius of C
2
=
2
5
` The equation of C
2
is
(x - 4)
2
+ [y - (-5)]
2
=
2
2
5
a k
x
2
- 8x + 16 + y
2
+ 10y + 25 =
4
25
i.e. x
2
+ y
2
- 8x + 10y +
4
139
= 0
25. (a) AC is a diameter of the circumcircle.
Let the centre of the circumcircle be at G.
Then G is the mid-point of AC.
Mid-point of AC = c
2
2 6 +
,
2
1 5 +
m
= (4 , 3)
` The coordinates of G are (4 , 3).
Radius of the circumcircle
= ( ) ( ) 4 2 3 1
2 2
- + -
= 8
` The equation of the circumcircle of
the square is
(x - 4)
2
+ (y - 3)
2
= ( 8 )
2
x
2
- 8x + 16 + y
2
- 6y + 9 = 8
i.e. x
2
+ y
2
- 8x - 6y + 17 = 0
(b) AC = ( ) ( ) 6 2 5 1
2 2
- + -
= 32
AB
2
+ BC
2
= AC
2
2AB
2
= AC
2
AB
2
=
2
( )
2
32
AB
2
= 16
` AB = 4 or -4 (rejected)
` The length of the sides of the square
is 4.
(c) Coordinates of the centre of the inscribed
circle of the square
= (4 , 3)
Radius =
AB
2
=
2
4
= 2
` The equation of the inscribed circle of
the square is
(x - 4)
2
+ (y - 3)
2
= 2
2
x
2
- 8x + 16 + y
2
- 6y + 9 = 4
i.e. x
2
+ y
2
- 8x - 6y + 21 = 0
88 Solutions
26. (a) The equation of the x-axis is y = 0.

(
y = 0 .................................................... (i)
x
2
+ y
2
+ 10x - 8y + 16 = 0 ........... (ii)
x
2
+ 10x + 16 = 0
(x + 8)(x + 2) = 0
` x = -8 or -2
The equation of the y-axis is x = 0.

(
x = 0 .................................................. (iii)
x
2
+ y
2
+ 10x - 8y + 16 = 0 ........... (ii)
Substitute (iii) into (ii):
y
2
- 8y + 16 = 0
(y - 4)
2
= 0
y = 4 (repeated)
` The coordinates of A, B and C are
(-8 , 0), (-2 , 0) and (0 , 4)
respectively.
(b) (i) Slope of BC =
( ) 0 2
4 0
- -
-

= 2
` Slope of AD = 2
` The equation of AD is
y - 0 = 2[x - (-8)]
i.e. 2x - y + 16 = 0
(ii) Consider the simultaneous equations:

*

x
2
+ y
2
+ 10x - 8y + 16 = 0 ... (ii)
2x - y + 16 = 0 ....................... (iv)
From (iv), y = 2x + 16
Substitute y = 2x + 16 into (ii):
x
2
+ (2x + 16)
2
+ 10x -
8(2x + 16) + 16 = 0
x
2
+ 4x
2
+ 64x + 256 + 10x -
16x - 128 + 16 = 0
5x
2
+ 58x + 144 = 0
(5x + 18)(x + 8) = 0
` x = -
5
18
or -8
When x = -
5
18
,
y = 2
5
18
- a k
+ 16 =
5
44
.
When x = -8,
y = 2(-8) + 16 = 0 (rejected).
` The coordinates of D are
c-
5
18
,
5
44
m.

*

x
2
+ y
2
- 2x + 4y - 20 = 0 ............. (i)
y = 1 ................................................... (ii)
x
2
+ 1
2
- 2x + 4(1) - 20 = 0
x
2
- 2x - 15 = 0
(x + 3)(x - 5) = 0
x = -3 or 5
` The coordinates of A and B are
(-3 , 1) and (5 , 1) respectively.
(b) Let the centre of C
2
be at G. Then G is the
mid-point of AB.
Mid-point of AB = c
2
3 5 - +
,
2
1 1 +
m
= (1 , 1)
Radius of C
2
= AG
= 1 - (-3)
= 4
` The equation of C
2
is
(x - 1)
2
+ (y - 1)
2
= 4
2
x
2
- 2x + 1 + y
2
- 2y + 1 = 16
i.e. x
2
+ y
2
- 2x - 2y - 14 = 0
(c) Coordinates of the centre of C
1

= c-
2
2 -
, -
2
4
m
= (1 , -2)
Substitute (1 , -2) into the equation of C
2
:
L.H.S. = 1
2
+ (-2)
2
- 2(1) - 2(-2) - 14
= -7
R.H.S. = 0
a L.H.S. ! R.H.S.
` C
2
does not pass through the centre
of C
1
.

(
x + y = 4 ............................................. (i)
x
2
+ y
2
+ 4x - 2y - 20 = 0 ............ (ii)
From (i), y = 4 - x
Substitute y = 4 - x into (ii):
x
2
+ (4 - x)
2
+ 4x - 2(4 - x) - 20 = 0
x
2
+ 16 - 8x + x
2
+ 4x - 8 + 2x - 20 = 0
2x
2
- 2x - 12 = 0
x
2
- x - 6 = 0
(x + 2)(x - 3) = 0
` x = -2 or 3
When x = -2, y = 4 - (-2) = 6.
When x = 3, y = 4 - 3 = 1.
(b) (i) Coordinates of the centre of C
= c-
2
4
, -
2
2 -
m
= (-2 , 1)
The straight line which touches C at
A(-2 , 6) is a horizontal line.
` The equation of the straight line is
y = 6
i.e. y - 6 = 0
(ii) The straight line which touches C at
B(3 , 1) is a vertical line.
` The equation of the straight line is
x = 3
i.e. x - 3 = 0

*

(x + 3)
2
+ y
2
= 40 .............................. (i)
3x - y + 29 = 0 ................................ (ii)
From (ii), y = 3x + 29
Substitute y = 3x + 29 into (i):
(x + 3)
2
+ (3x + 29)
2
= 40
x
2
+ 6x + 9 + 9x
2
+ 174x + 841 = 40
10x
2
+ 180x + 810 = 0
x
2
+ 18x + 81 = 0
(x + 9)
2
= 0
` x = -9 (repeated)
When x = -9, y = 3(-9) + 29 = 2.
` The coordinates of A are (-9 , 2).
(b) (i) Coordinates of the centre of C
= (-3 , 0)
The equation of AB is

( ) x
y
3
0
- -
-
=
( ) 9 3
2 0
- - -
-

x
y
3 +
= -
3
1
i.e. x + 3y + 3 = 0
(ii) Let the coordinates of B be (p , q).
= coordinates of the mid-point of
AB
`
p
2
9 - +
= -3
p = 3

q
2
2 +
= 0
q = -2
` The coordinates of B are (3 , -2).
(c) Let the centre of C be at G.
Slope of BG =
( )
3 3
0 2
- -
- -
= -
3
1
BG,
` m #
3
1
- a k
= -1
m = 3
y - (-2) = 3(x - 3)
y + 2 = 3x - 9
i.e. 3x - y - 11 = 0
30. Let the mid-point of PQ be M(m , 0).
m =
( )
2
9 1 - + -
= -5
` The coordinates of M are (-5 , 0).
a PQ is a horizontal line and the centre lies
on the perpendicular bisector of PQ,
` let the centre C be at (-5 , k), where k 2 0.
90 Solutions
a The circle touches the y-axis,
` radius = 0 - (x-coordinate of M)
= 0 - (-5)
= 5
and MQ = -1 - (-5) = 4, CM = k
In 3QCM, by Pythagoras Theorem,
CM
2
+ MQ
2
= CQ
2
k
2
+ 4
2
= 5
2
k
2
= 9
k = 3 or -3 (rejected)
` The coordinates of the centre C are (-5 , 3).
[x - (-5)]
2
+ (y - 3)
2
= 5
2
x
2
+ 10x + 25 + y
2
- 6y + 9 = 25
x
2
+ y
2
+ 10x - 6y + 9 = 0
Alternative Method
Let the required equation be
x
2
+ y
2
+ Dx + Ey + F = 0 .......................... (
*
)
(-9 , 0) and (-1 , 0) must satisfy the equation
(
*
). Hence, we have
81 - 9D + F = 0 ........................................... (i)
1 - D + F = 0 .............................................. (ii)
(i) - (ii): 80 - 8D = 0
D = 10
Substitute D = 10 into (ii):
1 - 10 + F = 0
F = 9
x
2
+ y
2
+ 10x + Ey + 9 = 0.
Substitute x = 0 into the equation of the circle:
y
2
+ Ey + 9 = 0 ........................................... (iii)
a The circle touches the y-axis,
` discriminant D of (iii) = 0
i.e. E
2
- 4(1)(9) = 0
E
2
= 36
E = 6 or -6
When E = 6, the centre of the circle is below
the x-axis.
` E = 6 is rejected.
x
2
+ y
2
+ 10x - 6y + 9 = 0.
31. (a) Let the mid-point of AB be M.
Coordinates of M = c
2
3 4 +
,
( )
2
1 4 - + -
m
= c
2
7
, -
2
5
m
Slope of AB =
( )
4 3
4 1
-
- - -

= -3
a L = AB
` Slope of L =
3
1
-
-

=
3
1
` The equation of L is
y -
2
5
- a k
= x
3
1
2
7
- a k
3y +
2
15
= x -
2
7

i.e. x - 3y - 11 = 0
(b) a L is the perpendicular bisector of
chord AB,
` L passes through the centre of the
circle.
` L and the straight line 2x + 3y + 5 = 0
intersect at the centre.

(
x - 3y - 11 = 0 ................................. (i)
2x + 3y + 5 = 0 ................................ (ii)
(i) + (ii): 3x - 6 = 0
x = 2
Substitute x = 2 into (i):
2 - 3y - 11 = 0
y = -3
(2 , -3).
(c) Radius of the circle
= ( ) [ ( )] 3 2 1 3
2 2
- + - - -
= 5
` The equation of C is
(x - 2)
2
+ [y - (-3)]
2
= ( 5 )
2
x
2
- 4x + 4 + y
2
+ 6y + 9 = 5
i.e. x
2
+ y
2
- 4x + 6y + 8 = 0

*

x
2
+ y
2
- 2x - 9 = 0 ......................... (i)
x + 3y + 9 = 0 .................................. (ii)
From (ii), x = -3y - 9
Substitute x = -3y - 9 into (i):
(-3y - 9)
2
+ y
2
- 2(-3y - 9) - 9 = 0
9y
2
+ 54y + 81 + y
2
+ 6y + 18 - 9 = 0
10y
2
+ 60y + 90 = 0
y
2
+ 6y + 9 = 0 ................................... (iii)
Discriminant D of (iii) = 6
2
- 4(1)(9)
= 0
` L
1
is a tangent to C.
(b) (i) Slope of L
1
= -
3
1
a L
2
= L
1
` Slope of L
2
=
1
3
1
-
-

= 3
(ii) Let the equation of L
2
be y = 3x + c.

*

x
2
+ y
2
- 2x - 9 = 0 ................. (i)
y = 3x + c ................................. (iv)
Substitute (iv) into (i):
x
2
+ (3x + c)
2
- 2x - 9 = 0
x
2
+ 9x
2
+ 6cx + c
2
- 2x - 9 = 0
10x
2
+ (6c - 2)x + c
2
- 9 = 0 .. (v)
Since L
2
is a tangent to C, the
discriminant D of (v) = 0.
i.e. (6c - 2)
2
- 4(10)(c
2
- 9) = 0
36c
2
- 24c + 4 - 40c
2
+ 360 = 0
-4c
2
- 24c + 364 = 0
c
2
+ 6c - 91 = 0
(c - 7)(c + 13) = 0
` c = 7 or -13
Substitute c = 7 into (v):
10x
2
+ [6(7) - 2]x + 7
2
- 9 = 0
10x
2
+ 40x + 40 = 0
x
2
+ 4x + 4 = 0
(x + 2)
2
= 0
` x = -2 (repeated)
When x = -2, y = 3(-2) + 7 = 1.
Substitute c = -13 into (v):
10x
2
+ [6(-13) - 2]x +
(-13)
2
- 9 = 0
10x
2
- 80x + 160 = 0
x
2
- 8x + 16 = 0
(x - 4)
2
= 0
` x = 4 (repeated)
When x = 4, y = 3(4) + (-13) = -1.
A possible equation of L
2
is
y = 3x + 7
i.e. 3x - y + 7 = 0
The corresponding point of contact
is (-2 , 1).
Another possible equation of L
2
is
y = 3x - 13
i.e. 3x - y - 13 = 0
The corresponding point of contact
is (4 , -1).
33. (a) Let the centre of the circle be at M.
Coordinates of M = c-
2
6
, -
2
10 -
m
= (-3 , 5)
Radius of C = ( ) 3 5 24
2 2
- + -
= 10
The distance d between A and the centre M
= [ ( )] ( ) 4 3 6 5
2 2
- - - + -
= 2
a d 1 radius
` A(-4 , 6) lies inside C.
Slope of AM =
( ) 4 3
6 5
- - -
-
= -1
a The chord with A as the mid-point =
AM
` Slope of the chord with A as the
mid-point =
1
1
-
-
= 1
` The equation of the chord is
y - 6 = 1[x - (-4)]
i.e. x - y + 10 = 0
92 Solutions

(
x - y + 10 = 0 ................................... (i)
x
2
+ y
2
+ 6x - 10y + 24 = 0 .......... (ii)
From (i), x = y - 10
Substitute x = y - 10 into (ii):
(y - 10)
2
+ y
2
+ 6(y - 10) - 10y + 24 = 0
y
2
- 20y + 100 + y
2
+ 6y - 60 -
10y + 24 = 0
2y
2
- 24y + 64 = 0
y
2
- 12y + 32 = 0
(y - 8)(y - 4) = 0
` y = 8 or 4
When y = 8, x = 8 - 10 = -2.
When y = 4, x = 4 - 10 = -6.
` The coordinates of P and Q are
(-2 , 8) and (-6 , 4) respectively.
[Or the coordinates of P and Q are
(-6 , 4) and (-2 , 8) respectively.]
(c) Slope of PM =
( ) 2 3
8 5
- - -
-
= 3
a PM = L
1
` Slope of L
1
=
3
1 -
= -
3
1
The equation of L
1
is
y - 8 = -
3
1
[x - (-2)] ....................... (iii)
Slope of QM =
( ) 6 3
4 5
- - -
-
=
3
1
a QM = L
2
` Slope of L
2
=
1
3
1
-
= -3
The equation of L
2
is
y - 4 = -3[x - (-6)] ......................... (iv)
(iii) - (iv): -4 = -
3
1
(x + 2) + 3x + 18
12 = x + 2 - 9x - 54
8x = -64
x = -8
Substitute x = -8 into (iii):
y - 8 = -
3
1
(-8 + 2)
y = 10
` The coordinates of R are (-8 , 10).
(d) (i) a PR and QR are tangents to C,
` PM = PR, QM = QR
and PM = QM, PR = QR
PM = [ ( )] ( ) 3 2 5 8
2 2
- - - + -
= 10
PR = [ ( )] ( ) 2 8 8 10
2 2
- - - + -
= 40
` Area of quadrilateral PRQM
= 2 #
2
1
# PM # PR
= 2 #
2
1
# 10 # 40
= 20
(ii) RM is a diameter of the circumcircle
of quadrilateral PRQM.
` Coordinates of the centre of the
circumcircle
= coordinates of the mid-point
of RM
= c
( )
2
8 3 - + -
,
2
10 5 +
m
=
2
11
- a
,
2
15
k
Radius
= ( ) 3 5
2 2
2
11
2
15
- - - + - a k 9 C
=
2
25
x
2
2
11
- - a k 9 C + y
2
2
15
- a k
=
2
2
25
b l
x
2
2
11
+ a k
+ y
2
2
15
- a k
=
2
25
x
2
+ 11x +
4
121
+ y
2
-
15y +
4
225
=
2
25
i.e. x
2
+ y
2
+ 11x - 15y + 74 = 0
Integrated Questions
(cross-chapters)
34. (a) (i) MN and ON are tangents to the circle
at A and B respectively.
` PA = MN and
PB = ON
+PAM = +PBO = 90c
ta ngent =
radius
` OMAB is a cyclic
quadrilateral. co nverse of
+s in the
same segment
(ii) +POB = +PMA
= 45c
35. (a) AOB is a tangent to the circle and OD is a
diameter of the circle.
` OD = AB
i.e. +BOD = +DOA = 90c
a CE is a diameter,
` +CDE = 90c
+BDO
= +CDE - +ADO
= 90c - +ADO
ta ngent =
radius
+ in semi-
circle
+DAO
= 180c - +DOA - +ADO
= 90c - +ADO
` +BDO = +DAO
+DBO = +ADO
` 3OBD + 3ODA
`
OD
OB
=
OA
OD
i.e. OD
2
= OA:OB
+ sum of 3
AAA
corr. sides,
+3
(b) (i) OA = 16 - 0 = 16
OB = 0 - (-4) = 4
From the result of (a),
OD
2
= OA:OB
= 16:4
= 64
` OD = 8
` The coordinates of D are (0 , 8).
(ii) Coordinates of the centre of circle
OCDE
= coordinates of the mid-point of OD
= c0 ,
2
8
m
= (0 , 4)
Radius of circle OCDE =
2
1
OD
=
1
2
# 8
= 4
` The equation of circle OCDE is
(x - 0)
2
+ (y - 4)
2
= 4
2
i.e. x
2
+ (y - 4)
2
= 16
(b) (i) a OB is a horizontal line,
` MB = OB
` The equation of MB is
x = -4
i.e. x + 4 = 0
(ii) +PBO = 90c
+POB = +PMA = 45c
In 3PBO,
+PBO + +POB + +BPO = 180c
90c + 45c + +BPO = 180c
+BPO = 45c
` PB = BO
= 0 - (-4)
= 4
` The coordinates of P are (-4 , 4).
Radius of the circle = PB = 4
[x - (-4)]
2
+ (y - 4)
2
= 4
2
i.e. (x + 4)
2
+ (y - 4)
2
= 16
94 Solutions
(iii) The equation of BD is

( ) x
y
4
0
- -
-
=
( ) 0 4
8 0
- -
-
y = 2x + 8
Substitute y = 2x + 8 into the
equation of the circle:
x
2
+ (2x + 8 - 4)
2
= 16
x
2
+ (2x + 4)
2
= 16
x
2
+ 4x
2
+ 16x + 16 = 16
5x
2
+ 16x = 0
x(5x + 16) = 0
` x = 0 (rejected) or -
5
16
When x =
5
16
- ,
y = 2
5
16
- a k
+ 8 =
5
8
.
i.e. The coordinates of C are
c-
5
16
,
5
8
m.
The equation of AD is

x
y
16
0
-
-
=
0 16
8 0
-
-
y = 8 -
2
1
x
Substitute y = 8 -
2
1
x into the
equation of the circle:
x
2
+ x 8 4
2
2
1
- - a k
= 16
x
2
+ x 4
2
2
1
- a k
= 16
x
2
+ 16 - 4x +
4
1
x
2
= 16

4
5
x
2
- 4x = 0
x x 4
4
5
- a k
= 0
` x = 0 (rejected) or
5
16
When x =
5
16
,
y = 8 -
2
1
5
16
a k
=
5
32
.
i.e. The coordinates of E are
c
5
16
,
5
32
m.
36. (a) (i)

y
x
O
L
2
P( 1, 8)
L
1
: x y + 3 = 0
Slope of L
1
= 1
a L
1
= L
2
` Slope of L
2
=
1
1 -

= -1
The equation of L
2
is
y - (-8) = -1(x - 1)
i.e. x + y + 7 = 0

(
x - y + 3 = 0 ............................. (i)
x + y + 7 = 0 ............................ (ii)
(i) + (ii): 2x + 10 = 0
x = -5
Substitute x = -5 into (i):
-5 - y + 3 = 0
y = -2
` The coordinates of the point of
intersection of L
1
and L
2
are
(-5 , -2).
(ii) Radius of the circle
= ( ) [ ( )] 5 1 2 8
2 2
- - + - - -
= 72
(x - 1)
2
+ [y - (-8)]
2
= ( 72 )
2
x
2
- 2x + 1 + y
2
+ 16y + 64 = 72
i.e. x
2
+ y
2
- 2x + 16y - 7 = 0
(b) (i) Perpendicular distance between P
and L
1

=
2 2
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
1 1 1 8 3
+ -
+ - - +
=
2
12
(or 6 2 )
(ii) The required equation is
(x - 1)
2
+ [y - (-8)]
2
=
2
2
12
b l
x
2
- 2x + 1 + y
2
+ 16y + 64 = 72
i.e. x
2
+ y
2
- 2x + 16y - 7 = 0
Public Exam Question
37. (b) (i) (-7 , 0)
(ii) x
2
+ y
2
+ 14x - 18y + 49 = 0
Lively Maths Problem
38. (a) Distance between point P and Hong Kong
= ( ) ( ) 750 0 600 0
2 2
- + - - km
= 922 500 km
a 922 500 2 800
` The Hong Kong Observatory should
not consider to issue the tropical
cyclone warning.
(b) If the tropical cyclone moved along a
straight line from P to Q,
the equation of this straight line is

( )
x
y
750
600
-
- -
=
( )
750 750
450 600
- -
- - -

x
y
750
600
-
+
= -
10
1
y + 600 = -
10
1
x + 75
y = -
10
1
x - 525
Take a point between P and Q on this
straight line.
When x = 0,
y = -
10
1
(0) - 525 = -525.
Distance between (0 , -525) and
Hong Kong
= 525 km 1 800 km
` The Hong Kong Observatory had to
consider to issue the tropical cyclone
warning within this period.
Revision Test (P.109)
1. A I. Coordinates of the centre = (a , -b)
` I is true.
II. Substitute (0 , 0) into the equation of
the circle:
L.H.S. = (0 - a)
2
+ (0 + b)
2
= a
2
+ b
2
R.H.S. = a
2
- b
2
a L.H.S. ! R.H.S.
` The circle does not pass through
the origin.
` II is not true.
III. Distance d between (2a , 0) and the
centre
= ( ) [ ( )] a a b 2 0
2 2
- + - -
= a b
2 2
+
Radius = a b
2 2
-
a d 2 radius
` (2a , 0) lies outside the circle.
` III is not true.
` Only I is true.
2. D I. Coordinates of the centre
= c-
2
2 -
, -
2
4
m
= (1 , -2)
The centre is in quadrant IV.
` I is not true.
II. Radius = ( ) 1 2 1
2 2
+ - - = 2
` II is true.
III. Distance d between the origin and the
centre
= ( ) ( ) 1 0 2 0
2 2
- + - -
= 5
a d 2 radius
` The origin lies outside the circle.
` III is true.
` Only II and III are true.
96 Solutions
3. D 2x
2
+ 2y
2
+ kx - (2k + 1)y - 4 = 0
x
2
+ y
2
+
k
2
x - k
2
1
+ a k
y - 2 = 0
Coordinates of the centre
= c-
2
k
2
, -
k
2
2
1
- + a k
m
= c-
k
4
,
k
2
+
4
1
m
a The centre lies on x + y - 3 = 0,
` -
k
4
+
k
2
+
4
1
- 3 = 0

k
4
=
4
11
k = 11
4. C Coordinates of the centre = (b - a , 0)
Radius = a
[x - (b - a)]
2
+ y
2
= a
2
5. D Let the coordinates of the centre be (p , 5).
Coordinates of the mid-point of the line
segment joining (0 , 5) and (25 , 0)
= c
2
25
,
2
5
m
a The line passing through the centre
and c
2
25
,
2
5
m is perpendicular to the
chord passing through (0 , 5) and
(25 , 0),
`
p
5
2
25
2
5
-
-
#
25 0
0 5
-
-
= -1
p = 13
The coordinates of the centre are (13 , 5).
Radius = 13
(x - 13)
2
+ (y - 5)
2
= 13
2
x
2
- 26x + 169 + y
2
- 10y + 25 = 169
i.e. x
2
+ y
2
- 26x - 10y + 25 = 0
6. C The circle and the positive x-axis intersect
at P.

*

x
2
+ (y + 3)
2
= 25 .............................. (i)
y = 0 ................................................... (ii)
x
2
+ 3
2
= 25
x
2
= 16
x = 4 or -4 (rejected)
` The coordinates of point P are (4 , 0).
The circle and the negative y-axis intersect
at Q.

*

x
2
+ (y + 3)
2
= 25 .............................. (i)
x = 0 .................................................. (iii)
Substitute (iii) into (i):
(y + 3)
2
= 25
y
2
+ 6y + 9 = 25
y
2
+ 6y - 16 = 0
(y - 2)(y + 8) = 0
y = 2 (rejected) or -8
` The coordi nates of poi nt Q are
(0 , -8).
PQ = ( ) [ ( )] 4 0 0 8
2 2
- + - -
= 4 5
7. A Consider the simultaneous equations:

*

x
2
+ y
2
+ 6x - 8y + 15 = 0 .............. (i)
x - y + 3 = 0 ..................................... (ii)
From (ii), x = y - 3
Substitute x = y - 3 into (i):
(y - 3)
2
+ y
2
+ 6(y - 3) - 8y + 15 = 0
y
2
- 6y + 9 + y
2
+ 6y - 18 - 8y + 15 = 0
2y
2
- 8y + 6 = 0
y
2
- 4y + 3 = 0
(y - 1)(y - 3) = 0
` y = 1 or 3
When y = 1, x = 1 - 3 = -2.
When y = 3, x = 3 - 3 = 0.
The required equation is the equation of
the circle with AB as a diameter.
Coordinates of the centre
= coordinates of the mid-point of AB
= c
2
2 0 - +
,
2
1 3 +
m
= (-1 , 2)
Radius = ( ) ( ) 1 0 2 3
2 2
- - + -
= 2
[x - (-1)]
2
+ (y - 2)
2
= ( 2 )
2
x
2
+ 2x + 1 + y
2
- 4y + 4 = 2
i.e. x
2
+ y
2
+ 2x - 4y + 3 = 0
HKCEE Questions
8. D 9. D 10. A
11. A 12. E 13. C
14. C 15. B 16. B
17. A 18. C

Equations of Circles: Skills Assessment

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Chapter 8: Equations of Circles 69

Skills Assessment (P.60)

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