Transportation is the movement of people or goods from one place to another. Early forms of transportation included walking, rafts, sleds pulled by animals, and carts with wooden wheels pulled by cows or horses. The wheel, one of the most important inventions in history, allowed for faster transportation via carts and other wheeled vehicles like cars, buses, trains, bicycles, and planes. Animals continue to be used for transportation today.
Transportation is the movement of people or goods from one place to another. Early forms of transportation included walking, rafts, sleds pulled by animals, and carts with wooden wheels pulled by cows or horses. The wheel, one of the most important inventions in history, allowed for faster transportation via carts and other wheeled vehicles like cars, buses, trains, bicycles, and planes. Animals continue to be used for transportation today.
Transportation is the movement of people or goods from one place to another. Early forms of transportation included walking, rafts, sleds pulled by animals, and carts with wooden wheels pulled by cows or horses. The wheel, one of the most important inventions in history, allowed for faster transportation via carts and other wheeled vehicles like cars, buses, trains, bicycles, and planes. Animals continue to be used for transportation today.
James Styri ng Read and di scover al l about transportatl on i n the past and today ... . What were the first planes made of? . How fast can solar cars travel? Read and di scover more about the worl dl Thi s seri es of non-fi cti on readers provi des i nteresti ng and educati onaI content, wl th acti vi ti es and proj ect work. Series Editor: HazeI Geatches @ Rudio CD Pack avaitabte / a nl8ou*?*',', Cover photograph: Robert Hardi ng Wortd l magery (Tranr rrr bl ri l rerl ||xrl ton fft|l dtr Then and Now James Styring lntroduction 1 Then and Now 2 Boats and Ships 3 Trains, Buses, and Trucks 4 Bicycles and Motorcycles 5 Cars 6 Aircraft 7 Around the World 8 ln the Future Activities Projects Glossary About Read and Discover OXTORD I ' NI VBRSI TY PRESS 3 4 8 t 2 16 20 24 28 32 36 52 54 56 oxF()t{t) t Nl \ ' t l ( \ t I ) t , l t l i ss ( ; r ei l l ( ; l i [ ( , n( l ( ) | St n. ( . 1. 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I I (Af P). l 2 (Hul t on Archi ve). l 3 (Chung Sung l ur)). l 6 (l l l l l t on Archi ve), 19 (Get t yl ut ages), 27 (AI P/ Yv(' s Rossyl : l \ , l i Lrrt en LI dema Phot ogrrphy p 8 (caDoe): NASA l Dr. rg(. s l )l ) 27 (l )i l e(hl usl , 34; Oxf ord l , i ct ure Li bEl y p 3t ((. hri \ An(l r(' ws/ l )uI t i t rg): Oxf i )rd Uni versi ry Press pp 3, 7, 9, 17. l l { {l l l \ , l X). 24. 25. 42: PA I ' hot os p 35 (Segway); Skysai l s (; nrbl | & (i ). K(; . Al l ri ght s rcseNed p 32: ' l bpForo p 2 I (The ( ; r . r nr ( . r ( i r l l c( t i onl . Transportation is the movement of people or goods from one place to another. We can transport things in the water, i n the ai r, or over l and. We can use ani mal s, vehicles, or just our feet. Sometimes we travel for work, and someti mes for vacati on or j ust for fun. What transportati on can you see here? What transportati on have you used? What other transportati on do you know? l l r r ' . l r ' , 1 r . , l ' r r [ 1, 1] , , 1 l ' . r l r ' r l t , l i l , r . t t t l t r 1l . i l l ( l \ ' l l i l r . r i l , r l t , ( 1 , , , i l r , r , , ow read and di scover more about transportati on! ,lt flhen andNow Until about 7,00O years ago, people had to walk everywhere. Then they started to use animals for People used horses and donkeys for transportation in lots of places. People also used camels in Africa, elephants in Asia, and llamas in South America. People still use animals for transportation today. The Fi rst Vehi cl es People made rafts from tree trunks. They floated on their rafts along rivers and on lakes. It was easier than swimming, and they didn't get wet. These were the first vehicles. Sleds were like rafts, but they were used on land. They were useful because it's easier to pull heavy things than to lift them. The Wheel About 51500 years ago, people added wheels to sleds. Farmers and traders made carts with two or four wooden wheels. Cows and horses pulled the carts. Carts with wheels were much faster than sleds. The wheel is one of the most important inventions in history, and today you can see wheels everywhere. Cars, buses, trucks, trains, bicycles, motorcycles, and planes all have wheels. \il(rheels are important ln englnes, too. A truck with a lot of trailers is cal l ed a road trai n. The longest road train was Austratian. It had 117 trai l ers with 2,126 wheels! transportation. later, people invented vehicles. Ani mal s r i , i r - i , i t r cnal Tr anspor t at i on Until about 10,000 years ago, people lived in small family groups and they didn't travel a lot. Then, as villages and towns became bigger, people had to travel to find food. People used animals to carry goods like meat and fur. Then about 61000 years ago, people started to travel long distances to trade metals, salt, and spices. Ships began trading in the Middle East 4,500 years ago. People used ships because animals could not travel over water. Soon, people were trading all around Europe and Asia. Traders took Chi nese si tk to Europe atong the Si tk Road 2,500 years ago. They used horses and camets to carry the Transport at i on Today Today, every country in the world uses water, air, and land transportation to trade food, fuel, clothes, and other goods like cars and televisions. Tourists started to go on vacation by train and boat 200 years ago. From about 1960, with the invention of large passenger planes, tourism became very popular. Today, about 900 million tourists travel to another counffy every year. In 2001, an American called Dennis Tito was the first space tourist. He flew in a Russian spaceship to the International Space Station. tVill tourists travel to the moon one dav? -rn Go to pages 36-37 for activities. ,i; si l k more than 3,000 ki l ometers. \ ffi@@tumd We use boats and shi ps to transport passengers and frei ght. Boats and shi ps can travel al ong ri vers and across l akes and oceans. What boats or shi ps have The first vehicles that people used on water were rafts made from tree trunks. Then more than 51000 years ago, people made canoes. They used paddles to power their canoes. People still use canoes today. ln t947, Thor Heyerdaht buitt a raft similar to the ancient rafts. He saited Kon-Tiki 8,000 kitometers from Peru to an island in the Pacific Ocean. t It I ,$ . t t ' ' t q i$ T t 4 r j r ' I . .:lI .{ $ ' l i { The Fi x"st S&: i ps Egyptian traders sailed the first ships about 4,500 years ago on the River Nile. Later, the Ancient Greeks sailed larger ships around the Mediterranean Sea. Their ships were fast because they used sails, and at the same time men rowed with oars. Traders sailed between the Middle East and India in small ships with triangular sails. Chinese, Korean, and Japanese traders had large ships with square sails. Chinese people invented the compass about 21000 years ago. Compasses point to north, and they help people to sail in the right direction across oceans. They are still important for sailors today. i!i!r 1:1i you traveled onj ' ; {t - . ' ' Thw {:6rs* ffiq:uxts ' l ' l rc Vi l <.i ngs l i r.ed i n Dcnmark, Norl vav, and Su,cden r ut r oLr t I . ( ) 00 vear s ago. Tl ' r ev sai l ed ar ound Eur ope, ancl t hcl cr ossed t he At l ant i c Ocean t o Canada. At thc sumc ti me, hundrcds of shi ps \\' ere tradi ng betu' een . f apan, I i or ca, Chi na, and count r i es i n Sout heast Asi a. I i r onr about 1500' Eur opcan shi ps sai l ccl t o Nor t h ancl Sout l - r Ar - r - r cr i ca, Af r i ca, and Asi a. ' f hci r j our ncvs s( ) mct i nt cs t ( ) ok vcar s. A l ot of sl - r i ps sank cl ur i ng st ( ) r l ns. ' l ' hc shi ps \ \ ' cr c smal l ar - r ci t hc sai l r l r s \ \ ' cr c brar,c. l )i rates oftcr-t attackccl sl -ri 1-l s anci stol e gol cl i tncl si l vcr. Af t cr : l bout 1800, shi ps bccl r r - nc i mpor t ant f i r r i nt cr nat i onal t r ade i n goocl s l i kc cof - f be) t ca. , and spi ces. Sl -ri ps becamc bi gger, and thc1,' had a l ot of sai l s to hel p then-r so faster. I !' ,y 1 t , ut l i * r t r . . j St cam cngi r - r cs pou' cr ccl m( ) st sl - r i ps af t cr about 1850. St cam shi ps hacl pr opcl l cr s anci t hcl ' \ \ ' cr c f i r st cr t l - r an sai l i ng shi ps. Ti rdav, wc makc modcrn sl ' ri ps fron-t r - nct al , and t l - r ci r cngi ncs use oi l or di e scl . J- hcr e ar e about 35, 000 cor r ul cr ci al shi ps ar ouncl t hc r . l or l d. Frei ghters carrv fbod and cl othes., supcrtankers t r anspor t oi l , and cr ui se shi ps car r \ . passenger s on vacati on. I(orea bui l ds the most sl -ri ns i n the worl d. { '\ t 1 A. nr yui L tQ'Zt-::S'*> t;l( .-\" - \ r / some super t anker s ar e as l ong as t he t al t est skyscrapers. Knock Nevi s i s 458 met er s [ ong. Sai t or s use bi cyct es t o t r aveI al ong t he shi p! Go t o pages 38- 39 f or act i vi t i es. Transportati on became much faster after the i nventi on of engi nes. We use buses to transport peopl e and goods, trucks to transport frei ght, and trai ns to transport peopl e and frei ght. In 1804, Richard Trevithick built the first train in \Wales in the United I{ingdom. fts steam engine used coal to heat water. The hot water made steam, and the steam powered the engine. The train moved along two metal tracks called a railroad. In 1825, the world's first railroad system opened in the United I(ngdom. Soon, railroads with steam trains were common all around the world. By 1930, steam trains could travel at about 150 ki l ometers per hour .:,,,,.,:r:r"r,,.' :,i i ,' :,,:.: ,,: ln 1862 the first underground train system opened in London in the United ICngdom. Today, more than 160 cities around the world have underground trains. Modern trains have electric motors or diesel engines. Some long-distance trains have restaurants, and sleeper cars with beds for passengers to sleep in. Trains are good because they use less fuel per passenger than cars, buses, or pl anes. Some hi gh-speed trai ns can travel at more than 300 kilometers per hour. ffi ".l QJ rhe tongest trai n j ourney i n t he wort d i s 9,288 ki l ometers. The Trans-Si beri an Express takes si x days to travel across Russi a, from Moscow to Vl adi vostok. --=-**{tt':. Moscow I*\ \ \-/ d Vladivostok Hnrses pulled the first buses 200 years ago. Buses became popul ar as ci ti es became bi gger, because people traveled on buses to get to work. Modern buses have diesel engines or electric motors. Most buses can carry more than 40 passengers, and some very long, arti cul ated buses can carry 120 peopl e. In many countries, special buses take children to school. In places with no trains, buses carry passengers long di stances between ci ti es. In some countries, buses carry a lot of passengers and goods. \il7here the hills are very big, people use trucks instead of buses because they are more powerful. 'frains can only go on railroads, but trucks can go anyr;vhere where there are roads. Trucks can carry many different things. Tanker trucks carry gasoline or milk. Refrigerator trucks keep food cold. In mining areas, people use huge trucks to carry coal and rocks. Long trucks often have a cab for the driver and a separate trailer for the freight. The cab with a separate trailer helps long trucks to turn. Some cabs have a bed, so the driver can drive a long distance and then stop and sleep. Go to pages 40-41 for acti vi ti es. In busy cities, bicycles and motorcycles are usefu[. They are narrow so they can go past cars and buses in traffic jams. Can you rlde a bicycte? f f i l a' p' e l es The first bicycles were made of wood. Then after 1850 they were made of metal. Early bicycles, called high-wheel bicycles, were uncomfortable because they had no tires. The front wheel was very big, and there were no gears or brakes. Cyclists often crashed. Modern bicycles are safer because they have brakes and their wheels are both the same size. They also have rubber tires so they are comfortable. People cycle to work or school, and for fun and sport. Bicycles are good because they don'r produce pollution. There are 1,000 mi tl i on bi cycl es i n How Bi eyc{es \' Vmrk The cyclist sits on the saddle and turns the pedals. The pedals move the chain, and the chain powers the back wheel. Gears help the bicycle to go faster, or to go up hills. The cyclist stops the bicycle with the brakes. It's good for cyclists to wear a helmet and gloves. These protect their head and hands in a fall or a crash. 6'm _ i3i fd .&., br ake the worl d, and onl y 600 mi tti on cars. f r ont whee{ back wheel BMX bicycles are small. They are for doing tricks. Mountain bikes are for off-road cycling, so they have thick tires and strong frames. Mountain bikes are one of the most popular types of bi cycl e. Racing bikes are light. They have narrow tires, and they can travel at 40 ki l ometers per hour. The mosr famous bicycle race is the Tour de France i n Europe.The race i s about 3,500 ki l ometers and i t usual l y takes 23 days every summer. Recumbent bicycles look funny, but they are very comfortabl e. The cycl i st l i es down and the pedal s are at the front of the bi cycl e. 300 kilometers per hour! ,(z:\i/\, &6'.x \C/ In 1991, Yasuyuki Kudo rode for 331 ki t omet ers on t he back wheel of Motorcycles can carry one or two people. The engine powers the back wheel with a chain, like a bicycle. Motorcycles are heavier than bicycles, and they have a strong, metal frame, and thick tires. Motorcyclists have to wear a helmet and leather clothes to protect themselves. Motorcycle racing is a popular sport. The riders lean very near to the ground so that they can turn quickly. Some motorcycles can go faster than I n2008, Mark Beaumont cycted 29,440 t he wort d. He vi si t ed 20 count ri es i n ki tometers 194 days. hi s mot orcycl e i n Tsukuba, Japan. around Go to pages 42-43 for acti vi ti es. ff,6 rr'*$ Cars are the most popular type of motorized transportation. we use cars to go to work or school, to go shopping, and for vacation. There are family cars, fast sports cars, and special cars tike potice cars and taxis. Tf r e *{i st or y of Car s can you imagine a world without cars? we have only had cars for about l2o years. people laughed at the first cars. They were slow and noisy. Two German engineers, Daimler and Benz, made the first car with a gasol i ne engi ne i n 1885. It onl y had three wheel s. From about 1905, companies like Rolls-Royce started to make cars. They were very expensive because peopl e made each car by hand. Then, i n 1913, the Ford Motor Company started to make their Model T car in a special factory. Ford's factories produced cars quickly, so the Model T was less expensive than other cars. By I 927 , there were more than 15 million Model Ts on the roads. Gasoline in the USA was cheap and people wanted to travel long distances, so by 1950, American cars were large. In Europe and Asia, drivers preferred small cars that were better in city traffic. Most cars have a gasol i ne or a di esel engi ne. The drivcr starrs the engine with a key. The engine can powcr the front wheels, the back wheels, or all four wheels. The driver uses the pedals to go faster, to change gears, and to stop. Drivers of automati c cars don' t need to change the gears. Cars usually have five gears for going forward and one gear for going backward. The driver turns the steering wheel and the steering wheel turns the front wheels. You have to wear a seat belt to protect yourself if there is a crash. Airbags also protect you, but older cars don't have them. Sports cars, l i ke the BugattiVeyron, are low. This helps the car to go fast because air can move easily over it. The Bugatti Veyron goes faster than 400 kilometers per hour. It costs 1.5 mi l l i on US dol l ars, and the peopl e who make the cars have only sold a few hundred since they started to produce them i n 2005. The Peel P50 i s the smal l est car i n the worl d. It was fi rst made i n I 963. It' s 134 centi meters l ong and 99 centi meters wi de. Its top speed i s 61 ki l ometers per hour. The worl d' s l ongest car i s the Ameri can Dream. l t has 24 wheel s and i t ' s 30. 5 met ers [ ong! l t has a swi mmi ng poo[, and a heti copter can [and on i t. Go to pages 44-45 for activities. , gl ' Peopte have dreamed about ftyi ng for thousands of years, but there weren't any pl anes unti l j ust over 100 years ago. Before planes, peopte flew in hot-air batloons. Hot -Ai r Bal l oons How do hot-air balloons fly? Hot air goes up. A fire under the balloon heats the air inside the balloon, so the balloon goes up. In France in 1793, the Montgolfier brothers built the first hot-air balloon for passengers. Ai rshi ps Airships were popular between 1900 and 1940, and they are popular again now. Inside an airship, there's a gas that is lighter than air. This makes the airship stay in the air. Airships have engines and they can fly at 90 kilometers per hour. Fl a nes Planes have changed a lot since the first flight by theWright brothers in 1903. For many years, planes were wooden, and they had two pairs of wings. Today, people make planes from very thin metal and plastics. Airliners can carry hundreds of passengers and their bags. Planes carry freight and letters, too. Some very rich people have their own small plane. Concorde was an airliner that flew between 1976 and 2003. It could fly from Europe to the USA in three hours and 20 minutes - twice as fast as other airliners. It flew at2,140 kilometers per hour. The bi ggest ai rl i ner i s the Ai rbus A380. It can carry more than 850 passengers. lt's a doubl e-decker and i ts wi ngs are l onger than a soccer pi tch! ( r i i r t r l r r How Pl anes Work Planes usually have engines on the wings. The wings are a special shape. Vhen air goes over the wings fast, the air under the wings pushes the plane up, and it flies. The engines make the plane go very fast. Pilots sit in the cockpit, ar the front of the plane. They use the rudder to turn left and right, and they use the tail flaps ro go up and down. The wing flaps control the speed. passengers sit in the cabin. Other Types of Aircraft The Daedalus is a very light plane. A person pedals the plane, like a bicycle. Helicopters have rotors above the cabin. The rotors lift the helicopter into the air. Helicopters are useful because they can keep still in the air and they can fly in any direction. Planes can only go forward. Planes with skis instead of wheels can land on snow. There are also special seaplanes that can land on water. Space shuttles and rockets take astronauts and machines into space. Yves Rossy, from France, i s cal l ed Rocket Man. He has built a very sma[[ ptane with four engi nes on the wi ngs. D ) Go to pages 46-47 for activities. \ ' 1. . t i t l Most pl aces i n the worl d have and bi cycl es, but some pl aces of transportati on. What do you I j , ' t \o,t{:.{ i,,flii ' , vehi cl es l i ke cars have speci aI types t hi nk t hese are? 3 It's very cold in Nunavut in the north of Canada. Some Inuit people use dogs to pull their sleds over rhe ice and snow. Today, many people also travel by snowmobile - a small, motorized vehicle. In Mongolia, roads and railroads go between cities, but in the I(hangai mountains there aren' t many vehicles. Farmers use a donkey or an ox to pull their carts. Traders use camels to transport goods over mountains and across deserts. People also travel long distances on horses. There aren' t any cars' buses, trucks, or even bi cycl es i nVeni ce.Thi s i s because there are no roads.The ci ty was built on a lot of small islands and there are bri dges between them. Peopl e wal k on smal l roads called paths, and over bridges, but most iourneys in Venice are by boat. People take water buses to work and to school, and water taxis to the airport and to the train station' Ambul ances and fi re engi nes are boats, too!The people of Venice have traveled by gondola for hundreds of years. A gondol i er stands at the back and powers the gondola with an oar. Today, most gondolas are for the tourists. Delhi is a busy city, and the traffic is slow. Most people travel on buses, trains, or underground trains. Bicycles and rickshaws are also popular. A rickshaw is a cart for goods or passengers. A rickshaw has two wheels and a person pulls it. A cycle rickshaw has three wheels. The front is like a bicycle and the driver pedals the rickshaw. An auto rickshaw has a small engine. It's the fastest type of rickshaw, but it,s noisv and it makes a lot of pollution. Oxford is a small city and there aren't many hills, so bicycles are popular. Also, bicycles are cheap and people enjoy cycling in the fresh air. Many of the city's streets are small and old, so it's much quicker to travel by bicycle than by car or bus. Some cyclists carry their shopping and even their dogs in baskets or bicycle trailers. People enjoy punting on the river in Oxford. A punt is a wooden river boat. To move the punt, You push on the bottom of the river with a long wooden or metal pol e. ' i fu . - ! i . - , [nffieffiq@ffie The world needs to produce less po[lution. Electric motors produce l ess pottuti on than di esel and gasol i ne engi nes. Wilt att vehicles have electric motors one day? What witt transportation be tike in the future? Ca rs Some modern cars use biodiesel. Biodiesel comes from plants, and it's a clean fuel. We can also produce clean energy from the sun and the wind. Machines can put this energy into batteries that power electric motors. In the future, most cars will have electric motors or thev will use biodiesel. Shi ps After 100 years of ships with engines, sails will be important again for ships in the future. Sails will help to power ships, so they use less fuel. In some countries where it's very sunny, there are solar cars. They use energy from the sun. Most solar cars are racing cars. The fastest solar cars travel up to 90 kilometers per hour. People have made some solar planes, too. Solar planes are very light and they can't carry much. Maybe more vehicles in the future will use solar energJ. Tra ins Maglev trains use magnets to float in the air above the track. They are much faster than usual trains. tVill maglev trains be common in the future? Sol ar Vehi cl es ,* i' fr,Xr-sgfi Passenger planes with scramjet engines will fly faster than 5,000 kilometers per hour. A scramjet plane will fly from NewYork in the USA to Hong I(ong in China in 90 minutes. This journey takes l4 hours in an airliner. The only problem with going fast is that it uses a lot of fuel, which produces more pollution. t ; r . , ' 11p Y' AV*| Do you dream of being an astronaut? Perhaps your dream will come true! Soon, tourists will be able to travel a long way above Earth in space planes. Space tourists will see Earth from space. It won't be cheap, but it will be an amazing experience. Whmt New&? What transportation will You use in the future?\0fhat about an electric bicycle? It has a small electric motor that makes it easier to pedal quickly' An electric bicycle is great for going up hills. Or do you want to try a Personal transporter? It has two wheels and an electric motor.You lean forward to go forward, and to the left or the right to turn. It can travel at 20 kilometers Per hour. A j et Pack has one or two iet engines, but it doesn't have anY wings. It can flY anYwhere! Do You want to try a jet Pack? Where will You flY? ' ' Go to pages 50-51for acti vi ti es' Then and Now :ij Read pages 4-7. Wri te the words. camel eatt shi p sl ed spaceshi p trai l er 2 Does it have wheets? Write yes or no. 1 a sl ed 2 a motorcycle 3 a raft 4 acar 5 a cart 6 an engi ne 3 Fi nd the words. Then compl ete the chart. e- - - - " u\ buu. 4 . , out t "' uon t . l i l : ] . el c. r s "r , , r , o*\ t ' _. , Qr ( * ' ' , , , f u e t \ r ou' u\ I a & d%od s, \ \ "t l "' - "' ^r , k G- t;il.q\- ',4- 1 r:St-i 6 Answer the questi ons. 1 How di d peopte travel before there were vehi cl es? 3 What was one of the most i mportant i nventi ons i n hi story? 4 Why di d peopte start to travel 10,000 years ago? 5 How l ong i s t he Si t k Road? @ t?r"mtyt# qamt'F:#*$ *s" th+*, Why were sl eds usefu[? t 6 How di d Denni s Ti to travel to the Internati onal Space Stati on? m I Foats arrd Shi ps * Read pages 8-11. I Wri te the words. paddte compass oar propetter sai t steam engi ne Match. 1 Thor Heyerdahl sai l ed from Peru 2 Egypti an sai tors sai ted on 3 The Anci ent Greeks sai l ed around 4 The Vi ki ngs l i ved i n 5 The Vi ki ngs sai l ed across 6 Traders sailed between Japan, Korea, Chi na, the Atl anti c Ocean. the Medi terranean Sea. Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. t he Ri ver Ni t e. ffi supertankers i and Southeast Asi a. \ t o an i st and i n t he Paci f i c Ocean. 3 Write true or false. 1 The fi rst canoes were made from tree trunks. 2 Peopte powered canoes wi th steam engi nes. 3 Chi nese shi ps had t ri angut ar sai [ s. 4 The Anci ent Greeks sai ted to Canada. 5 Pi rates stol e gotd and si tver. 6 A crui se shi p i s a passenger shi p. & Number the vehictes in order. 1 = earliest, 5 - tatest. Answer the questi ons. 1 Why were the Anci ent Greek shi ps fast? 2 How do sai l ors know whi ch di rect i on t o sai I i n? 3 What probtems did European sailors have about 500 years ago? 4 What fuel s do modern shi ps use? 5 What shi ps do touri sts use when they go on vacati on? r-r i I canoes r "l tflr r?i ' [ ff f*-l saitins ships [Tl rafts 6 How do sai l ors travel al ong Knock Nevi s? d Trains, Buses, andTruck* * Read pages t2-t5. 1 Wri te the words. tanker truck refrigerator truck bus hi gh-speed trai n steam trai n arti cul ated bus 1 l t' s the fastest type of trai n. 2 l ts engi ne uses coal and water. 3 l t' s very l ong and i t carri es peopl e on roads. 4 l t carri es gasot i ne or mi t k. 5 l t carri es chi tdren to school . 6 l t keeps food col d. 2 Wri te the numbers. 150 160 200 300 9,288 1 By 1930, steam trai ns coul d travel at l 5O ki tometers per hour. 2 Modern hi gh-speed trai ns can travel at ki l ometers per hour. 3 The [ongest trai n j ourney i s ki [ometers. 4 There are underground trai ns i n more than ci ti es around the wortd. 5 Horses putted the fi rst buses 3 Number the vehi cl es i n order. 1 = earl i est, 4 : l atest. I i di esel t rai ns hi gh-speed t rai ns i r underground trai ns : steam trai ns 4 Complete the sentences. coat steam coaI engi ne steam water engi ne water 1 St eam engi nes use coat . 2 The heats 3 The hot makes 4 The 5 The powers the moves the trai n al ong the tracks. 5 Answer the questi ons. 1 Where di d peopte bui td the fi rst trai n? 2 What uses the most fuel per passenger, a trai n or a car? 3 How l ong does i t take the Trans-Si beri an Express to travel across Russi a? 4 Where was the worl d' s fi rst underground trai n system? years ago. D 5 Why di d buses become poputar? d Bieycles and Motorcyles T 2 Compl ete the sentences. comfortable light popul ar sma[] strong thi ck 3 Circle the correct words. 1 Bicycles have6-e@ an engine. 2 The Tour de France is a famous motorcycle / bicycle race. 3 The first bicycles were made of metal / wood. 4 Motorcyctes are slower / laster than bicycles. 4 Write true or false. 1 Motorcycl es and bi cyctes have chai ns. 2 l t' s good for cycl i sts to wear a hel met. 3 There are more bi cyctes i n the worl d than cars. 4 Mountai n bi kes and motorcyctes have strong frames. Mark Beaumont cycted 29,440 ki l ometers on hi s back wheel . Bi cycl es are heavi er than motorcycl es. Answer the questi ons. 1 Why were the first bicycles uncomfortable? 2 Why do peopl e cycte? 3 How does a cyclist stop the bicycle? + Read pages 16-19. I Write the words. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 back wheel brake chai n front wheel gears hetmet gtove sadd[e ti re frame pedat Raci ng bi kes are BMX bi cycl es are Recumbent bi cycl es are Mount ai n bi kes are t he most type of bicycle. Thei r ti res are and thei r frames are rlr 4 Why do raci ng motorcycl i sts l ean near to the ground? Read pages 20-23. Wri te the words. brake engi ne front wheel gears pedal s back wheel seat bel t steeri ng wheel Compl ete the chart. were driving large cars. Ford opened tffi. 15 mi [[i on Modet Ts were Rotl s-Royce The Peet P50 cars. was fi rst made. 1885 Dai ml er and Benz made l l i e f i rsi *ar. 190s 1913 t927 1950 1963 200s started to make the mode[ T factory. on the road. Ameri cans was f i rst made. The Bugatti Veyron Write true ot false. 1 The fi rst car had four wheets. 2 The Ford Model T was expensi ve t o produce. 3 Rotl s-Royce sotd 15 mi tti on cars between 1913 and L927. 4 Smatl cars are good i n ci ty traffi c. 5 Cars usuat t y have si x gears. 6 A car' s steeri ng wheel turns the front wheel s. 7 Ot d cars have t he bi ggest ai rbags. 8 The Bugat t i Veyron i s 134 cent i met ers l ong. Answer t he quest i ons. 1 What was t he f i rst car [ i ke? 2 Why di d Ameri cans buy l arge cars? 3 What does a dri ver need to start a car? 4 What two thi ngs protect the dri ver and passengers? 5 Why are sports cars [ow? Ai rcraft Fil ffi Read pages 24-27. Complete the words. \ \ L L \ 1t a r I f 4 _ng_n_ 3 w_ng 2l 3 Fi nd and wri te the ai rcraft. Answer the questi ons. 1 Why do bal l oons go up? t airliner 2b 3r 4a 5h 6 P__ 7s F wh_ _t 9 c_ckp_t Match. 1 Concorde stopped ftying 2 an ai rshi p' s speed (ki l ometers per hour) 3 Concorde's speed (kilometers per hour) 4 the fi rst hot-ai r ba[]oon for passengers 5 the first ptane ftew 6 the passengers that an Ai rbus A380 can carry ..,11 f1-p h 10 p_1_ J NS 2 What i s i nsi de ai rshi ps? 3 How do pl anes stay i n the ai r? 4 Where do passengers si t? t793 90 1903 2003 850 2,140 5 What powers the Daedal us? 6 Why are hel i copters useful ? s p a c e s h u t t I e d h t b a I t o o n e s I d m g h d u I e w r s o a p a I r t n e r t o c I t e I s p e c s h e p k n a t r h e t c o p t e r n e r a s t r d e r t s e t I p e n a s t r e r e cbn 7 What ai rcraft have you travel ed i n? Around the World 3 Read pages 28-31. 1 Write the words. snowmobile gondola punt cycle rickshaw sted auto rickshaw 2 Complete the sentences. cycle rickshaw gondotier ox sled travets quickly over snow and ice. A Mongol i an farmer can use an 6 A A 1 2 3 4 to putl his cart. has three wheel s, but no engi ne. works in Venice. Write the countries. Then write the types of transportation. Canada United Kingdom lndia ltaly Mongolia 1 Khangai 2 Dethi 3 Oxford 4 Nunavut 5 Veni ce Answer the questions. 1 In Nunavut, how do people travel? 2 What ani mal s do peopl e i n Mongol i a use for transportati on? 3 Why are there no trucks in Venice? 4 What is a gondola? What is the difference between a rickshaw and a cycte rickshaw? 6 How do some people in Oxford transport shopping or dogs? 6 In the Futurw * Read pages 32-35. Complete the puzzle. 1 Bi odi esel i s made from them. 2 l t uses energy from the sun. 3 l t' s a speci al hi gh-speed engi ne. 4 lt has two wheets, but it i sn' t a bi cycl e. It has j et engi nes, but no wi ngs. They wi tt hel p to power modern shi ps. It uses magnets to float above the track. You can travel a long way above Earth i n thi s. 2 Does it fty? Write yes ot no. 1 magl ev trai n 2 el ectri c car 3 sol ar pl ane 1 t 5 6 6 5+t 4 5 6 3 Write true or false. 1 Di esel engi nes produce more pol l uti on than el ectri c motors. Bi odi esel i s a cl ean fuet. We can put gasoti ne i nto batteri es. Scramj et pl anes wi ][ use l ess fuel than today' s ai rl i ners. Sol ar cars are faster than personal transporters. Answer the questi ons. 1 How wi tt shi ps use l ess fue[? 2 What do we use to make bi odi eset? 3 Where can we get c[ean energy from? 4 Why are el ectri c bi cycl es good for goi ng up hi tts? 5 What transportati on do you use now? What wi l t you use i n the future? 2 3 4 scramj et ptane etectri c bi ke j et pack 3 @ @ A Transportation Poster 1 Find or draw pictures of two vehicles. 2 Write notes about the vehicles. t t I t t t t t t t t t t t d. t t t t t t t t t t t t t t Tlpo of transportation: What's it made of? Where doss it come from? * \rlhers dose ii Lorno from? \rlho invonted it? \rlhen? I Who inventad it? \rlhan? Write about the vehicles and make a poster. Disptay your poster. Tlpo of transportation: What's it made of? @ ATransportation survey $ 1 Write the names of five frie;rds or people from your family at the top of the survey. 2 Ask questions and complete your su:vey with / or l. f f i ( 6 w Names pl ane heticopter sled camel ri ckshaw bicycte motorcycle truck bus canoe 3 Write about the results. Display your resutts. i ^-d Llr So & ,. .#4 d| .*. *cf, r h Here are some words used in this book, and you can check {,# $ Pr,f S t 6t F y what they mean. Use a dictionary to check other new words. a aircraft (plural aircralt) a vehicle that float to move stowly on water or in the air can fl y frei ght goods that shi ps, pl anes, and trai ns ambul ance a vehi cte that takes very si ck transport peopl e to hospi tal frei ghter (or cargo shi p) a shi p that anci ent from thousands of years i n the past carri es frei ght area part of a place fresh cl ean and cool (for ai r) attack to fi ght wi th someone or somethi ng fuel somethi ng that we use to produce become to change i nto; to start to be heat or energy canoe a sma[[ boat powered wi th a paddte powers an engi ne carry to take somethi ng to another pl ace gol d an expensi ve yel l ow metal change to become di fferent; to make goods thi ngs that we buy and setl bottom the opposi te of top brave not scared cab where a truck dri ver si ts somethi ng di fferent cheap not expensi ve burns and powers an engi ne di recti on the posi ti on someone or somethi ng moves toward move a vehi cl e famous known by many peopte ferry a shi p that transports peopte funny unusual or amusi ng gas not a sol i d or l i qui d; l i ke ai r gasol i ne (orpetrot) a l i qui d that burns and ground the l and that we stand on heat to make somethi ng hot lie down to rest in a comfortabte ptace, for exampl e, when we sl eep l ow not hi gh noi sy maki ng a l oud sound oi t a fue[; i t' s a btack [i qui d used to make gasoti ne chitd (plural chitdren) a very young person huge very big coal ol d wood that you burn to make fi re i magi ne to thi nk of a possi bl e si tuati on comfortabl e ni ce to be i n, for exampl e, soft i nvent to make or desi gn somethi ng new beds or chai rs i nventi on a new i dea or thi ng commerci a[ about buyi ng and setl i ng i sl and tand wi th water around i t common usuat; seen i n many pl aces l ake a bi g area of water company a group of peopl e that makes l and to fty a ptane from the ai r onto the money by produci ng or sel l i ng thi ngs l and cross to move from one si de to another l eather the ski n of an ani mal ; we use i t to di esel a type of gasol i ne; a l i qui d that make shoes and j ackets di stance the space between two ptaces, metal somethi ng hard and made from for exampl e, meters, ki l ometers mi nerats donkey an ani mal l i ke a smal l horse mi ni ng fi ndi ng mi neral s under the ground double-decker a vehicte with two ftoors modern not from the past el ectri c usi ng etectri ci ty (a type of energy) motor an engi ne, often smal l or el ectri c energy we need energy to move and grow; motorized with a motor machi nes need energy to work move to go from one pl ace to another engi ne a machi ne that produces energy to narrow thi n and goods ox(pl ural oxen) an ani mal l i ke a cow pai r two thi ngs the same soccer pitch (orfootbalt pitch) the ptace passenger someone traveling in, for where you ptay soccer exampl e, a bus, trai n, pl ane, or shi p sotar from the sun; usi ng energy from peda[ to push wi th your feet on a pedal the sun pi rate someone on a shi p who attacks and space where the moon and stars are po[[ution something that makes air, [and, space shuttte a vehicte that takes push to make somethi ng move away; the thi ck not thi n opposi te of putl steal s thi ngs from other shi ps pl asti c a man-made materi al or water dirty popular tiked by many people power a shi p or ai rcraft protect to keep safe from danger road vehicles travel on it rock a very hard natura[ material make ti res safe not in danger a boat separate not connected; apart shi p a l arge boat silver an expensive gray metal spaceship a vehicte that takes astronauts ' i nto space astronauts i nto space space stati on a bui tdi ng i n space where storm bad weather; lots of wind and rain street vehictes travel on it ti re (ortyre) the thi ck, soft ri ng on a wheet, top speed the fastest that someone or somethi ng can go traffic jam vehictes that can't move because there are too many other vehictes tri angul ar i n the shape of a tri angte uncomfortable not comfortable vehi cl e somethi ng for transporti ng goods or peopte power to make somethi ng move or work astronauts l i ve and work powerfu[ having great power; being strong special different and important prefer to like better spice we use it to give ftavor to food; it probtem something that is not easy comes from plants produce to grow or make somethi ng steam the hot gas that water makes when propel l er a machi ne that turns qui ckl y to i t boi ts river water on land that goes to the ocean made from rubber rotor btades, like a propelter, on a town a place with a lot of buildings, [arger hel i copter than a vi ttage and smatl er than a ci ty row to move a boat through water with oars trade to buy and se[[ things rubber a soft material that you use to traffic vehictes moving atong a street sai l to travel i n a shi p or a boat usi ng sai ts transport to take somethi ng or someone or an engrne from one pl ace to another i n a vehi cl e sai l or someone who works on a shi p or tree trunk the thi ck part of a tree shape for exampl e, ci rcl e, square, tri angl e useful that hel ps someone to do somethi ng si mi l ar l i ke someone or somethi ng vi ttage a few houses i n the countrysi de; sink to fall to the bottom of water smal l er than a town si ze how bi g or smal t someone or wi thout not havi ng somethi ng; not doi ng somethi ng i s somethi ng steeper car where you can steep on a train wooden made of wood i n a bed Seri es Edi tor: Hazel Geatches . CLIL Advi ser: John C[egg Oxford Read and Discover graded readers are at four levets, from 3 to 6, sui tabl e for students from age 8 and o[der. They cover many topi cs wi thi n three subj ect areas, and can support Engl i sh across the curri cul um, or Content and Language Integrated Learni ng (CLIL). Avai l abl e for each reader: . Audi o CD Pack ( book & audi o CD) . Acti vi ty Book For Teacher' s Notes & CLIL Gui dance go to www.ou p.c om / elt/ teacher,/reada nddiscover .... Subiect \:rea Leve[ \ The Worl d of Sci ence & Technot ogy The Nat ural Worl d The Wortd of Arts & Soci al St udi es @ 600 headwords How We Make Products Sound and Musi c Super Structures Your Five Senses Amazi ng Mi ni beast s Ani mal s i n t he Ai r Life in Rainforests Wonderful Water Festivals Around the World Free Ti me Around the World @ 750 headwords * A[[ About Plants * How to Stay Healthy r Machi nes Then and Now , Why We Recycle ' At[ About Desert Life . All About Ocean Life . Ani mat s at Ni ght r lncredibte Earth r Ani mal s i n Art ' Wonders of the Past @ 900 headwords Materials to Products Medi ci ne Then and Now Transportation Then and Now Wild Weather Alt About lsl.ands Animal Life Cycles Exploring Our World Great Migrations u Homes Around the Wortd , Our World in Art @ 1,050 headwords Cetts and Microbes Clothes Then and Now Incredibte Energy Your Amazing Body a a a a a a a a Alt About Space Caring for Our Ptanet Earth Then and Now Wonderful Ecosystems . Hetpi ng Around the Wortd . Food Around the Wortd For younger students, Dotphi n Readers Levets Starter, t, and 2 are avai l abl e.