This document discusses pasture fattening through the application of grazing systems for beef cattle. It provides background on the growing practice of beef cattle fattening in Indonesia. The objectives are to understand grazing systems used for cattle, the concept of pasture fattening through grazing, and provide solutions. The discussion covers the basic theory of grazing systems, including stocking density, rate, pressure, types of grazing systems like continuous, rotation, and rest-rotation systems. Environmental factors, feeding including forage variety, and management of time and place in pasture systems are also examined.
Original Description:
The management of pasture fattening, Soil fertility affecting on pasture fattening, Environment factor (weather and climate)
This document discusses pasture fattening through the application of grazing systems for beef cattle. It provides background on the growing practice of beef cattle fattening in Indonesia. The objectives are to understand grazing systems used for cattle, the concept of pasture fattening through grazing, and provide solutions. The discussion covers the basic theory of grazing systems, including stocking density, rate, pressure, types of grazing systems like continuous, rotation, and rest-rotation systems. Environmental factors, feeding including forage variety, and management of time and place in pasture systems are also examined.
This document discusses pasture fattening through the application of grazing systems for beef cattle. It provides background on the growing practice of beef cattle fattening in Indonesia. The objectives are to understand grazing systems used for cattle, the concept of pasture fattening through grazing, and provide solutions. The discussion covers the basic theory of grazing systems, including stocking density, rate, pressure, types of grazing systems like continuous, rotation, and rest-rotation systems. Environmental factors, feeding including forage variety, and management of time and place in pasture systems are also examined.
By : Bayu Digka A. (061111096) Dewi Masita M. N. (061111088) Firdausy K. M. (061111087) Kartika Purnamasari (061111102) Ristaqul Husna B. (061111104) M. Imam Haikal ( 061111237)
FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE AIRLANGGA UNIVERSITY 2012
Foreword
Thanks to the presence of Allah SWT, who upon his mercy, so the writers can complete the preparation of a paper entitled Pasture Fattening (The Application of Grazing System in Fattening Beef Cattle) Writing papers is one of the duties and requirements to complete the task subjects Ruminants Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in the Airlangga University. In writing this paper the writers feels there are still many shortcomings both in technical writing and material, in view of the capabilities of the writers. To that criticism and suggestions from all parties is the writers of hope for the sake of improving of making this paper.In writing this paper the writers expressed his gratitude to the countless parties who assist in completing this paper, in particular to: 1. Prof.Hj.Romziah Sidik, Ph.D.drh as Dekan of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Airlangga University as well as the lecture of Ruminant Science in the Small Class 2011. 2. Our colleagues all in the Small Class 2011 3. All parties that can not be mentioned one by one, which has provided assistance in writing this paper. Finally, the writers hopes may Allah reward in kind to those who have provided assistance, and can make all this aid as worship, Amiin Yaa Robbal 'alamiin.
Writers
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Table of Contents
Fore Word.......................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents.............................................................................................................. ii Concept.............................................................................................................................iii Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Background.................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Formulation of the problem............................................................................ 1 1.3 Objective of the Study.................................................................................... 2 1.4 Scope of the Study........................................................................................... 2 1.5 Method............................................................................................................. 2 Chapter II Discussion 2.1 Basic Theory.................................................................................................... 3 2.1.1 Zoo.......................................................................................................... 3 2.1.2 Surabaya Zoo/KBS................................................................................. 5 2.2 Data analysis (The causes of many cases of animal deaths in the KBS)......... 9 2.2.1 Enviromental Factors............................................................................... 9 2.2.2 Internal Factors....................................................................................... 10 2.2.3 Managerial system and Legislation........................................................ 11 Chapter III Ending 3.1 Conclusion..................................................................................................... 15 3.2 Critics and sugestion..................................................................................... 15 Bibliography.................................................................................................................. . 16
Topics option: The Management of Pasture Fattening Soil fertility affecting on pasture fattening Environment factor ( weather and climate) Feeding cattle in pasture fattening
Title: Pasture Fattening (The Application of Grazing System in Fattening Beef Cattle)
Points: The Advantage and disadvantage of Grazing System on pasture fattening The variaty of forage in pasture fattening Environment,weather & climate Related to posture fattening The mechanism and managament of Grazing System on pasture fattening
iii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The effort of fattening beef cattle has developed fast in Indonesia. Every animal farming business has to look at 3 very important things for the succeed of the effort of fattening beef cattle; breed, feed, and management. These 3 things must be related and connected to one another. For the success of fattening beef cattle, thing that should be considered is the targeted maintenance management and professional trustees. Fattening of beef cattle is growing rapidly because people are aware of the needs of the animal, so the demand for meat continues to rise. Fattening of beef cattles are not only afforded by big industries but also cultivated by farmers in terms of ranchers although the maintenance management is still relatively simple. Fattening of beef cattle is growing very rapidly because beef cattles have high economic value. The high economic value is determined by the weight of carcass and meat quality. Fattening of beef cattles have a double advantage, in addition to body weight gain of cattle, cow manure waste can be processed to be used as fertilizer. The maintenance management of fattening beef cattle that should be considered include: 1) cage, 2) breeding, 3) feed and feeding, 4) disease control, 5) recording, 6)harvesting /marketing, 7) waste management and 8) management of PKL (Field Work Practice) is programmed so that students can directly down the field to compare theoretical and actual results . One of the pasture fattening system in cattle that is where this system is applied from the grazing system. In Indonesia, this system is suitable to be applied, especially in rural areas still very much where pastures are extensive, and there are several other advantages that are obtained when using this system
1.2.Formulation of the problem 1. What is the beneficial of grazing system on posture fattening? 2. How environment,weather & climate related to posture fattening? 3. How the mechanism and managament of grazing system on pasture fattening? 1.2 Objective of the Study After reading from various literature, such as mass media and the internet, therefore, the writers can describe the purpose of the study into three objectives. First, find out the grazzing system in the cattle. Second, find out the concept of Pasture Fattening as The Application of Grazing System in Fattening Beef Cattle. Third, Trying to give an alternative version of the writers's own solutions.
1.3 Scope of the Study As there are the possibility of many factors that impact in Pasture fattening, the writers makes a limitation this discussion to focus the subject matter covered, that is the environmental aspects of animals (including hygiene, sanitation, weather & climate,soil fertilize), feeding (variety of the plants), management of time and place. 1.4 Method The method used in this paper is by using study of literature through the reference and internet.
CHAPTER II Discussion 2.1 Basic Theory 2.1.1 Grazing system Grazing systems can be definited as Stocking density The animal density per unit land area at one point in time. Stocking rate The total animal demand per unit land area for during a forage year. Grazing pressure The ratio of forage demand to forage available at any point in time. Cumulative grazing pressure The ratio between the total forage demand and forage available for the entire forage year. The Goal and Challenge of grazing system is Increasing harvest efficiency can increase animal production, Deferment promotes range improvement through plant succession, Deferment reduces harvest efficiency, Designing Grazing Systems, Considerations of grazing frequency and grazing intensity when designing grazing systems, Stocking Rate Considerations Higher stocking rates produce higher gains per acre when Precipitation is above average, Animals receive supplemental feed. Continuous stocking may increase risk during droughts because of: Need to destock when beef prices are low Need for costly supplements (lack forage) Long-term reduction in perennial grasses There Three concepts for carrying capacity : Agronomic-livestock production Focus on Animal Production Wildlife-animal population equilibrium Focus on maximum animal numbers Rangeland management-sustainable use Focus maximizing animal production while sustaining rangeland productivity Types of Grazing Systems are : Continuous (Yearlong or seasonal) Rotation Grazing Systems Deferred Rotation Merrill 3-Herd/4-Pasture System (DR type) Rest-Rotation Grazing High Intensity-Low Frequency (HILF) System Short-Duration Grazing Rotational Grazing Systems Purposes include: Relatively short grazed & non-grazing periods Control timing of grazing Reduce area selectivity In humid grasslands and tame pastures can increase animal production/acre (not per animal) through more uniform use of plants a. Deferred Rotation Emphasizes deferment of forage use Grazing area divided into at least two pastures allowing non-grazing for part of a year. Generally use 2, 3, or 4 pastures b. Merrill 4-pasture 3-herd is an example of Merrill System. This is a deferred rotation system that emphasizes cyclic deferment of grazing Pasture and rotation characteristics: Area divided into 4 pastures, used by 3 herds Each pasture grazed 12 mo, deferred for 4 mo Each pasture is deferred once in each season during a 4-year cycle Useful where yearlong grazing is practiced.Winter rest allows soil recovery although forage may not be actively growing c. Rest-Rotation Grazing Emphasizes a full years rest for part of the grazing area. Used in mountainous areas in western US Pasture and rotation characteristics: 3-5 pastures per herd One pasture receives 12-months rest Grazing pressure in others increases Rest-Rotation Grazing Advantages: Low SR and non-grazing can improve vegetation Low livestock numbers can provide multiple-use advantages with more forage allocated for wildlife & watershed Rest-Rotation Disadvantages: Generally reduces animal production per head and per acre If SR not reduced significantly, intensive grazing for full grazing season may damage rangeland d. High Intensity-Low Frequency HILF grazing emphasizes improvement of range condition thru use of high grazing pressure to increase uniformity of forage use with sufficient non-grazing time for plants to re grow following grazing Pasture and rotation characteristics: 3+ pastures Grazing periods of at least 14 days Non-use periods of at least 60 days High Intensity-Low Frequency Advantage is Minimizes competitive advantage for less preferred plants because animals are forced to be less selective. The Disadvantages are: Individual animal performance decreases when animals are forced to eat mature, unpalatable forage Requires reduction in stocking rate (similar to Rest Rotation) e. Short-Duration Grazing SDG emphasizes increased grazing pressure for short periods to minimize excessive plant defoliation and to allow rapid regrowth of grazed plants. The characteristics: 8 paddocks/herd, each with equal forage supply 5 days or less grazing period (shorter during active plant growth periods than dormant period) Non-grazing periods < 4-6 weeks Short-Duration Grazing Advantage: SDG may improve diet quality because maturation of forage is delayed by repeated defoliation Centralized watering/handling facilities (wagon-wheel) that can improve livestock management and reduce labor and facilities expenses The Disadvantage: Lots of fencing and high fencing cost Animal trails in long narrow paddocks < 60-day growing period in arid areas diminishes positive effects of repeated defoliation/rest
2.2 Analysis Cattle fattened on pasture are a good alternative to conventional fattened animals fed in the stables. Fattening on pasture is an essential condition for the production of quality beef. Fattening with grazing minimizes the maintenance requirements of breeding. In this way cattle management is easier, costs are lower than regular stable breeding. Extensive fattening advantages Extensive fattening structures on the pasture with grass. Cost reduction for the forage. Efficient fattening with reduced work effort (keeping animals on pasture). Minimum requirements for the cattle fostering (pasture, freestall barn). Easier management and lower production costs. Meat production from pasture-feeding reduces the dependence on the forage market. Todays consumers chooses meat according to the value. Meat from extensive production offers an ecological, ethical, physiological and nutritional value.
Beef obtained through grazing meets the demands of modern consumers. Based on the increased demand for premium organic beef production, meat prices will have a significant increase in the future.
The Environment (weather and climate) related to Pasture Fattening The principal factor influencing the length of the grazing period is the rate of forage growth. Generally, as forage grows more rapidly in the spring and early summer, grazing periods become shorter. As forage growth slows or ceases during the late summer, fall, and winter, rest periods become longer, since the forages cannot recover as quickly from grazing; thus, the grazing period length in the other paddocks increases. The best pasture system may also be timed to match seasonal forage quality changes across ecological sites, and thus, embraces some elements of the seasonal suitability system. For example, pastures containing black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda) as the primary forage species may be deferred until the dormant season when it is higher in protein compared to pastures dominated by blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) or hairy grama (Bouteloua hirsuta). Because black grama is relatively less resistant to grazing than many other perennial grasses, winter grazing has less impact on this species than use during the growing season. This approach works best when some of the pastures in the rotation contain winter annuals and palatable shrubs.
The Mechanism and Management of Grazing System on Pasture Fattening It is apparent that proper land and grazing management techniques need to be utilized to optimize forage production and livestock production, while still maintaining biodiversity and consideration of the ecosystem. Through the utilization of grazing systems and making sure to allow proper recovery periods for regrowth, both the livestock and ecosystem will benefit. Along with recovery periods, producers can keep a low density on a pasture, so as not to overgraze. Controlled burning of the land can be valuable in the regrowth of indigenous plants, and new lush growth. Additionally, producers can increase plant and species richness through grazing, by providing an adequate habitat. Although grazing can be problematic for the ecosystem at times, it is clear that well-managed grazing techniques can reverse damage and improve the land.
Pasture Management:
* This service will also include grazing management, an integral part of pasture management in all grazing enterprises. * The company has several members with many years of practical experience in pasture management and grazing systems including controlled and cell grazing. * It will be available to producers looking at establishing new pastures as well as those looking at making their grazing management practices more efficient and/or intensive. *Within our company we have people who have been at the forefront of initiating controlled grazing programmes in this country. * Information will also be available for those producers finishing stock in feedlots in regard to the layout and structure of such enterprises.
CHAPTER III ENDING
1.1 Conclusion Cattle fattened on pasture are a good alternative to conventional fattened animals fed in the stables. Pasture fattening need more feed and grass field than the another method Pasture fattening need more time for fattening but it make the cattle more healthy
1.2 Suggestions Buy the cattle low. Fatten them cheaply. Sell them high. Buying Once you decide that you want to raise a few head of cattle, you need to find a good source for the animals. Id recommend buying a few weaned calves or feeders that are a bit older. After you obtain your cattle, there are basically five important factors to consider when raising beef cattle:pasture and feed. Pasture Do your planning so that you end up with more grass than cattle and not the other way around. Remember too that light yearling cattle and calves very seldom will lose money if most of their gain is put on with good pasture and roughage. Its the grain feeding period that reduces any profits, due simply to the cost of the grain. Feed (Grazing System) The approach, style, and success of a grazing system depends on many factors such as land configuration, type of livestock, capital resources, and the producers goals, attitude, and ability to adapt the daily challenges of the system chosen. Bibliography