1

Repeat campaign 2008 A/L

GENETICS
Mitosis
1) Prophase
Chromosome separate , condense, become visible
Two parallel sister strands are now attached each other by centromere
Nuclear membrane , nucleoids disappear
Centrioles separate to poles and begin to form the mitotic spindles.
2) Metaphase
Chromosome moves towards the equater of cells
Arrange on the equater of completed spindle
3) Anaphase
Mitotic spindle contracts
Chromosome splits the lengthwise into two chromatids
Chromatids move towards the each poles
4) Telophase
Daughter chromosomes reach to two poles
Decondense
Form the nuclear membrane
CytokynesisCytoplasm of the parent cell devide and form two daughter cells
Meiosis
Diploid gametic precursors haploid gametes
Proceed by one round of DNA synthesis Two special cell devision
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Meiosis I telophase I
(DNA reduction process)
Meiosis

Meiosis II
Prophase I
Leptotene
Chromosomes visible as threads
Chromatids unable to distinguish
Zygotene
Homologous chromosomes pair along side by side (synaptonemal complexes)
2

Repeat campaign 2008 A/L
In the synapses crossing over of chromosome materials
Pachytene
Choromsome condenses further
Chromatids are visible forming tetrads
Recombination of DNA( paternal and maternal)

Wide variations in human
Diplotene stage
Homologous chromosome begin to separate
Held together at point of crossing over by forming chaisma
Diakinesis
Chromosome pair attempt to separated
Maximum condensation

Metaphase
nuclear membrane disappears
attached homologous pair of chromosomes move to equator of formed spindle
paternal and maternal chromosomes lie on either side the equator
random distribution of homologous chromosome

Anaphase
Attach homologous pairs of chromosome to the opposite poles
Selecton of maternal and paternal chromosome are random

Telophase
Two haploid sets reach to each pole
Cytoplasm divide to form two new daughter gametes (secondary oocyte or spermatocyte)

Meiosis II
After brief interphase
Division procedure which is similar to mitosis undergo and form 23 haploid 4 gametes

Meiosis Mitosis

Only in germ cells
2 sequential cell division
pairing of homologous chromosomes
recombination of DNA in homologous
chromosome couples ( crossover)
reduction of number of chromosome form
46 23


Somatic cells
One division
Not so
Not so

Not so

Special genetic features of meiosis
1. Reduction of number of chromosomes
2. Segregate alleles
3. Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes in metaphase I
4. Process of crossing over recombination of maternal and paternal DNA within synaptonemal complex