18.0 Guidelines To Practice Energy Efficiency in CKE Design

Chapter 18
Guidelines to Practice Energy

Efficiency in CKE Design
1.0 Introduction
Energy Efficiency (EE) in the JKR context means the efficient utilization of energy
during the operational lifespan of a building here the comfort of its occupants is
not compromised nor sacrificed! "nitially EE can be achie#ed by isely ta$ing
#arious energy sa#ing measures during the design stage of the building! "n
pro%ects designed by JKR& energy in buildings is associated mainly ith electricity!
'ften this is mista$enly ta$en to imply that EE is the sole responsibility of
electrical engineers! "n reality& anything that leads to the e#entual end(use of
electricity is related to EE in buildings!
2.0 Integrated Design Approach
"ntegrated building design is a process of design in hich multiple disciplines and
seemingly unrelated aspects of design are integrated in a manner that permits
synergistic benefits to be realized! )he goal is to achie#e high performance and
multiple benefits at a loer cost than the total for all the components combined!
)his process often includes integrating green design strategies into con#entional
design criteria for building form& function& performance and cost!
)o achie#e EE in JKR constructed buildings& it can be carried out by applying both
passi#e and acti#e design strategies!
*assi#e design strategies includes adopting design measures such as building
orientation and shape& site planning& selection of building en#elope all and roof
materials ith lo thermal mass conducti#ity& building shading design& indo
type and design& type of glazing& daylight har#esting strategy& using natural
#entilation and good landscaping design!
+hile acti#e design strategies refers to selecting energy efficiency e,uipment&
utilities systems& control system and strategy that result in direct reduction in the
building energy running costs! )his includes using high efficiency -./C system&
such as using .ariable /ir .olume (./.) or chilled beam air condition
technologies0 using high efficiency motors& pumps and fans& .ariable 1peed
2ri#ers (.12s) ith motor dri#ing pumps and fans ith #ariable loads0 use of high
efficient lighting system and occupancy sensor and use of effecti#e control system
such as 3uilding /utomation 1ystem (3/1)!
"n Caangan Ke%uruteraan Ele$tri$ e are focused on acti#e design strategy one
of hich is includes Electric 4ighting 2esign! )his ill be focused in this guideline!
*anduan )e$ni$ Edisi Ke(5 6778 Caangan Ke%uruteraan Ele$tri$ *g 1 of 28
Chapter 18
3.0 ighting Design
3.1.1 !ypes of ighting
)here are many type of lighting products including light bulbs& lamps& ballast&
fluorescent lamps and fluorescent fixtures& troffers& trac$ light& emergency fixtures&
batteries& incandescent lighting& high intensity discharge (-"2) lamps and fixtures&
rope lights& mercury lamps& dimmers and other products for area lighting!
8or domestic and industrial use& the selection of lighting& in term of attage and
colour rendering& is important in ensuring the right en#ironment for a or$ing area
and the efficient utilization of energy& ithout %eopardizing any #isual elements!

"e#eral !ypes of Energy Efficient ights
Chapter 18
3.1.2 Electronic $allast for %luorescent ighting
/lthough electronic ballast sa#es substantial amount of energy& it is not idely
used to replace the relati#ely energy(inefficient standard electromagnetic ballast
because of its higher cost
Electronic ballast gi#es significant energy sa#ings ith fluorescent lighting&
typically reducing poer consumption by around 69:! Electronic ballast are
designed to last 17 to 19 years lifetime ith long burning times and lo sitching
fre,uencies! )hey are more compact and ;7: lighter eight than electromagnetic
ballasts!
<sing electronic ballasts gi#e freedom from the 97-z lamp flic$er& ma$ing lighting
much easier on the eyes! )here is no audible hum and loer heat generation&
contributing to impro#ed or$ing conditions! 4amp starting is instantaneous& these
ballasts also pre#ent stroboscopic effects hich can be dangerous here rotating
machinery is used!

"e#eral !ypes of Energy Efficient Electronic $allasts
3.1.3 Electro&agnetic $allast
)he type of electromagnetic ballast must be energy efficiency and energy sa#ing!
)he Code of *ractice has called for fluorescent ballast loss not to exceed ;!7 + in
accordance to =1 "EC ;7>6>?1>>9!
Chapter 18
3.2 ighting Design Criteria
@!6!1 4uminous En#ironment
Aood lighting practice for or$place is more than %ust pro#iding good tas$
#isibility! "t is essential that tas$s are performed easily and in comfort! )hus& the
lighting must satisfy the ,uantitati#e and ,ualitati#e aspects demanded by the
en#ironment! "n general lighting is to ensure?
i! #isual comfort& here the or$ers ha#e a feeling of ell(being
ii! #isual performance& here the or$ers are able to perform their #isual
tas$s& speedily& and accurately& e#en under difficult circumstances and
during long periods
iii! #isual safety& to see oneBs ay around the detect hazards!
/ccordingly& to ha#e a good lighting design& the folloing criteria should be ta$en
into consideration?
i! 4uminous en#ironment
ii! 4uminance distribution
iii! "lluminance
i#! Alare
#! 2irectionality of light
#i! Colour aspects of light and surfaces
#ii! 8lic$er
#iii! 2aylight
ix! =aintenance
2esign #alues for the ,uantifiable parameters of illuminance& discomfort& glare and
colour rendering are presented in /ppendix 1!
@!6!6 4uminance 2istribution
)he luminance distribution in the field of #ie controls the adaptation le#el of the
eyes& hich affect tas$ #isibility! / ell(balanced adaptation luminance is needed
to increase?
i! #isual acuity (sharpness of #ision)
ii! contrast sensiti#ity (discrimination of relati#ely small luminance
differences)
iii! efficiency of the ocular functions (such as accommodation& con#ergence&
papillary contraction& eye mo#ements& etc!)
2i#erse luminance distribution in the field of #ie also affects #isual comfort and
should be a#oided?
i! too high luminance can gi#e rise to glare
ii! too high luminance contrasts ill cause #isual fatigue due to continuous re(
adaptation of the eyes
iii! too lo luminance and too lo luminance contrasts results in a dull and
non(stimulating or$ing en#ironment
i#! attention should be gi#en to adaptation in mo#ing from zone to zone ithin
a building!
Chapter 18
Chapter 18
)he luminance of all surfaces is important and ill be determined by the
reflectance of and the illuminance of the surfaces! )he range of useful reflectance
for the ma%or interior surfaces is gi#en in )able 1 belo!
'o Interior "urfaces (ange of )seful (eflectance
1 Ceiling 7!; C 7!>
6 +alls 7!@ C 7!8
@ +or$ing *lanes 7!6 C 7!;
5 8loor 7!1 C 7!9
!a*le 1+ (ange of useful reflectance for the &a,or interior surfaces
@!6!@ "lluminance
)he illuminance and its distribution on the tas$s areas and the surrounding area
ha#e a ma%or impact on ho ,uic$ly& safely and comfortably a person percei#es
and carries out the #isual tas$! 8or spaces here the specific area is un$non&
the area here the tas$ may occur is ta$en as the tas$ area!
/ll #alue of illuminance specified in this guideline are maintained illuminance and
ill pro#ide for #isual safety at or$ and #isual performance needs! )he details of
this can be referred to /ppendix 6
@!6!@!1 Recommended illuminance at the tas$ area
)he #alues gi#en in /ppendix 6 are the maintained illuminance o#er the tas$ area
on the reference surface hich may be horizontal& #ertical or inclined! )he
a#erage illuminance for each tas$ shall not fall belo the #alue gi#en in /ppendix
6 regardless of the age and condition of the installation! )he #alues are #alid for
normal #isual conditions and ta$e into account the folloing factors?
i! re,uirement for #isual tas$s
ii! safety
iii! psycho(physiological aspects such as #isual comfort and ell(being
i#! economy
#! practical experience!
)he #alue of illuminance may be ad%usted& by at least one step on the scale of
illuminance& if the #isual conditions differ from the normal assumptions! )he
illuminance should be increased hen?
i! unusually lo contrasts are present in the tas$
ii! #isual or$ is critical
iii! errors are costly to rectify
i#! accuracy or higher producti#ity is of great importance
#! the #isual capacity of the or$er is belo normal!
)he re,uired maintained illuminance may be decreased hen?
i! the details are of an unusually large size or high contrast
ii! the tas$ is underta$en for an unusually short time!
Chapter 18
"n area here continuous or$ is carried out& the maintained illuminance shall not
be less than 677 lux!
@!6!@!6 1cale of illuminance
/ factor of approximately 1!9 represents the smallest significant difference in
sub%ecti#e effect of illuminance! "n normal lighting conditions& approximately 67 lux
of horizontal illuminance is re,uired to %ust discern features of the human face and
s the loest #alue ta$en for the scale of illuminance! )he recommended scale of
illuminance is?
67 C @7 C 97 C D9 C 177 C 677 C @77 C 977 C D97 C 1777 C 1977 C 6777 C @777 C
9777 lux!
@!6!@!@ "lluminance of immediate surroundings
)he illuminance of the immediate surroundings areas shall be related to the
illuminance of the tas$s area and should pro#ide a ell(balanced illuminance
distribution in the field of #ie! Rapid spatial changes in luminance around the
tas$s area may lead to #isual stress and discomfort!
)he maintained illuminance of the immediate surroundings areas may be loer
than the tas$s illuminance but shall not be less than the #alues gi#en in the table
belo!
)as$ illuminance lux
"lluminance of immediate
surrounding lux
E D97 977
977 @77
@77 677
F 677 1ame as tas$ illuminance
!a*le 2+ Illu&inance of i&&ediate surroundings and tas- illu&inance
@!6!@!5 <niformity
)he uniformity of the illuminance is the ratio of the minimum to a#erage #alue! )he
illuminance should change gradually! )he tas$ area should be illuminated as
uniformly as possible! )he uniformity of the tas$ illuminance shall not be less than
7!D! )he uniformity of the illuminance of the immediate surrounding areas shall be
not less than 7!9!
@!6!@!9 Colour aspects
)he colour ,ualities of a near(hite lamp are characterized by to attributes?
i! )he colour appearance of the lamp itself
ii! "ts colour rendering capabilities& hich affect the colour appearance of
ob%ects and persons illuminated by the lamp!
Chapter 18
)hese to attributes must be considered separately!
Colour /ppearance
)he #ariation in the amount of colours ithin a light mixture affects the
appearance of the light in terms of its relati#e GarmnessB or GcoolnessB! )o
describe this GarmnessB and GcoolnessB of the colour of the light sources& the term
Gcolour temperatureB is used!
Colour )emperature or Correlated Colour )emperature (CC)) due to its
theoretical basis in the study of Gblac$ bodyB radiation should apply only to source
ith a continuous spectrum (such as incandescent lamps and natural light)!
-oe#er& for light sources ith non continuous spectral distribution (such as
fluorescent lamps here the spectrum consists of pea$s of energy)& CC) is used
mainly on an empirical sense (i!e! in a #ery Gnear approximateB sense)!
Colour Rendering
/ more common method of characterizing light sources by its colour is the Colour
Rendering "ndex (CR")! )he CR" compares the spectral energy content of a light
source to that of a standard reference source ith full spectrum! )he CR" #alue is
the numerical #alue and is 177 for full(spectrum natural hite(light! "ncandescent
lights are considered nearly hite and ha#e CR" close to 177! =ost lights ha#e
CR" typically in the range of 67 C 87!
)he CR" model is not a perfect model and should only be used to compare light
source ith the same colour temperature! 8or example& (about) ;777K daylight
fluorescent and clear mercury has CR" of D; and 66 respecti#ely! )he daylight
fluorescent ill therefore render colours better than clear mercury! )he difference
beteen a @577K tungsten halogen ith CR" >> and an ordinary 6877K
incandescent ith CR" >6 can usually also be differentiated by most obser#ers!
2espite the small difference in CR" #alues& the tungsten halogen ill render
colours more #i#idly compared to the ordinary incandescent! Colour rendering is
important especially in the case of (building) faHade and monument building!
@!6!5 2aylight
2aylight may pro#ide all or part of the lighting for #isual tas$s! 2aylight may create
a specific modeling and luminance distribution due to its nearly horizontal flo
from side indos! 2aylight can also be pro#ided by roof lights and other
fenestration elements! /n automatic or manual sitching or dimming of the lamps
is re,uired during day time depending on the #isual acceptance limit!
@!6!9 Aeneral *rinciples of Efficient 4ighting *ractice
4ighting must pro#ide a suitable #isual en#ironment ithin a particular space& i!e!
sufficient and suitable lighting for the performance of a range of tas$s and
pro#ision of a desired appearance!
)he maintained illuminance le#els and maximum alloable poer for illumination
systems for general building areas are as gi#en in )able @!
Chapter 18
8or a building comprises one or more discrete spaces& the lighting poer density
of each space should not exceed the corresponding maximum alloable #alue as
listed in )able @!
$uilding !ypes . "pace
(eco&&ended a#erage
Illu&inance le#els /u01
2a0. lighting po3er
/4 . &51
8ood 1er#ice 677 15
Cafeteria 677 15
4eisure 2ining I 3ar 197 15
8ast food 677 67
'ffice @77 C 577 67
1upermar$et I 2epartment
1tore
677 C D97 @7
Retail 1hop 677 C D97 67
=ain Concourse at multi C
store shopping centre
677 C D97 19
3asement Car *ar$ 97 9
-otel I =otel?
Auest room J Corridor 177 1D
*ublic /rea 177 67
3an,uet J Exhibit @77 67
1tore I 1tairs I 4a#atory 177 17
Classroom @77 C 977 18
4ecture )heatre I
/uditorium
@77 ( 577 69
!a*le 3+ (eco&&endation a#erage illu&inance le#els and &a0i&u&
allo3a*le #alues of ighting Po3er Density
3.3 Efficiency of u&inance
)he efficiency of a light source depends to large extent on ho efficient (4!'!R)
and performance of the lighting fixtures!
/ lamp that produces 67 lumens I att& hen installed& may actually distribute
only 17 lumens hen co#ered by dust!
3.6 ighting 7one Control
/ll spaces enclosed by all and ceiling height partitions shall be pro#ided ith at
least one operated on(off lighting control for each room!
1itch to compacts fluorescent light bulbs& in areas here lights are left on for
long periods of time& or in difficult to reach places!
'ne sitch is pro#ided for each tas$ or group of tas$ ithin an area of @7 mK or
less! 4ighting sitch must possibly next to exit door!
)he total number of sitches shall be at least one sitch for each 1$+ of
connected load!
<sed of a separate circuit here day light can be use and alternate sitching to
optimize the use of lighting! "n typical side lighting design ith indo along one
Chapter 18
all it is best to place the luminaries in ros parallel to the indo all and
circuited so that the ro nearest the indos ill be the first to dim or sitch off
folloed by successi#e ros!
/utomatic GonB I GoffGcontrol sitches are re,uired for areas of infre,uent use by
using lighting sensors!
8or commercial building and offices& lighting in lo occupancy area& i!e! = J E
plant rooms& store rooms& meeting rooms& and any other identified areas& an
automatic control system e,uipped ith sensor shall be placed in order to reduce
the energy consumption at that particular area!
8or landscaping area in condominiums and apartments& lighting shall be sitched
of @7: after 16?77 am due to lo occupancy in these areas!
1treet lights at urban area (especially ma%or highay and federal routes) shall be
dimmed to 97: after 1?77 am in #ie of the lo traffic! -oe#er& this is not
applicable in rural area here only a fe streets lights are installed!
3.8 Electrical Energy 2eter
Electrical Energy =eters should be installed at strategic load centers to identify
consumption by functional use of the lighting& air conditioning or plug loads! )his
energy meter can be placing near to the each distribution board for enable us to
systematically monitor the energy consumption!
3.9 Guideline for $est Practice
i! =aintenance
=aintained illuminance depends on the maintenance characteristic of the lamp&
the luminaire& the en#ironment and maintenance programme! )he lighting scheme
should be designed ith o#erall maintenance factor calculated for the selected
lighting e,uipment& space en#ironment and specified maintenance schedule! )he
calculated maintenance factor should not be less than 7!D7!
3est practice guideline is established for periodical maintenance and appropriate
selection and usage of lighting e,uipment!
ii! 2etermination of 4ighting Efficiency
4ighting poer consumption in term of $+h is determined as follos?
L
L L
L L
Consumption poer
per lighting ($+)
/#erage luminance on
or$ing place& E (lx)
/rea& /
(mK)
4uminance flux
per one lamp&
M (m)
Criteria for
rational use of
energy
=aintenance
rate& =
'perating
-our& )(h)
Chapter 18
6.0 !ransfor&ers Design
)he Electrical 1upply "ndustry (E1") uses transformers in the generation&
transmission and distribution sectors! 2ecision to purchase hat type of
transformers is more of economics here one must compare the higher initial
capital cost to purchase higher energy efficient transformers ith the cost of the
losses of loer efficient transformers o#er time!
"ncreased cost of energy results in energy conser#ation and usage of energy(
efficient e,uipment! "mpro#ement of transformer efficiency results in sa#ings from
reduction in losses& hich ill lead to reduction in the consumption of fossil fuels
to produce the electrical energy& thereby resulting in impro#ed conser#ation of
natural resources toards sustainable de#elopment!
)his guideline sets out the minimum re,uirements for achie#ing energy efficient
design and installation of poer transformer ithout sacrificing safety& reliability
and ,uality! )he guideline pro#ides guidance on specification& selection&
efficiencies and efficient utilization of li,uid(filled transformers! "t also pro#ides
guidance on best practice in the design& operation and maintenance of poer
transformers!
6.1 !ypes of !ransfor&er
/ *oer )ransformer is a static piece of apparatus ith to or more indings
hich& by electromagnetic induction& transforms a system of alternating #oltage
and current into another system of #oltage and current usually of different #alues
and at the same fre,uency for the purpose of transmitting electrical poer!
)ransformers are generally classified into to categories as follos?
a1 i:uid /;il1 %illed !ransfor&er
/ transformer of hich the magnetic circuit and indings are immersed in
an insulating li,uid (for this guideline& it may be any insulating li,uid&
mineral oil or other product) is regarded as oil(filled transformer!
*1 Dry !ype !ransfor&er+
/ transformer of hich the magnetic circuit and indings are not immersed
in an insulating li,uid is regarded as dry type transformer!
6.2 Parts of !ransfor&er
)he transformer essentially consists of the folloing parts?
a) =agnetic core
b) +indings
c) "nsulation
d) )an$
e) Cooling system
f) 3ushings
g) )ap(changers
Chapter 18
6.3 !ypes of !ransfor&ers osses
)ransformers can be broadly classified into 6 categories as follos?
a) No(load losses consists of the folloing components?
i) -ysteresis losses in core laminations
ii) Eddy current losses
iii) "KR losses due to no load currents
i#) 1tray losses
#) 2ielectric losses
b) 4oad losses consists of the folloing components?
i) 4osses in indings due to load current flo
ii) Conductor eddy current losses
iii) 4osses at auxiliaries
6.6 Guidelines on "election of !ransfor&ers
)he folloing are the selection criteria?
a) )he type of transformer
b) .oltage transformation ratio
c) )he inding connection and #ector group
d) )he impulse ithstand #oltage
e) )he impedance #oltage
f) 8lux density
g) )he transformer losses and transformer efficiency
h) )he tapping range
i) 4imits of temperature rise
%) Class of inding insulation
$) Noise
l) 2esign and construction
6.8 Guideline on Efficient )tili<ation of !ransfor&er
)he folloing are the engineering considerations for the efficient utilization of
transformers?
a) 1izing of capacity
b) 3alanced loading of transformers operating in parallel
c) 4oad factor
d) )ransformer impedance
e) 2esign and construction
f) Effects of poer ,uality and harmonics
g) Choices of transformer core materials
h) )echno(Economic 4ife Cycle Costs
Chapter 18
6.9 ocation of Distri*ution !ransfor&ers
4ocation of distribution transformers should comply ith table belo?
oad fed *y !ransfor&ers Distance of !ransfor&er fro& oad
Centres
O ;77 / Not more than 67 meters
@77 / to ;77 / Not more than 177 meters
6.= >K( "pecification in !ransfor&ers Design
5!D!1 )he @@I11$. transformers shall be suitable for conditions operation on a three
phase 97 -z high #oltage transmission system at the #oltage specified and&
unless specifically stated otherise& the neutral earthing conditions for these
systems ill be as follos?
7!519$. 1olidly earthed
11$. 1olid or resistance earthed
@@$. 1olid or resistance earthed
5!D!6 )he transformers shall be of lo iron loss and lo copper loss cast resin dry type
complying ith the rele#ant 3ritish 1tandard or "EC recommendations!
5!D!@ )he air conditioning plus the other mechanical system shall be supplied by its on
transformer!
5!D!5 )he no load and full load losses for cast resin dry type shall not exceed the
folloing #alues?
(ated Po3er /-?A1 'o oad oss /4att1 oad oss /4att1
977 867 9@77
877 1597 9777
1777 1;77 ;177
1697 1>77 D977
1;77 6@77 8877
6777 6897 16777
6977 @@97 1@>77
5!D!9 *oer transformer loadings shall not exceed D7: of rated capacity under normal
conditions! )he choice of poer transformer sizes shall ta$e into consideration
harmonics as ell as current and future fault le#els! )here shall be pro#ision for
forced cooling of the transformer!
5!D!; )he transformer )est to be carried out shall co#er but not limited to the folloing ?(
1! Routine )ests
a) "nduced #oltage dielectric test
b) /pplied #oltage dielectric test
c) =easurement of no(load losses and the no(load current
Chapter 18
d) =easurement of the resistance of =. and 4. indings
e) =easurement of the impedance #oltage and load losses
f) =easurement of the transformation ratio and #erification of the #ector
group
6! )ype )ests
a) )he temperature rise test
b) )he lightning impulse test
@! 1pecial )ests
a) =easurement of the partial discharge le#el
b) =easurement of the noise le#el
5!D!D /de,uate #entilation system shall be pro#ided for the )ransformer Room!
Chapter 18
8.0 2otor Design
"n =alaysia& electric motors typically account for D7: of the electricity usage
among industries! )he motors in the industrial sector in =alaysia consume as
much as R=; billion orth of electrical energy annually! "t& therefore& ma$es
sense that higher efficiency in motors ill result in substantial sa#ings in energy
and electricity costs!
8.1 2otor "election
9!1!1 -igh Efficiency =otor
=otors con#ert electrical energy into mechanical energy to dri#e machinery!
2uring this con#ersion& some energy is lost! Current motors feature impro#ed
designs and incorporate the latest de#elopments in materials technology! )he
most efficient of these motors are termed -igh Efficiency =otors (-E=s) C
classified as Eff1 under the European Committee of =anufactures of Electrical
=achines and *oer Electronics (CE=E*)& or their e,ui#alent!
)he CE=E* classification standard has been adopted by =alaysia to classify
motor efficiencies! 3elo -E=s or Eff1 are Eff6 and Eff@ motors& hich ha#e
descending a order of efficiencies! Key design features of -E=s include?
"mpro#ed fan design ( Reduces indage losses and impro#es air flo
3etter slot design ( "mpro#es both efficiency and poer factor
"mpro#ed core design ( 4oers flux density and increases cooling capacity&
reducing magnetic and load losses
'ptimized air gap ( Reduces current re,uirements and stray load
losses
)hese features result in other ad#antages besides energy sa#ings& as -E=s?
-a#e higher poer factor
-a#e longer lifespan and feer brea$dons
Run cooler and less susceptible to #oltage and load fluctuations& and
*roduce less aste& heat and noise!
=otor efficiency classification labels are labeled as E881 (the highest)& E886 and
E88@ (the loest) on rating plates and technical data tables in manufacturesB
catalogues!
9!1!6 Efficiency Classification
=otors are classified according to CE=E* in three efficiency classes?
E881 (high(efficiency motors)
E886 (impro#ed(efficiency motors)
E88@ (standard motors)
EFF
3
EFF
2
EFF
1
Chapter 18
Chapter 18
9!1!@ Efficiency )esting Re,uirements
=otor energy efficiencies are to be tested according to =1 "EC;77@5(6?6779 or its
latest edition! )he ,ualifying motors for Energy Efficiency Classification under
CE=E* are as follos?
)otally Enclosed 8an Cooled ()E8C)& "* 95 or "* 99
@ C phase& s,uirrel cage induction motors& of 6 ( J 5 C pole construction
ith outputs 1!1 to >7$+!
Rated for 577 #olts& 97 -z& 11 2uty (Continuous 2uty)! 8or motors rated at
@87 C 567 #olts& the declared efficiency #alues are tests at 577.!
1tandard design (2esign N)& gi#en in "EC;77@5(16 and -armonization
2ocument (-2) 6@1!
8.2 Energy and Costs @ "a#ing Potential
9!6!1 Costs premium for -igh Efficiency =otors
)he cost premium for -E= is about 97 to 197 percent abo#e the cost of an
a#erage motor! /n -E= comes ith higher capital cost but there ill be a
significant amount of energy sa#ings during its lifespan! )he =alaysian
Ao#ernment has made it e#en more attracti#e to buy -E=s by offering?
Exemption on import duty and sales tax& and
"n#estment tax alloance for energy efficient e,uipment
'n a#erage& the initial purchase cost of a motor only ma$es up 6: of the total
cost of onership! )he total electricity consumed to operate the motor o#er its
lifetime of 19 years ma$es up >D: of its total lost!
9!6!6 1a#ings in Running Cost
)he energy costs of a motor can be ,uite high o#er its lifetime! )he longer the
operating hours& the higher energy costs! )herefore& the lifetime cost calculations
should be performed to determine hether repair or replacement of an existing
standard motor ith a high efficient motor is more economical!
4hat to Consider 4hen "electing a 2otor
+hen changing to a smaller or high efficiency motor& it is important to consider the
folloing?
a) Running )emperature C -igh efficiency motors operate ithin the same Class 3
temperature limits as standard motors but ill not dissipate as much heat!
b) =aximum poer capability C 3efore changing to a smaller& loer rated motor& it is
important to chec$ that no load ill arise hich ill exceed this ne rating!
c) 1tarting tor,ue C )he starting tor,ue de#eloped in the ne& loer rated motor is li$ely
to be less than that of the existing motor! )hus& the starting duty in the application ill
ha#e to be chec$ed! "n cases& here the existing dri#e is a star I delta starter& a
change to direct on ( line ( start can be considered except hen starting tor,ue or
current must be limited! 1oft starter may be considered!
Chapter 18
d) 1pecial loads C =any dri#es pro#ide starting and acceleration tor,ue to the load as
their main function& e!g! centrifuges or flyheels on presses! )he running current of
these machines& e!g! hen full speed achie#ed& is ,uite lo and may gi#e the
Chapter 18
impression that donsizing is possible! 1uch cases are unsuitable for application of
this energy sa#ing opportunity& but this could be easily established measuring the
starting current!
Chapter 18
9.0 "uggested 2ethods for Energy Efficiency *y ;thers in >K(
9.1 $uilding Design "pecification
)he nature of the building en#ironment is an important factor in the design of the
lighting system! "f dar$ colours are used on alls& floors and ceilings& the result is
decreased light le#el as more light is absorbed by the dar$ surfaces! <sing light
colours instead can allo the remo#al of lamps in some cases!
9.2 2a0i&ise Daylighting . 'atural ighting )sed
"n this stage& the electrical designers should coordinate the electrical lighting
system ith the day lighting design proposed by the architect!
8or a place that is opened to the sunlight& there should enclose a lux sensor I light
control system to limit the glare entering the or$station to a#oid errors& fatigue
and accidents!
+here#er possible& use Pnatural lightingQ! Choose transparent roof material& hich
is easy to clean and ill not dar$en under the action of sunlight!
Clean the PreflectorQ portion of the fluorescent light fittings to maintain the
a#ailable light output
)as$ or area lighting may be used in some cases here only a small area of a
building needs higher lighting le#els! )herefore& an efficient use of lighting is
applicable0 hoe#er it must nor compromise the #isual aspects of a lighting
installation simply to reduce the energy consumption!
8actors such as glare or stray reflections should also be ta$en into account! )hey
can ha#e an impact on producti#ity as ell as on the energy efficiency of the
system!
9.3 Energy Efficient ;ffice E:uip&ent and Plug oads
Except in 2esign J 3uild contracts& the purchase of office e,uipments and other
plug loads are not normally included under JKR 67@ contracts! -oe#er e
should be proacti#e in ad#ising our clients that they should only purchase energy
efficient office e,uipment in line ith our integrated design approach!
'ffice e,uipment includes computers& printers& faxes& copying machines and other
e,uipment! Energy consumption of such e,uipment can represent large portion of
the building energy consumption! <sing readily a#ailable energy efficient and
reasonably priced office e,uipment such as computers ith poer management
functions& laptop& li,uid crystal display (4C2s) monitors& multifunction office
e,uipment and others can offer substantial reduction in office e,uipment energy
consumptions!
9.6 Energy Efficient A?AC "yste&s
-./C systems are intended to pro#ide ade,uate cooling comfort&
dehumidification and #entilation to occupied spaces at reasonable costs! 1ome of
effecti#e and energy efficient system include?
Chapter 18
Efficient multi zoning air distribution ith .ariable /ir .olume (./.) and
.ariable 1peed 2ri#es (.12) to ensure the air conditioning areas are all
ithin the specified comfort zones and to control cooling comfort here
you ant it!
<sing the motion sensors and occupancy sensors to control the
temperature in unoccupied rooms!
<sing effecti#e air infiltration control to pre#ent the egress of external
untreated air!
<sing of -igh Efficiency =otor (-E=) for bigger horse poer motor ith
longer running hours!
<sing of Energy Reco#ery +heel to reco#er energy from exhaust air!
3etter ductor$s and pipes insulation to pre#ent heat loss through
condensation!
<sing of high accuracy thermostats for accurate temperature control!
9.8 Co&prehensi#e Energy 2anage&ent "yste& /E2"1
-a#ing an effecti#e building monitoring& control& operation energy management
and reporting system can play a critical role in operating and maintaining energy
efficient building! )his system ill ensure that the building operates as efficiently
as possible hile meeting the occupantsB comfort and functional needs not only
during testing and commissioning but throughout the life of the building!
9.9 A3areness
/n intensi#e programme of electricity sa#ing aareness for all employees for their
cooperation in lighting control!
Chapter 18
Appendi0 1
2ini&u& Allo3a*le ?alues of u&inous Efficacy for ?arious !ypes of a&p
Factor Incandescent Fluorescent MH HPS LPS
Wattae 25 ! 150 18 ! 400 50 ! 400 50 ! 400 18 ! 180
"ut#ut
$lu%ens&
210
'2(700
1(000
'7(500
1(900
'30(000
3(600
'4(600
1(800
'33(000
)ff*c*enc+
$lu%ens ,
-att&
8 ! 18 55 ! 79 38 ! 75 72 ! 115 100 ! 183
Lu%en
Ma*ntenance
90 $85& 85 $80& 75 $65& 90 $70& 100 $100&
La%# L*fe
$.ours&
750 ! 2(000
10(000 !
20( 000
10(000 !
20(000
18(000 !
24(000
16(000
/0I
90 ! 95 30 ! 90
80 ! 90
20 ! 39
120
2otes3 Wattage and output refers to t.e co%%onl+ a4a*la5le la%# rat*n for outdoor
l*.t*ns6
Efficiency refers to lu%*nous eff*c*enc+ ta7en at 508 %ean l*fet*%e and do not
*nclude 5allast loss6
Lumen Maintenance refers to #ercent of *n*t*al la%# out#ut at 508 of %ean
l*fet*%e and at end of l*fet*%e $#arent.es*s&6
Lamp Life refers to t.e a##ro9*%ate %ean l*fet*%e of la%#6
Chapter 18
Appendi0 2
"chedule of interior /areas1 tas-s and acti#ities 3ith specification of illu&inanceB
glare li&itation and colour :uality
!ype of interiorB tas- or acti#ity
E&
lu0
)G( (a
(e&ar-s
1. General $uilding
Entrance halls 177 66 ;7
4ounges 677 66 87
Circulation areas and corridors
177 68 57
/t exits and
entrances pro#ide a
transition zone and
a#oid sudden
changes
1tairs& escalators and tra#elators 197 69 57
4oading rampsIbays 197 69 57
Canteens 677 66 87
Restrooms 177 66 87
Rooms for physical exercise @77 66 87
Cloa$rooms& ashrooms&
bathrooms and toilets!
677 69 87
1ic$ bay 977 18 >7
Rooms for medical attention 977 1; >7 )cp at least 5&777 K
*lant rooms& sitch gear rooms 677 69 ;7
*ost room& sitchboard 977 1> 87
1tore& stoc$rooms& cold store
177 69 ;7
677 lux if
continuously
occupied
2ispatch pac$ing handling areas @77 69 ;7
Control 1tation
197 66 ;7
677 lux if
continuously
occupied
2. Ce&entB concrete C *ric-s
industry
2rying
*reparation of materials& or$ on
$ilns and mixers
677 68 67
1afety colours shall
be recognizable
Aeneral machine or$ @77 69 87
Rough forms @77 69 87
3. Cera&ic C glass industry
2rying 97 68 67
*reparation& general machine or$ @77 69 87
Enamelling& rolling& pressing&
shaping simple parts& glazing& glass
bloing
@77 69 87
Arinding& engra#ing& glass polishing&
shaping precision parts&
manufacture of glass instruments
D97 1> 87
2ecorati#e or$ 977 1> 87
Arinding of optical glass& crystal
hand grinding and engra#ing& or$
on a#erage goods
D97 1; 87
Chapter 18
Appendi0 2 /continue1
E&
lu0
)G( (a
(e&ar-s
*recision or$& e!g! decorati#e
grinding& hand painting
1&777 1; >7
)cp at least 5&777 K
6. Che&icalsB plastic and ru**er
industry
Remote operated processing
installations
97 67
1afety colours shall
be recognizable
*rocessing installations ith limited
manual inter#ention
197 68 57
Constantly manned or$places in
processing installations
@77 69 87
*recision measuring rooms&
laboratories
977 1> 87
*harmaceutical production 977 66 87
)ype production 977 66 87
Colour inspection 1&777 1; >7
Cutting& finishing& inspection D97 1> 87
8. Electrical industry
Cable and ire manufacture @77 69 87
+inding?
( large coils @77 69 87
( medium C sized coils 977 66 87
( small coils D97 1> 87
Coil impregnating @77 69 87
Aal#anising @77 69 87
/ssembly or$?
( rough& e!g! large transformers @77 69 87
( medium& e!g! sitchboards 977 66 87
( fine& e!g! telephones D97 1> 87
( precision& e!g! measuring
e,uipment
1&777 1; 87
Electronic or$shops& testing&
ad%usting
1&977 1; 87
9. %ood industry
+or$places and zones in breeries&
malting floor& for ashing& barrel
filling& cleaning& sie#ing& peeling&
coo$ing in preser#e and chocolate
factories& or$places and zones in
sugar factories& for drying and
fermenting tobacco& fermentation
cellar
677 69 87
1orting and ashing of products&
=illing& mixing and pac$ing
@77 69 87
+or$places and zones in slaughter
houses& butchers& dairies mills& on
filtering floor& in sugar refineries
977 69 87
Cutting and sorting fruits and
#egetables
@77 69 87
Chapter 18
E&
lu0
)G( (a
(e&ar-s
=anufacture or$ of cigars and
cigarettes
977 66 87
"nspection of glasses and bottles&
product control& trimming& sorting
decoration
977 66 87
4aboratories 977 1> 87
Colour inspection 1&777 1; >7 )cp at least 5&777 K
=. Paper industry
*ulp mills& edge runners 677 69 87
*aper manufacture and processing&
paper and corrugating machines&
cardboard manufacture
@77 69 87
D. !e0tile industry
+or$places and zones in baths& bale
opening
677 69 ;7
Carding& ashing& ironing&draing&
cmbing& sizing& card(cutting& pre(
sinning& %ute and hemp spinning
@77 66 87
1pinning& plying& reeling& inding&
arping& ea#ing& braiding& $nitting
977 66 87
*re#ent stroboscopic
effects
1eing& fine $nitting& ta$ing up
stitches
D97 66 >7
=anual design& draing patterns D97 66 >7 )cp at least 5&777 K
8inishing& dyeing 977 66 87
2rying room 177 68 ;7
/utomatic fabric printing 977 69 87
3urling& pic$ing& trimming 1&777 1; >7
Colour inspection& fabric control 1&777 1; >7 )cp at least 5&777 K
"n#isible mending 1&977 1> >7 )cp at least 5&777 K
-at manufacturing 977 66 87
E. 4ood 3or-ing C furniture
industry
/utomatic processing& e!g! drying
*lyood manufacturing
97 68 57
1team pits 197 68 57
1a frame @77 69 ;7
+or$ at %oinerBs bench& glueing&
assembly
@77 69 87
*olishing& painting& fancy %oinery D97 66 87
+or$ on ood(or$ing machines&
e!g! turning& fluting& dressing&
rebating& groo#ing& cutting& saing&
sin$ing
977 1> 87
1election of #eneer oods&
mar,uetry& inlay or$
D97 66 >7
)cp at least 5&777 K
Ruality control 1&777 1> >7 )cp at least 5&777 K
Chapter 18
Appendi0 3
Energy Efficiency Chec-list /Electrical Aspects ;nly1
'o Descriptions FE" '; De#iation.>ustification
1 ighting

1!1 <se Energy Efficient 4ights

1!6 <se Energy Efficient Electronic 3allasts

1!@ <se Energy Efficient Electromagnetic
3allast (loss not exceeding than ;!7+)

1!5 "lluminance designed according to =11969

1!9
4ighting zone control for spaces enclosed by
all and ceiling height partitions by pro#ided
one on(off operated sitch

1!; 4ighting sitch next to exit door

1!D 4ight circuit parallel to day light

1!8 1eparate circuit for day light use

1!> 2ay light sensor near to indo

1!17
'ccupancy sensor for intermittently
occupied areas

2 !ransfor&er

6!1
1elect a transformer ith a rating close to
but exceeding the pea$ demand

6!6
2esign #oltage is recommended not to
exceed 9: of the rated #alue

6!@
2esign shall target to achie#e poer factor
at least 7!> lagging at the incoming

Chapter 18
'o Descriptions FE" '; De#iation.>ustification
6!5 2esign to maintain electric fre,uency to
97-z ith #ariations not exceeding SI( 1:
6!9
2esign the locations of poer transformers
and main sitchboards sited at their load
centre!

6!; 2istance of )ransformer from load centre?
a! 4oad fed by )ransformers? O ;77/
( not more than 67 meters
b! 4oad fed by )ransformers? @77/ to ;77/
( not more than 177 meters

6!D
)he cast resin dry type transformers are of
lo iron and lo copper loss

3 2onitoring "yste&

@!1
Electrical Energy =eters near to each
distribution boards

@!6 Energy =anagement 1ystem (E=1)

@!@ 3uilding /utomation 1ystem (3/1)

6 ;ther ite&s /if any please ite&i<e1

5!1

5!6

5!@

Contractors 1ignature?
'fficial stamp?
2ate?
Chapter 18
(eferences
1! Energy Efficiency and Conser#ation Auidelines for =alaysian "ndustries!
(*ublished by *usat )enaga =alaysia& July 677D)
6! JKRB1 /pproach )oards Energy Efficiency in 3uildings
(/rticles by "r -%h /zura =ahayudin J "r Aopal Narian Kutty)
@! =alaysia 1tandard =1 1969?6771
5! =alaysia 1tandard =1 1969?677D

18.0 Guidelines To Practice Energy Efficiency in CKE Design

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Chapter 18

Guidelines to Practice Energy

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