CHAPTER 4a Vector

SCKung
M.Sc (Teaching Maths)

B. Edu (Acct & Maths) FORM 5 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS TEL: 012 5349153
1
CHAPTER 4: Vectors
4.1 Vectors
A vector is a quantity that has magnitude and direction.
Example:
AB is a vector whose magnitude is the same as the length of AB and whose direction is
from A to B.
Vector AB can be denoted as a and its magnitude is written as a or
AB
.
Zero or null vector is a vector with zero magnitude and is denoted as 0
Negative vector of AB is a vector with the same magnitude as AB but in a direction
opposite to AB, that is, AB = BA
Two vectors are equal if they have the same magnitude and direction.
The product of vector a by a scalar k is a vector whose magnitude is k times the
magnitude of a , and is written as k a
i) k a is in the same direction as a if k is positive
ii) k a is in the a direction the opposite to a if k is negative.

Example 1

Based on the diagram above, express the vectors PQ , RS and UT in terms of v .
Solution:

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Two vectors are parallel if one vector is a scalar multiple of the other vector and vice
versa
i) a is parallel to b , if a = b , is a constant.
ii) a = b , if a is parallel to b
Example 2

Based on the diagram above, determine whether vector PQ is parallel to each of the
following vectors.
a) RS b) TU c) WV
Solution:

Example 3
Given that PQ = 2v andAB =
3
5
v , determine whether vectors PQ and AB are parallel.

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If AB = BC where is a constant, then the points A, B and C are collinear.

Example 4
a) Given that MN = 4uand NP = 7u,
show that points M, N and P are
collinear.

b) Given that AB = 3a and AC = 5a ,
show that points A, B and C are collinear.

If ha kb = where a and b are non zero vectors and not parallel, then h = k = 0

Example 5
a) Given that ( 3) (2 7) p q | = + where
and are constants, find the values of
and if vectors p and q non -zero and
non- parallel.

b) Given that (2 1) 3 3 9 h a kb a b + = +
where h and k are constants, find the
values of h and k if vectors a and b non
-zero and non- parallel.

A
B
C
a
a
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Example 6
Vectors p and q are non-parallel and non-zero. Given that
(2 4 1) ( 4 6 3) m n p m n q + = where m and n are constants, find the values of m and n.

Practice 4.1
1.

The diagram above shows eight vectors, a , b , PQ , RS , u, v , MO, ON
. Determine
whether each of the following pairs of vectors are equal.
a)
a
and
b
b)
b
and
RS

c)
a
and
RS
d)
v
and
PQ

e)
PQ
and
u
f)
MO
and
ON

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2.

In the diagram above, PQRS is a parallelogram. PR and SQ are the diagonals of the
parallelogram which is intersect at point T. State the vector which is equal to each of the
following vectors.

a) RQ

b) TQ

c) SR

d) TR

3.

Based on the diagram above, express each of the following vectors in terms of
r
.

a) PQ

b) RS

c) TU

d) VW

4. a)
Given that PQ = 4 v
and
SQ =
1
4

v
, determine whether vectors
PQ
and
SQ
are
parallel.
b) Given that
MN = 5 a
,
RS = 4 b
and
PQ =
2
3
RS
,determine whether vectors
MN
and
PQ
are parallel.
5. Given that
PQ = 8p
and
PR = 4p
, show that points P, Q and R are collinear.
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6. P, Q and R are three collinear points. Given that
PR =

10u
and point Q divides PR
internally in the ratio 2 : 3, express each of the following vectors in terms of
u

a) PQ

b) RQ

7. Given that
(2 3) (4 6 ) m a n b + =
where m and n are constants, find the value of m and n if
vectors
a
and
b
are non-parallel and non-zero.
8
. Given a and

b
are two non-parallel and non-zero vectors. Find the values of h and k if
2
( 4) ( 4) h a h k b = +
.
9. Vectors
a
and
b
are non-parallel and non-zero. Given that
2 4 5 9 ua a vb b + =
where u
and v are constants, find the values of u and v.
10. Vectors
p
and
q
are non-zero and non parallel. Given that
2 4 3 3 hp kp p kq hq q + = +
where h and k are constants, find the values of h and k.

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4.2 Addition and Subtraction of Vectors
Resultant vector of two parallel vectors
- when two or more vectors are combined and represented by a single vector, the single
vector is known as the resultant vector such as and | | | | | | c a b c a b = + = +
Example 7
Given that AB = 4v and CD = 7v , find
a) vector 3AB + CD in terms of v

b)
3AB + CD
if 4 units v =

Example 8

In the diagram above, PQRS is a trapezium. PQ is parallel to SR. Given that PQ =
5
3
SR,
PQ = 5 and | | 6 units, m m = find
a) vector PQ + SR in terms of m

b)
PQ + SR

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Resultant vector of two non-parallel vectors

Example 9

In the diagram above, PQR is a triangle, P S = 3n, RP = 5m and SQ =2r .
a) State the vector which is equal to vector
3 2 n r + .
b) Find the resultant vector of vectors P S
and SR in terms of m

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Example 10

In the diagram above, PQRS is a parallelogram. Given that PQ = 2a and P S =3b ,
determine
a) the resultant vector of vectors 2a and 3b

2 3 a b + =

b) vector PT in terms of a and b

PT =
1
2
PR

Resultant vector of three or more vectors
Polygon Law

Example 11

The diagram above shows a heptagon PORSTUV. Find each of the following resultant
vectors.
a) PQ + QR + RS = b) PV + VU + UT + TS =

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Subtracting two vectors
the subtraction of vectors that is a b is the addition of vector a and the negative vector
of b .
a b = ( ) a b +
Example 12

In the diagram above, AB and RS are two parallel vectors. RS = 5a and AB =3a
a) If PQ = RS AB ,find vector PQ in
terms of a and hence mark point Q.

PQ = RS AB
b) If PM = RS 2AB find vector PM in
terms of a and hence mark point M.

PM = RS 2AB

Example 13

In the diagram above, PQRS is a trapezium. PQ is parallel to SR. Given that PQ =2a ,
PR =5b and SR = 2PQ.
a) Determine each of the following vectors in terms of a .
i) PR QR

PR QR = PR +
\
|
QR
.
|
|

ii) SR

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b) Find the vectors which is equal to vector 4 5 a b

4 5 a b =

Example 14

In the diagram PQRS is a parallelogram. It is given that 2 PQ a = and 2 QR b = . PRand QS
intersect each other at point M. Find each of the following vector in terms of a and b
a) PR b) SQ c) MQ

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Example 15

In the diagram above, PTR and QSR are straight lines. Points S and T lie on QR and PR
respectively such that S is the midpoint of QR and 3PT = PR. Given that PQ = 4 and a

PR = 6 , express each of the following vectors in terms of and b a b

a) QR

QR = QP + PR

= PQ + PR

b) RS
c) P S

d) QT

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Example 16

In the diagram above, 8 OP x = , 6 OQ y = and S is a midpoint of OQ . Given that point R and
point T are on the line PQand line ORrespectively such that 3 5 OP OR = and 7 5 OT OR = .

i)Express each of the vector in terms of x and y .
a) QR b) OT

c) PT d) PS

ii) Prove that P, T and S are collinear and determine the ratio : PT PS

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Practice 4.2A

1. Find each of the following resultant vectors.
a) 4 6 x x + b)
2
8 5
3
m m m + +
2. Given that PQ =6u and RS =3 , u find
a) vector 5 PQ + 2RS in terms of u
b)
5PQ + 2RS
if | | 5 units u =

3. Given OABC is a rectangle, where OA = 4 units and OC = 3 units. If OA = a and OB =
b , find
a) AC b) | | b a

4. Given A, B and C are collinear, where AB = (3 3) and k a BC =3b . If
AB
= 2
BC
and 4 , b a = find the value of k.

5.

In the diagram above, points P, Q and R are collinear. Given that PQ =uand
PQ : QR = 1 : 3, find vector PR in terms of u. Hence, find
PR
if | | 5 units. u =

6. A, B and C are three collinear points such that point B lies between points A and C, and
AB: BC = 1 : 4. Given that

AB = 5 , determine each of the following in terms of . m m

a) BC
b) AB + BC
c) AC + CB

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7.

The diagram above shows a triangle PQR. TS is parallel to PQ such that 5TS=3PQ. Given
that PQ =8a, find the resultant vector of vectors PQ and TS in terms of a .
8.

In the diagram above, PQR is a triangle and S is the midpoint of PR. PQ =4a and SP =3b .
a) State the vector which is equal to vector 4 3 . a b +
b) Find each of the following vectors in terms of b
i) RS ii) PQ + QR

9.

In the diagram above, PQRS is a trapezium. SR is parallel to PQ and point T lies on PQ
such that PT : TQ = 1 : 3, PT =4mand TS =6n .
a) Determine each of the following vectors in terms of and m n .
i) PQ ii) SP + PT
b) If 2SR = PQ, find the resultant vector of vectors TS and SR in terms of and m n
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10.

In the diagram above, PQST and PQRS are parallelograms, PQ =9p and PT =6q
a) State the vector which is equal to vector 9 6 p q + .
b) Determine the resultant vector of vectors PQ and P S in terms of and p q
11.

In the diagram above, PQRSTU is a hexagon. State each of the following resultant vectors.
a) PQ + QR + RS b) QP + PU + UT
c) UT + SR + TS + RQ
12.

In the diagram above, PQRS is a parallelogram. T is the midpoint of SR. Given that
PQ =8a and P S =6b, determine each of the following vectors in terms of and/or a b .
a) PQ SQ b) QS TS
c) P S RS

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13.

In the above diagram, OA = 7a , OB = 7b and BX : XA = 3 : 4. Find OX in terms of
and a b.
14.

In the above diagram, CP: PA = 3 : 1 and the line PQ is parallel to the line AB. M is the
midpoint of the line PQ. If AC =8a and BC =16 , b express PM in terms of and a b .

15. The diagram below shows ABC. E is the midpoint of AB and D is a point on CB such
that CD =
1
3
CB.

Given that CA =4a and CD =4b . Find
a) BE b) CE

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16.

The diagram above shows a triangle PQR. Point S lies on RQ such that 4SQ = 5RS.
Given that PQ =3d and PR =2e , determine each of the following vectors in terms of
and d e.
a)
RQ
b) SQ c) P S
17.

In the diagram above, PQRS is a trapezium and PTRS is a parallelogram. T is a midpoint
of PQ. Given that PT =5m and P S = 4n , express each of the following vectors in
terms of and m n .
a) PR b) RQ c) SQ
18.

In the diagram above, PQR is a triangle. Point S lies on PQ such that 4PS = SQ and point
T lies on RQ such that 2RT = 3TQ. Given that PQ =5a and PR =4b , find each of the
following vectors in terms of and a b
a) RQ b) QT c) SR d) TS
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19.

In the diagram above, PQRS is a trapezium. T and U are points lying on SR and PS
respectively, such that T is the midpoint of SR and
5
2
PU
PS
= . Given that PQ =5r , P S
= 4s andQR = PU, express each of the following vectors in terms of and . r s
a) SU b) QU c) ST d) PT

20.

In the diagram above, 8 OA x = , 8 OB y = , : 3:1 OS SB = , : 3:1 AR RB = and
: 4:1 OT TR = . Express each of the following vectors in terms of x and y .
a) AB b) SR c) AS d) AT
Then show that A, T and S are collinear and determine : AT AS

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Example 17

In the above diagram E is a point on the line BD such that
1
4
DE DB = . The line AB is parallel
to the line DC,
4
3
DC AB = , 12 AB a = and 4 AD b =
a) Express each of the following vectors in terms of a and b .
i) DB ii) AE iii) BC

b) Hence, prove that BC is parallel to AE.

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Example 18

In the above diagram, N is the midpoint of the line RT, 6 PQ a = , 6 PT b = ,
2
3
TS PQ = and
1
2
QR PT = .
a) Express each of the following vectors in terms of a and b
i) PS ii) NS

b) Determine whether the points P, N and S are collinear.

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Example 19

In the diagram above, OSR and PSQ are two straight lines. OP =5p , OQ =10 , q
PS : SQ = 2 : 3, PR = mOQ and OS = nOR.
a) Express vector OR in terms of
i) m, and p q ii) n, and p q

b) Hence, find the value of m and n.

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Example 20

In the above diagram, OA =3x and OB =5y . OA is produced to C such that OC = 3OA.
OB is produced to D such that OD =2OB.The lines AD and BC intersect at P.
a) Find each of the following vectors in terms of and x y
a) AD b) BC

b) Given that AP = mAD and BP = nBC , express OP in terms of
a) m, and x y

OP = OA + AP

b) n, and x y

OP = OB + BP

c) Hence, find the value of m and of n.

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Practice 4.2b
1.

In the diagram,
1
4
OS OQ = , PQis parallel to ORand
3
4
PQ OR = . Given that 8 OP p =
and 12 OQ q = , express each of the following vectors in terms of p and q .
a) OR b) PS c) QR
Hence, prove that PS is parallel to QR.

2. In the diagram, below, ABCD is a trapezium and E is the midpoint of AC.

It is given that 12 AD a = , 6 CD b = and BC k AD = , where k is a constant.
a) Find CE in terms of a and b .
b) Find BEin terms of k, a and b . Hence, find the value of k is BE is parallel to CD.

3. In the diagram, M and N are midpoints of OP and MQ respectively. Given that
2
3
OR OQ = , 6 Op a = and 3 OQ b = , find each of the following vectors in terms of a and b .

a) RN b) RP
Hence, prove that the points R, N and P are collinear.

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4.

In the diagram, ABC is a straight line such that 4 AC AB = . The point T on the line BD is
such that 3 BD BT = . The point S on the line DC is such that 3 CD SD = . It is given that
2 AB x = and 3 AD y = .
a) Express
i) AS ii) TC
in terms of x and y
b) Determine whether the point A, T and S are collinear.

5.

In the diagram above, OPQ is a triangle. OTR and PTS are two straight lines. OP =3p ,
OQ =4q , PR : RQ = 1 : 2 and 3SQ = OS.
a) Express each of the following vectors in terms of and p q
i) PQ ii) OR iii) P S

b) If OT = mOR and PT = nPS, express vector OT in terms of
i) m, and p q ii) n, and p q

c) Hence, find the values of m and n .

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6.

In the diagram above, OPQR is a parallelogram. OUS and PUT are two straight lines. The
length of RS is three times the length of SQ and T is the midpoint of OR. OP =5p and
OR = 6r .
a) Express each of the following vectors in terms of and/or . p r
i) OT ii) PT iii) RS iv) OS

b) Given that OU =hOS and PU =kPT, express vector OU in terms of

i) h, and . p r ii) k, and . p r

c) Hence, find the value of h and k.
d) If the area of OPU = 36 unit
2
, find the area of OPS

7. In the diagram, OA =8a, OB =10b and AP = 4b .

a) Express each of the following vectors in terms of and a b
i) OP ii) BA

b) Given that OR = mOP and BR = nBA , express OR in terms of
i) m, and a b ii) n, and a b

c) Hence, find the value of m and n.
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8.

In the diagram, ABCD is a quadrilateral such that the line DB intersects the line XC at Y.
It is given that DX =
2
5
DA , AB =
1
2
XC , DA =10x and DC =10y .
a) If DY = mDB and DY = DX + nXC, find the value of m and of n.
b) Hence, find AB : XY.

9.

In the diagram, OA =3a and OB =5b . The point C lies on OA such that OC: CA = 2 : 1
while the point D lies on OB such that OD : OB = 2 : 3 . The straight lines AD and BC
intersect at point E. It is given that AE = hAD and BE = kBC , where h and k are constant.
a) Express OE in terms of
i) h, and a b ii) k, and a b
b) Hence, calculate the value of h and of k.

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10. In the diagram below, OA =2a , OB =6band OP =
1
3
OB. M is the midpoint of AB.

a) Express each of the following vectors in terms of and a b
i) AP ii) O M
b) Given that OQ = pO M , express OQ in terms of p, and a b
c) Given that AQ = kAP, express OQ in terms of k, and a b.
d) Hence, find the value of p and k.

11. The diagram below shows a triangle OXY. The straight line AY intercepts the straight
line BX at C. It is given that OX = x, OY = y , OA=
1
3
OX and OB = BY.

a) Express each of the following vectors in terms of and x y .
i) AB ii) BX iii) AY
b) Given that BC = hBX and AC = kAY , find the value of h and of k.

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12. The diagram below shows a triangle OAB such that OA = 6a and OB =6b. Point C lies
on the straight line AB such that AC: CB = 2 : 1 and D is the midpoint of OB.

a) Find each of the following vectors in terms of and a b:
i) DA ii) OC
b) OC is produced to point E such that DA is parallel to BE. Given that OE = hOC and
BE = kDA , express OE in terms of
i) h, and a b ii) k, and a b
c) Hence, find the value of h and k.

13.

In the diagram above, OABC is a parallelogram with OA a = and OC b = . ABR is a
straight line with 2 BR AB = . Express each of the vectors in terms of and a b .
a) OB b) OR
Given also CT CB = and OT OR = , express OT
c) in terms of , a and b
d) in terms of , a andb . Hence, find the value of and
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4.3 Vectors in a Cartesian Plane
Vectors in the form xi yj +

- In Cartesian plane, vector i magnitude of 1 unit towards the positive direction of x- axis
vector j magnitude of 1 unit towards the positive direction of y- axis
- Vectors i and j are known as unit vectors in the horizontal and the vertical directions
respectively.

In the diagram, PR = 7 i and RQ = 3 j
PQ = PR + RQ
= 7 3 i j +
- The vector in a Cartesian Plane which proceeds from point A
1 1
( , ) x y to point B
2 2
( , ) x y is:

2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) AB x x i y y j = +

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Example 21

The diagram above shows three vectors, PQ, RS and TU , in a Cartesian plane. Express
each of these vectors in the form xi yj + .

Example 22
a) Given points P(5, 1) and Q(2, 4), express
vector PQ in the form xi yj +
b) The coordinates of A and B are (3, 4) and
(2, 1) respectively. O is the origin.
Express each of the following in the form
xi yj + .
i) OA ii) OB

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Vector in the form
\
|

x
y.
|
|

- Vector in a Cartesian plane can also be expressed in the form
\
|

x
y.
|
|

xi yj + =
\
|

x
y.
|
|

- The vector in a Cartesian Plane which proceeds from point A
1 1
( , ) x y to point B
2 2
( , ) x y is:

AB =
\
|

x
2
x
1
y
2
y
1
.
|
|

Example 23
For each of the following, express vector PQ in the form
\
|

x
y.
|
|

a)
i) PQ = 6 5 i j
ii) P = (4, 6) and Q = ( 3, 7)
b) Given OP =
\
|

5
3.
|
|
and OQ =
\
|

2
6.
|
|

Magnitudes of Vectors

Example 24
Determine the magnitude of each of the following vectors.
a) 3 8 a i j = +
b) b =
\
|

9
-7.
|
|

2 2
a x y = +
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Unit vectors in given direction

Vector AB is in the direction of vector a and has a magnitude of 1 unit. Vector AB is
known as the unit vector in the direction of a
Unit vector in the direction of a is a
If a xi yj = + , unit vector in the given direction of a is
2 2
1
( )
| |
a
a xi yj
a
x y
= = +
+

Example 25
a) Determine the unit vector in the direction
of uif 4 7 u i j =
b) Given that v =
\
|

-2
-4.
|
|
, find v

c) Find the unit vector in the direction of
OP =
\
|

-12
5 .
|
|

d) Given 3 4 r i j = + . Find the unit vector in
the direction of r

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Adding and Subtracting two or more vectors
Example 26
a) Given that 3 2 a i j = + , 4 b i j = + , 6 9 c i j = and 6 d i j = + , find
i) a b + ii) b c d + +

b) Given that
2
5
p

| |
=
|
\ .
,
4
2
q

| |
=
|
\ .
,
7
4
r
| |
=
|
\ .
and
1
8
s
| |
=
|
\ .
, find
i) p r + ii) p q s + +

c)
i) Given that 6 3 , 8 , a i j b i j = = + find
a b

ii) Given that
9
4
p
| |
=
|
\ .
and
6
2
q

| |
=
|
\ .
, find
p q

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Multiplying vectors by scalars
( ) or
x mx
m xi yj mxi myj m
y my
| | | |
+ = + =
| |
\ . \ .

Example 27
a) Given that 4 8 a i j = + , find
i) 3a
ii)
1
2
a

b) Given that
9
2
b
| |
=
|
\ .
, find
i) 6b
ii)
2
3
b

Combined operations on Vectors
Example 28
a) Given that 2 3 , 4 5 a i j b i j = + = and 5 9 c i j = + , find
i) 3 2 a b c + ii) | 2 | b c

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b) Given that
7 4 3
, and ,
1 6 8
p q r
| | | | | |
= = =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
find
i) 2 4 p q r + ii) the unit vector in the direction of 2r p +

Example 29
a) Given
3 2
12
p
a
+
| |
=
|
\ .
and
2
3
b
| |
=
|
\ .
. Calculate the values of p if
i) | | 15 a b = ii) and a bare parallel

b) If ( 2) ( 1) a n i n j = + + and 4 10 b i j = , find the value of n if vectors and a b are
parallel.

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Practice 4.3
1.

In the diagram above, vectors , , , , , , and a b c d e f g hare drawn in a Cartesian plane.
Express each of these vectors in the form xi yj + .

2. For each of the following pairs of points P and Q, express vector PQ in the formxi yj + .
a) P(3, 4) Q(7, 9) b) P(2, 3) Q(2, 7)
c) P(5, 1) Q(9, 2) d) P(6, 3) Q(1, 6)

3.

The diagram above shows vectors, , , , , , , and a b c d e f g hin a Cartesian plane. Express each
of these vectors in the form
x
y
| |
|
\ .
.
4. Express each of the following vectors in the form
x
y
| |
|
\ .
.
a) 4 7 AB i j = +
b) PQsuch that P = (4, 6) and Q = (9, 1)
c) 8 9 RS i j =
d) UV such that U is the origin and V = (3, 5)

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5. Determine the magnitude of each of the following vectors.
a) 4 6 a i j = + b) 8 3 b i j =
c) 9 c i j = + d)
5
7
d

| |
=
|
\ .

e)
2
9
e

| |
=
|
\ .
f)
4
2
f
| |
=
|
\ .

6.

In the diagram above, vectors , , , and a b c d are drawn in a Cartesian plane. Determine the
magnitude of each of these vectors.

7. For each of the following vectors, determine the unit vector in the direction of the vector.
a) 6 8 a i j = + b) 9 12 b i j =
c) 5 12 c i j = + d)
7
2
d

| |
=
|
\ .

e)
3
4
e

| |
=
|
\ .
f)
6
4
f
| |
=
|
\ .

8. Given that 5 4 , 2 6 , 3 8 a i j b i j c i j = + = + = and 2 10 d i j = + , find
a) a b + b) c d + c) a c d + +

9. Given that
3
6
p

| |
=
|
\ .
,
2
11
q

| |
=
|
\ .
,
12
5
r
| |
=
|
\ .
and
2
9
s
| |
=
|
\ .
, find
a) p r + b) q s + c) p q s + +

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39
10.

In the diagram above, OPQR is parallelogram. Given that 5 OP i j = + and
2 3 OR i j = + , determine vector OQ.

11. Given that 5 11 a i j = , 3 10 b i j = + and 5 6 c i j = , find

a) a b b) b c c) c a

12. Given that
10
3
p
| |
=
|
\ .
,
8
10
q

| |
=
|
\ .
and
9
1
r

| |
=
|
\ .
, find
a) q p b) r q c) p r

13. Given that 8 4 OA i j = + , 3 6 OB i j = + and 3 OC i j = , determine each of the
following vectors.
a) AB b) BC

14. Given that 6 9 a i j = + , find
a) 4a b)
3
2
a c)
5
6
a

15. Given that
8
12
PQ
| |
=
|
\ .
, find
a) 8PQ b)
3
4
PQ c)
2
3
PQ

16. Given that 3 2 a i j = , 8 3 b i j = + and 4 c i j = + , find
a) 2 3 a b c +
b) | 3 4 | b c
c) the unit vector in the direction of 2b a +

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40
17. Given that
8
2
p
| |
=
|
\ .
,
3
7
q

| |
=
|
\ .
and
4
11
r
| |
=
|
\ .
, determine
a) 2 3 p q r +
b) the magnitude of vector 2 3 q r
c) the unit vector in the direction of 3r p +

18.

In the diagram above, OAB is a triangle. 4 , 6 5 OA i j OB i j = = + and point C lies
on AB such that AC : CB = 2 : 3

19. In the Cartesian plane with O as the origin, 7 2 , 5 OA i j OB i j = + = and
2
3
OC AB = .
a) Determine each of the following vectors.
i) AB ii) OC iii) AC iv) BC

b) Hence, find the unit vector in the direction of BC

20. If 10 5 , 7 4 p i j q i j = = and 16 7 r i j = + , determine
a) the values of m and n if mp nq r + =
b) the vector that is parallel to vector 2q p and has a magnitude of 15 units.

21. Given that 11 PQ hi j = and 14 2 PR i j = , find the possible values of h if
a) | | 15 QR = units
b) points P, Q and R are collinear

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41
22. Given that O is the origin,
6
7
PQ
| |
=
|
\ .
,
1
4
OQ
| |
=
|
\ .
and
6
m
RS
| |
=
|
\ .
, find
a) the coordinates of point P
b) the unit vector in the direction of OP
c) the value of m if vector RS is parallel to vector PQ

23. PQRS is a parallelogram.
9
2 3 ,
2
PQ i j PR hi j = + = + and 5 , PS i kj = + where h and k
are constants.
a) Find the value of h and k
b) Calculate the length of the diagonal PR

24. It is given that 6 AB pi j = + and 16 6 CB i j = where p is a constant. Find the possible
value of p if
a) | | 15 Ac =
b) the points A, B and C are collinear.

25. It is given that 2 2 , 2 , a i j b i j = = + P(1, 3) and Q(5, 2). If PQ ha kb = + , where h
and k are constants, find
a) the value of h and k
b) the unit vector in the direction of PQ

26. If 2 a i j = + and 3 b i j = , find the value of m if 3 2 a mb + is parallel to the x-axis.

27. Given that 2 ( 3) r i p j = + + and ( 5) 8 s p i j = , find the value of p if r is parallel to
s

28. It is given that 3 v i j = + and 3 w i j = + . The coordinates of the points P and Q are
(2, 4) and (8, 2) respectively. Given that PQ mv kw = + , where k is a constant, find
a) the value of m and k
b) the unit vector in the direction of PQ

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42
Answer:
Practice 4.1
1a) Yes b) No
c) Yes d) No
e) Yes f) Yes
2a) SP b) ST
c) PQ d) PT
3a) r b) 2r
c)
5
2
r d)
3
2
r
4a) Yes b) No
6a) 4u b) 6u
7. m =
3
2
, n =
2
3

8. h = 2, k = 2; h = 2. k = 6
9. u = 2, v =
9
5

10. h =
1
2
,k =
1
2

Practice 4.2A
1a) 10x b)
41
3
m
2a) 36u b) 180 units
3a) 2 b a b) 3 units
4. k = 9
5. PR = 4u ,
PR
= 20 units
6.a) 20m b) 25m c) 5m
7.
64
5
a
8a) SQ
b)i) 3b ii) 6b
9a)i) 16m ii) 6n
b) 8 6 m n +
10a) P S b) 18 6 p q +
11a) P S b) QT c) UQ
12a) 6b b) 6 4 b a
c) 8 6 a b +
13. 3 4 a b +
14. 3 6 a b
15a) 2 3 a b b) 2 3 a b +
16a) 3 2 d e b)
5 10
3 9
d e
c)
4 10
3 9
d e +
17a) 5 4 m n + b) 5 4 m n
c) 10 4 m n
18a) 5 4 a b b)
8
2
5
b a
c) 4b a d)
8
2
5
a b
19a)
8
7
s b)
20
5
7
s r
c)
5 4
2 7
r s d)
5 24
2 7
r s +
20a) 8 8 x y + b) 2x
c) 6 8 y x d)
24 32
5 5
y x
: 4: 5 AT AS =

Practice 4.2B
1.a)
32
16
3
p q + b) 8 3 p q +
c)
32
4
3
q p
2.a) 3 6 b a
b) ( )
1
12 6 3 ,
2
k a b k + =
3.a) ( )
1
3
2
b a + b)
( ) 2 3 b a +

1
4
RN RP = R,N and P are collinear
4.a)i)
8
2
3
y x + ii)
20
3
y x +
b) 2 AS AT = A, T and S are collinear
5.a) i) 4 3 q p ii)
4
2
3
p q +
iii) 3 3 q p
b) i)
4
2
3
mp mq + ii) 3(1 ) 3 n p nq +
c) m =
9
10
, n =
2
5

6a)i) 3r ii) 3 5 r p
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43
iii)
15
4
p iv)
15
6
4
p r +
b) i)
15
6
4
hp hr + ii) 5(1 ) 3 k p kr +
c) k =
8
11
,h =
4
11

d) 99 unit
2
7a)i) 8 4 a b + ii) 10 8 b a +
b)i) 8 4 ma mb + ii) (10 10 ) 8 n b na +
c) m = n =
5
7

8a) m=
2
5
, n =
1
5

b) 5 : 2
9a) i) (3 3 ) 2 h a hb +
ii) (5 5 ) 2 k b ka +
b) h =
5
11
, k =
9
11

10a) i ) 2 2 a b + ii) 3 a b +
b) 3 pa pb + c) (2 2 ) 2 k a kb +
d) k =
3
4
, p =
1
2

11a)i)
1 1
3 2
x y + ii)
1
2
y x +
iii)
1
3
x y + b) h =
1
5
, k =
2
5

12a) i ) 3 6 b a + ii) 2 4 a b +
b) i) 2 4 ha hb + ii) (6 3 ) 6 k b ka +
c) k =
2
5

h =
6
5

13) a) a b + b) 3 a b +
c) b a + d)
( ) 3 a b +

1 1
,
3 3
= =

Pactice 4.3
1. 2 , 4 2 , 4 , a i j b i j c i j = = + = +
6 2 , 3 2 , 5 d i j e i j f i j = = + =
3 3 , 2 3 g i j h i j = + = +
2a) 4 5 i j + b) 4 10 i j
c) 14 3 i j + d) 5 3 i j

3a)
2 5
,
2 1
a b
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
,
4
3
c
| |
=
|
\ .
,
5
2
d

| |
=
|
\ .

3 3
,
5 6
e f

| | | |
= =
| |

\ . \ .
,
1 5
,
3 2
g h
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .

4a)
4
7
| |
|
\ .
b)
13
5
| |
|
\ .

c)
8
9
| |
|
\ .
d)
3
5
| |
|
\ .

5a) 7.21 units b) 8.54 units
c) 9.06 units d) 8.60 units
e)9.22 units f) 4.47 units
6. | | 5 a = units, | | 6.08 b = units,
| | 4.47 c = units, | | 5.39 d = units
7a)
3 4
5 5
i j + b)
3 4
5 5
i j
c)
5 12
13 13
i j + d)
7
53
2
53
| |
|
|
|
|
\ .

e)
3
5
4
5
| |
|
|
|
|
\ .
f)
3
13
2
13
| |
|
|
|
|
\ .

8a) 3 10 i j + b) 5 2 i j + c) 10 6 i j +
9a)
9
1
| |
|
\ .
b)
0
2
| |
|
\ .
c)
3
4
| |
|
\ .

10. 7 4 i j +
11a) 8 21 i j b) 8 16 i j + c) 5 j
12a)
18
13
| |
|
\ .
b)
1
9
| |
|
\ .
c)
19
4
| |
|
\ .

13a) 11 2 i j + b) 4 3 i j
14a) 24 36 i j + b)
27
9
2
i j +
c)
15
5
2
i j +

SCKung
44
15a)
64
96
| |
|
\ .
b)
6
9
| |
|
\ .
c)
16
3
8
| |
|
|
|
\ .

16a) 26 4 i j b) 5 65 units
c)
19 4
377 377
i j +
17a)
29
14
| |
|
\ .
b) 685 units c)
20
1361
31
1361
| |
|
|
|
|
\ .

18a) i) 2 6 i j + ii)
4 12
5 5
i j
iii)
24 7
5 5
i j + b)
24 7
25 25
i j +
19a) i) 8 7 i j ii)
16 14
3 3
i j
iii)
37 20
3 3
i j iv)
13 1
3 3
i j +
b)
13 1
170 170
i j +
20a) m =
113
, 30
5
n = b) 12 9 i j
21a) 2, 26 b) 77
22a) (5, 3) b)
5 3
34 34
i j c)
36
7

23a) h = 7, k =
1
1
2
b) 8.322
24a) p= 25 or 7 b) p= 16
25a) h =
1
2
, k = 3 b)
4 5
41 41
i j +
26. m = 3
27. p = 1
28a) m =
2
2
5
, k =
1
1
5
b)
1 1
2 2
i j +

CHAPTER 4a Vector

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CHAPTER 4a Vector

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SCKung

M.Sc (Teaching Maths)

and 4 , b a = find the value of k.

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