By:

Dr. Balhan A. Alsaadi

P.U.P.R Professor
Evaluation of the Non linear
Behavior of Structural
Concrete Elements subjected
to Seismic loads

Evaluacin del comportamiento
no lineal de elementos
estructurales de hormign
sometido
a cargas ssmicas


1.
Identify
or Revise
Criteria



2.
Generate
Trial
Design

3.
Develop
Model
6.
Refine
Design











5.

Performance
Evaluate
Structural
Design

4.
Analyze
Model
High probability of
Failure
High Uncertainty
Importance of
Details
Earthquake Protective Design Philosophical
Issues
Target Building Performance:
1.
Structural Performance Level:






Immediate Occupancy
Damage Control Range
Life Safety
Limited Safety Range
Collapse Prevention
Not Considered
Elastic vs. Inelastic Response
The red line shows the
force and displacement
that would be reached
if the structure
responded elastically.
The green line shows
the actual force vs.
displacement response
of the structure
The pink line indicates
the minimum strength
required to hold
everything together
during inelastic
behavior
The blue line is the
force level that we
design for.
We rely on the ductility
of the system to
prevent collapse.
5
From 1997 NEHRP
Provisions

1. Linear Static
Equivalent
Lateral
force Method
2.Linear
Dynamic
Modal
Response
Spectrum
Analysis
Method


3.Nonlinear
Static
Including
P- A
4. Nonlinear
Time History
Seismic Load Structural
Analysis Procedure
Analysis Options:
1.




























Linear static - (considered the
least accurate)
Linear model subject to lateral
loading determined by ASCE 7-10.
Similar to IBC 2009 equivalent
lateral force method.
Allowed only for structures without
irregularities defined in ASCE 7).
Allowed only for some structures
which do not have any irregularities defined.
Plan Structural Irregularities
1a - Torsional Irregularity
1b - Extreme Torsional Irregularity
2 - Re-entrant Corners
3 - Diaphragm Discontinuity
4 - Out-of-plane Offsets
5 - Nonparallel Systems
8
Analysis Options:
2.

























Linear Dynamic Response Spectrum
Analysis Method (considered more
accurate than the LS)
Linear model subjected to response
spectral or time history loading.
Allowed only for some structures
which do not have any irregularities
defined for the NSP.
Design Response Spectrum
10
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
T
S
T
0
Period, seconds
S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l

A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,

g

0.4S
DS
S
a
= S
D1
/ T
S
a
= S
DS
(0.4 + 0.6 T/T
0
)
S
a
= S
D1
T
L
/ T
2
Drawn for
S
S
= 1.0, F
a
= 1.0
S
1
= 0.4, F
v
= 1.5
T
L
= 4
Analysis Options:
3.

























Nonlinear static Including P- A
(considered accurate enough
for most structures)
Structural model which Include
P- A effect.

Structural model with nonlinear
material behavior assigned to structural
elements subjected to an earthquake
Stability: P- Effects
12
P

Deflection introduces P- moment
which increases deflection, which
increases moment ..

Structure must be designed to
prevent collapse due to P- effects
Analysis Options:





















Buildings with non-orthogonal
lateral system.
Building with a vertical stiffness
irregularity.
Building which has a torsional
stiffness irregularity in any story.
Any structure where the horizontal
dimension of any story exceeds that
of an adjacent story by 1.4.
Required if any of the following are true:
Analysis Options:
4.





























Nonlinear time history -
(considered the most accurate)
Structural model with nonlinear
material behavior assigned to
structural elements subjected to an
earthquake time history loading.
Required for certain structures
including those when R> Rmax. R is
a parameter related to the structures
capacity / the seismic demand.
Permitted for all structures
Nonlinear Modeling :
Nonlinear static With P- D

A model that considers material nonlinearity in
all elements which comprise it including:


1.





2

3


4.



5.

6.
Likely plastic hinge regions modeled with
FEMA 356 nonlinear hinges.

Member curvature and lateral drift

Duration of loads and the effects of shrinkage
and creep
Concrete elements behavior under Service loads
(Serviceability) which include Deflection control
and cracking control
Allowances for Moment Redistribution
Interaction with the supporting foundation



Uncracked
Section

Cracked
Section

F
Idealized Behavior

Actual Behavior
c) Load-displacement overall to
laterl load bihavior of the member
M
Mn
My



Mcr
\
Fn
Fy
Cracked Section
Semi-cracked Section
Uncracked Section
Fcr
a) RC cantilever subjected b) behavior at the section
Behavior of reinforced concrete element in flexure (a) member subjected
to lateral load, (b) moment-curvature response, (c) load-deformation
response
Service
Actual Behavior
Lateral
Load




Ultimate

Yield

Factored
Load versus deflection behavior of a reinforced concrete frame
Displacement
Ib = Icr/b
ACI 10.10.4.1 Recommended EI (Option 1)



Compression Members:
Columns

Walls Uncracked

Cracked

Flexural Members:

Beams

Flat plates/slabs
0.70EcI g
0.70EcI g
0.35EcI g




0.35EcI g
0.25EI g
Compression Members:
EI = [ 0.80 + 25
Ast
Ag
] [ 1-
Mu
Puh
- 0.5
Pu
P0
] E Ig
0.35 EIg EI 0.875E Ig


Flexural Members:
EI= (0.10+ 25 ) [ 1.2- 0.2
bw
d
] EIg
0.25 EIg EI 0.5 EIg

ACI 10.10.4.1 Recommended EI (Option 2)
EI

Inelastic Hinge Spring
EI
( EI
M
My

Elastic
End rotation, \
Rigid-Plastic Hinge
EI
\ y
a) Concentrated-Hinge Models

M





My

Curvature, \
b) Spread-of-plasticity Model
Nonlinear beam-column element models for frame analysis (a) concentrated-
hinge type, (b) spread-of-plasticity type.
Definition of Drift
22
I
C
xe d
x
o
o

=
Structural displacement,
where,
=
xe
o
Elastic deflection calculated
from design forces
=
d
C Deflection amplification factor
Importance factor
= I
P-Delta
What if your analysis program includes P-
Delta and you dont want to make a second
set of output?
u
max
must still be checked
Compute u* from displacements that
include P-Delta, then


23
max
* 1
*
u
u
u
u s
+
=
P-Delta
What if your analysis program includes P-
Delta and you dont want to make a second
set of output?
u
max
must still be checked
Compute u* from displacements that
include P-Delta, then


24
max
* 1
*
u
u
u
u s
+
=
Drift Ratio Limits
Structure Occupancy Category UBC
I or II III IV
4 stories, no masonry 0.025 0.020 0.015 0.025*
Masonry cantilever 0.010 0.010 0.010
Other masonry 0.007 0.007 0.007
All other 0.020 0.015 0.010 0.020*
25
Nonlinear of Concrete Structures
Why?
Improving our prediction of the expected
range of structural response by modeling
real behavior.
Reduce the uncertainties that we control.
Understand those that we cannot.
Develop our model in the mind.
Nonlinear of Concrete Structures
Why?

By exploring solutions inside the code
Alternate Means of Compliance
By reducing structural scope and cost
By improving structural & seismic performance
for the same or lower scope/cost.
By improving post-earthquake outcomes and
reducing life-cycle costs.
While improving our understanding of structural
behavior to make us better Designers
INPUT DATA:
fc, fy, b, d, h, Asi , difrom the compression fiber
Ec=57,000 *SQR(fc), fc=0.9*fc
c o=1.71*fc/Ec, Es=29,000,000 Psi
FOR c c=0 to .003
Z =c cm /c0
o= Ln(1+Z^2)/Z
=1- 2*(Z- tan^-1(Z))/( o * Z^2)
1
c si =c cm - ( Xn-di)/Xn
fsi =c si - Es
Tsi =E Asi * fsi
Cc =o * fc *b * Xn
Find Xn which develop
Cc=Ts
N o
Yes
M=Cc*(h/2-

*Xn) + Tsi *(h/2-di)
u
=
c
cm/Xn
NEXT
c
c
MOMENT CURVATURE DIAGRAM EXACT APPROACH
by: Dr. Balhan A. Alsaadi
M-C DIAGRAM FOR MU+
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Beam Section
Mu +
(12* 20) in
3# 8
2# 8
INPUT DATA:
fc, fy, b, d, h, Asi , difrom the compression fiber
Ec=57,000 *SQR(fc), fc=0.9*fc, P0
c
co=1.71*fc/Ec, ccm=.003 , Es=29,000,000 Psi
FOR P =0 to P0
Z =c cm /c0
o= Ln(1+Z^2)/Z
=1- 2*(Z- tan^-1(Z))/( o * Z^2)
1
c si =c cm - ( Xn-di)/Xn
fsi =c si - Es
Tsi =E Asi * fsi
Cc =o * fc *b * Xn
Find Xn which develop
P+Cc=Ts
N o
Yes
Mn=Cc*(h/2-

*Xn) + Tsi *(h/2-di)
u =
c cm/Xn
NEXT

P
IINTERACTION DIAGRAM EXACT APPROACH
by: Dr. Balhan A. Alsaadi
INTERACTION DIAGRAM
Exact -Approach
by: Dr. Balhan A. Alsaadi
Pmax
ct >=.005
6# 8
fc=3Ksi
fy=50 Ksi
=0.8
b=16 in


h=24 in
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Pn [kips]
Pb
Mb =
eb
e

m
i
n

Section tension - controlled
Transition zone
c y <= c t <.005
c t = c y
Balanced strain condition
Section compression - controlled
c t < c y
Maximum axial compression
c c=0.003
c c=0.003
c c=0.003
c c=0.003
c c=0.003
Mn (K. Inch)
Seismic Hazard & Ground Motions


















Earthquake Ground Motion
Selection and Scaling
Source: GeologyCafe.com (Base map modified after the Geologic Map
of California by Jenning, C.W., 1997, California Dept. of Mines and
Geology)
ASCE 7- 2010 Seismic Provisions

and

Determination of Seismic design Categories

By
IBC 2009
Seismic Design Categories
To be determined for every structure
function of:
Occupancy Category
Spectral Response Accelerations S
DS
and S
D1
.
Used to determine analysis options,
detailed requirements, height limitations,
and other limits on usage.
Seismic Design Categories labeled A-F
36
Seismic Ground Motion Values
Mapped Acceleration Parameters
S
s
= Mapped 5% damped, spectral response
acceleration parameter at short periods

S
1
= Mapped 5% damped spectral response
acceleration parameter at a period of 1 sec.

.
37
Site Classes
38
Compute S
MS
and S
M1

S
MS
= F
a
S
S

F
a
from Table 11.4-1


S
M1
= F
v
S
1

F
v
from Table 11.4-2

39
Spectral Response Accelerations S
DS

and S
D1
S
DS
is the design, 5% damped, spectral
response acceleration for short periods.
S
D1
is the design, 5% damped, spectral
response acceleration at a period of 1 sec.
S
DS
and S
D1
are used in selecting the Seismic
Design Category and in the analysis methods.


40
S
DS
= 2*S
MS
/3 S
D1
= 2*S
M1
/3
Importance Factor, I
See ASCE 7-05 Table 11.5-1
Function of Occupancy Category
Requirement for structures adjacent to
occupancy category IV structures where access
is needed to get to the category IV structure.
41
Seismic Design Category
continued.
S
D1
= 0.351
S
DS
= 0.535

Use Seismic
Design
Category D
42
Seismic Provisions Example A
Beginners Guide to ASCE 7-05
Deformation Compatibility
Applies to
SD Category D+
All structural components not in SFRS
Check capacity for gravity load combined with
effects induced from design drift; rational
analysis of restraint required
ACI 318 Chap 21 acceptable alternate

43

Component resisting earthquake
effect
and
the ACI Section of Chapters to
Be Satisfied
Seismic Design Category SDS
A B C D, E, F
Energy Dissipation In nonlinear range of response
Ordinary Ordinary Intermediate Special
Chapters 1 to 19 and 22
None 21.1.1.4 21.1.1.5 21.1.1.6
Analysis and design
requirements





None
21.1.2 21.1.2 21.1.2 & 21.1.3
Materials
None None 21.1.4 to 21.1.7
Frame members
21.2 21.3 21.5 & 21.6 & 21.7 & 21.8
Structural walls and
coupling beams



None
None 21.9
Precast structural walls
21.4 21.4 & 21.10
Structural diaphragms and
trusses


None
21.11
Foundations
21.12
Frame members not
proportioned to resist forces
induced by earthquake
motions
21.13
Anchors
21.1.8 21.1.8
ACI Table R21.1.1 SECTIONS OF CHAPTER 21 TO BE SATSFIED IN TYPICAL APPLICATINS
5. 1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S
6. 0.9D + 1.0W
7. 0.9D + 1.0 E
1. 1.4D
2. 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
3. 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.5W)
4. 1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
E=Eh+Ev
E=Eh-Ev
E = seismic load effect
Eh = effect of horizontal seismic forces

Ev = effect of vertical seismic forces
Eh= QE
EV=0.2*SDS*D
5. (1.2 + 0.2SDS)D + QE + L + 0.2S
7. (0.9 0.2SDS)D + QE + 1.6H
The load factor on H shall be set equal to zero in combination 7 if
the structural action due to H counteracts that due to E
= Overstrength Factor (ASCE 7-10) Table 12.2-1

Required Strength (Factored Load) ACI-318-11 and ASCE 7-10
ORDINARY STRUCTURAL (SDC B )
ACI 21.2 Ordinary MOMENT FRAME
a.) Ordinary Moment Frames shall satisfy ACI 21.2
b.) Ordinary Reinforced Concrete Structural Walls need not satisfy ACI Chapter 21 provisions
ACI 21.2 Ordinary Moment Frames
ACI 21.2.2 Beams shall have at least two of the longitudinal bars continuous along
top and bottom faces and must be developed at the face of support

ACI 21.2.3 Columns having clear height (Lu<=5*C1) shall satisfy the ACI 21.3.3.2
for shear provisions.
Vu=(Mnt+Mnb)/Lu Column flexural strength shall be calculate for Pu
uVn>= Min resulting in the highest flexural strength
ACI 21.3.3.2 Vu= (1.2 + 0.2SDS)VD + 2 VQE +V L + 0.2VS

ACI 21.3 INTERMEDIATE MOMENT FRAMES( SDC C )
PU<= (AG*f`c/10) Beam Reinforcement Details ACI 21.3.4

PU> (AG*f`c/10) Column Reinforcement Details ACI 21.3.5

Two Way Slab system without beams ACI 21.3.6

Vu=(Mnt+Mnb)/Lu Column flexural strength shall be calculate for Pu
uVn>= Min resulting in the highest flexural strength
ACI 21.3.3.2 Vu= (1.2 + 0.2SDS)VD + 2 VQE +V L + 0.2VS

Vu=(Mnl+Mnr)/Ln + Wu*Ln/2

uVn>= Min Where : Wu=1.2D+1.0L+.2S

ACI 21.3.3.1 Vu= (1.2 + 0.2SDS)VD + 2 VQE +V L + 0.2VS

Beam
Shear
Strength
Column
Shear
Strength
-
Mn >= 1/3 Mn
+ -
Mn >= 1/5( Mn)max. face
Mn Mn
_
_
ACI 21.3.4 Beams ( SDC C )

2h
2h
h
b
Smax=Min
d/4
8*db (longitudinal)
24*db(hoop)
12 inches
Over length 2h
From support
face
-
+
-
-
+
+
+
Smax=d/2 < Spacing Limits in
ACI 11.4.5
_
ACI 21.3.5 Column( SDC C )
L0
L0
L0
L0
8*db (Longitudinal)
24 db (hoop)
C1
0.5 * Min
C2
12 Inches

L0=Max

1/6*Lu

C1
C2
18 Inches
Maximum spacing
over length
Lo from joint face
S0=Min
s0
s0
C1
C2
S
m
a
x

<

S
p
a
c
i
n
g

L
i
m
i
t
s


i
n

A
C
I

1
1
.
4
.
5

_

Max
ACI 21.5 Beams
ACI 21.5.1.1 Pu < _
Ag*f`c /10
ACI 21.5.1.2
Ln
> _
4d
Min
0.3h
10
Min
C2 +2C2
C2+1.5C1
ACI 21.5.1.3 ACI 21.5.1.4
SPECIAL MOMENT FRAME (SDC DEF)
Bwmin =
Bwmax =
Mn >= 0.5 Mn
+ -
Mn >= 0.25*( Mn ) Suup.face
Mn Mn
_
_
ACI 21.5.2 Beams Longitudinal Reinforcement
+
-
+
+
-
-
-
Asmax=0.025 bw*d
Asmin=
Max
3
f`c
fy
bw*d
200
fy
bw*d
Lap Splices of flexural reinforcement shall be Enclosed
over the lap length by hoops at maximum spacing:
Smax=Min
d/4
4
Lap splices shall no be used
Within the Joint
2h from the support face
Maximum flexural Yielding
ACI 21.5.3 Lap splices and Transverse reinforcement




Vu = (1.2 + 0.2SDS)VD + 2 VQE +V L + 0.2VS

Mpr1+Mpr2
ln
2
Ve = +
Vureq =Max
(1.2WD+1.0WL+.02s)*ln
uVn=uVc+uVs
uVc=0 If both occur
Mpr1+Mpr2
ln
Pu< _ Ag*f`c / 20
>
_ 0.5Vureq
2h
2h
h
b
Smax=Min
d/4
6*db (longitudinal)
6 inches
Over length 2h From support face
ln
Mpr2
Mpr1
ACI 21.5.4 Beams Shear Strength and Transverse reinforcement
Mpr=As*(1.25*fy)*(d-a/2)
Ast*(1.25*fy)
0.85f`c*b
a =
Smax=d/2 < Spacing Limits in ACI 11.4.5 _
ACI 21.6 Columns
ACI 21.6.1
Pu> Ag f`c/10
ACI 21.6.1.1
C1 >
_
12
C2 >
_
12
ACI 21.6.1.2
C2
C1
> _ 0.4
Asmax=.06 Ag
Asmin=.01 Ag
ACI 21.6.3.1
Strong column/weak beam design moments
Mn,l
_
Mn,l
+
Mn,top
col
Mn,l
_
Mn,r
+
Mn,l
+
Mn,r
_
Mn,bot
col
Mn,l
_
Mn,l
+
Mn,bot
col
Mn,bot
col
Mn,bot
col
Mn,bot
col
Mn,top
col
Mn,top
col
Mn,top
col
Mn,bot
col
M + M > (M +M )
col col
n bot
n top
_
+ -
n
n
6
_
5
Nominal column moments must be checked
at maximum and minimum axial forces.
ACI 21.6 Columns

L0=Max

1/6*Lu

Max
C1
C2
18 Inches
Maximum
Spacing over
length Lo
from joint face
S0Max
S0Max
L0
L0
L0
L0
C1
C2
6*db (Longitudinal)
C1
0. 25 * Min
C2

4<=[S0=4+( )]<=6

S0 Max=Min
3
14-hx
Ashmin = max
0.3 S*bc*f`c
fy
[(
Ag
Ach
)-1 ]
0.09
S*bc*f`c
fy
S<= Min
6db
6
Joint of Special moment frames
Beam in both side of column
Vuj =1.25 fy (As top+As bot) - Vcol
Beams in one side of column
1.25 fy (As top) - Vcol
1.25 fy (As bot) - Vcol
Vuj = Max
Joint configurations and strength coefficients
u Vn= fc Aj
ACI21.9.7 Coupling Beams
Ln/h >=4 Design as flexural member of special moment
frame for moment and shear
Ln/h <2
Vu> 4
fc Acw
AND
Two intersection groups of diagonally
placed bars symmetrical about mid span
2<=Ln/h <4
Vu> 4
fc Acw
OR
Two intersection groups of diagonally
placed bars symmetrical about mid span
Design as flexural member of special moment
frame for moment and shear
OR
fc
| Vnmax= | -10 -
>= bw/5
Avd req =
Vu
| *2 *fy * Sin o
Additional longitudinal and transverse reinforcement Shall be
distributed around the beam perimeter in each direction
AS additional l = 0.002 bw * S S=12
PREGUNTAS?