Racism and Sexism from Marxism Petraglia 1/12

An Examination of Racism and Sexism from a Classical Marxist perspective

Ideology and Culture Racism and Sexism ! "all 2#11
$onat%on Petraglia
&is 'ords %ave c%anged t%e lives of (illions) *ars %ave (een foug%t as t%e result of %is ideas) I
spea+, of course, of -arl Marx) .utside of religion, it could (e said t%at Marx is t%e most influential
figure in all of %istory/ Marxism 0t%e economic 'orldvie' created (y Marx and %is close friend
"rederic+ Engels0 %as (een most commonly associated 'it% t%e (irt% of Communist Regimes around
t%e glo(e suc% as t%e 1SSR and its disli+e for t%e Capitalist system, (ut it also contains explanations
for a variety of different topics of discussion from economics to politics to p%ilosop%y, ever 'idening
(y t%e influence of t%e numerous variants of Marxism and contemporary Marxist literature) Alt%oug% it
%as gained a poor reputation, especially in t%e 1nited States and 'estern nations, Marxism is still very
prevalent in t%e 'orld today 'it% 212 of t%e 'orld population living in countries t%at claim to (e
Communist, 2#2 in countries t%at claim to %ave a form of Socialism, and even more 3soft socialist4
countries t%at use pieces of Marxist ideas 56*orld development indicators,6 2#117) As a 'or+ t%at %as
inspired and affected so many people, a loo+ at t%e 'ritings of Marx and Engels is necessary to
understand '%at drives t%e participants of Communist and Socialist movements and %o' Marxism can
explain t%e inner 'or+ings of a society)
8efore discussing %o' Marxism explains %o' t%e social 'orld functions, it is (eneficial to first
examine t%e Marxist definition '%at it is to (e %uman) Marx (elieved t%at t%ere 'as indeed somet%ing
called 3%uman nature4 (ut did not restrict it to remaining constant/ instead, %e claimed t%at it is
constantly molded (y external forces) "urt%ermore, to Marx, all of %uman %istory is 3not%ing (ut a
continuous transformation of %uman nature4 5Marx, 19::, C%apter 2 Part ;, para 97) <%is idea of a
non0constant essence is relatively uni=ue in t%e 'orld of p%ilosop%y and Marx >ustifies it (y
Racism and Sexism from Marxism Petraglia 2/12
introducing one of t%e core ideals of Marxism social interaction) ?eaning %eavily on t%e idea t%at man
is a social creature, %e re>ects t%e idea t%at %uman nature is 3in%erent in eac% single individual,4 (ut
rat%er 3in its reality it is t%e ensem(le of t%e social relations4 5Marx, 19@9, AI7) <o Marx, %uman nature
is not defined (y some in%erent =ualities in every %uman (ut instead (y %o' a man or group of men
relate to one anot%er, and (ecause t%e relations (et'een men and groups of men %ave c%anged
t%roug%out %istory, so does manBs %uman nature)
*%ile t%is ma+es Marxism appear to 'or+ from a foundation t%at is in constant flux, it is
cemented in t%e very Marxist idea of 3modes of production4 t%e com(ination of social relations and
material conditions 5t%e tools 'it% '%ic% production is possi(le including la(or, tec%nology,
+no'ledge, etc)7) Marx supplies a succinct definition of t%e relations%ip (et'een t%e t'o
3Social relations are closely (ound up 'it% productive forces) In ac=uiring ne' productive
forces men c%ange t%eir mode of production/ and in c%anging t%eir mode of production, in
c%anging t%e 'ay of earning t%eir living, t%ey c%ange all t%eir social relations4 5Marx, 19::,
C%apter 2 Part 1, para 97)
Social relations feed into t%e mode of production and 0according to Marx0 t%e summation of t%e modes
of production forms t%e economic (ase t%e aggregate material condition for t%at society) <%e (ase
0existing entirely in t%e material0 does not contain any sort of culture or institution or anyt%ing more
t%an modes of production) Instead, Marx claims t%at t%e values of t%e society are gro'n and maintained
(y t%e economic (ase, devoid of any conscious interaction/ t%is is +no'n as t%e (ase0superstructure
relations%ip
3<%e totality of t%ese relations of production constitutes t%e economic structure of society, t%e
real foundation, on '%ic% arises a legal and political superstructure, and to '%ic% correspond
definite forms of consciousness) <%e mode of production of material life conditions t%e general
process of social, political, and intellectual life4 5Marx, 19:9(, Preface, para @7)
Racism and Sexism from Marxism Petraglia ;/12
<%is is =uite a (old claim (y Marx, t%at not only does material status define %uman nature (ut
also t%e institutions suc% as t%e government, religion, and p%ilosop%y as 'ell) It is in t%is superstructure
t%at all values occur/ as muc% as man 'ould li+e to (elieve t%at t%ey t%emselves s%ape t%e (eliefs and
values of t%eir society, Marx asserts it is instead an effect of t%e modes of production)
8ut '%at values are prevalent in t%at superstructureC *it% t%e material condition varying vastly
(et'een people and groups of people 'it%in one society, surely some values are stronger t%an ot%ers)
<%e idea of different groups of people 'it% different material conditions and t%us different interests is a
seamless transition into MarxBs ever0important concept of 3class)4
<%e idea of 3class4 is per%aps t%e most crucial point in all of Marxism and alt%oug% Marx never
gave a clear definition of 3class,4 it can (e interpreted as a group of people t%at %ave common
economic, social, or political positions) According to Marxist t%eory, t%e %unter0gat%erer society 0t%e
first type of society0 evolved '%en certain tri(es (egan to o(tain a surplus of goods) <%is surplus
allo'ed for a population gro't%, a focus on agriculture, and t%e a(ility to trade 'it% ot%er tri(es) <%e
conse=uences of population gro't% and trading 5including political relations7 lead to clas%es (et'een
tri(es '%ic% often lead to defeated tri(es (eing forced into slavery) "inally, t%e com(ination of ne'ly
captured slaves and t%e rise of merc%ants 5due to t%e surplus of production7 lead to different classes)
*it% t%e creation of classes comes one of MarxBs most famous =uotes t%at succinctly summariDes
MarxismBs vie' of t%e 'orld, t%at 3t%e %istory of all %it%erto existing society is t%e %istory of class
struggles4 5Marx E Engels, 19@9, C%apter 1, para 17)
8y its very definition, t%e existence of a class depends on its difference from ot%er classes,
meaning some 'ill (e %ig%er and ot%ers 'ill (e lo'er) In feudalism, t%e serf class 'as su(ordinate to
t%e classes of +ings and lords and in capitalism, t%e proletariat 5'or+ing class7 is su(ordinate to t%e
(ourgeois 5capitalists7) In t%is 'ay, t%ere %as al'ays (een a class t%at %as %ad more material 'ealt%
t%an t%e ot%ers 0a ruling class) ?ogically, t%e a(undance of 'ealt% leads to %aving t%e most influence on
Racism and Sexism from Marxism Petraglia F/12
t%e politics of t%at society and conse=uently, t%is influence can and does pus% t%e very ideas and values
of t%e ruling class onto t%e 'or+ing class
3<%e ideas of t%e ruling class are in every epoc% t%e ruling ideas, i)e) t%e class '%ic% is t%e
ruling material force of society, is at t%e same time its ruling intellectual force) <%e class '%ic%
%as t%e means of material production at its disposal, %as control at t%e same time over t%e means
of mental production, so t%at t%ere(y, generally spea+ing, t%e ideas of t%ose '%o lac+ t%e means
of mental production are su(>ect to it4 5Marx E Engels, 19@G, C%apter 1 Part 8, Ruling Class
and Ruling Ideas, para 17)
&ere Marx introduces t%e 3means of mental production,4 meaning t%e a(ility to commit oneBs self to
t%e mental instead of t%e material) <o t%e 'or+ing class, t%is is impossi(le (ecause t%ey %ave to 'or+,
(ut to t%e ruling class, t%e situation is =uite different) ?a(or (eing assigned entirely to t%e 'or+ers
3manifests itself also in t%e ruling class as t%e division of mental and material labor4 5Marx E Engels,
19@G, C%apter 1 Part 8, Ruling Class and Ruling Ideas, para 2, emp%asis added7) <%e result of t%is is
t%at t%e 'or+ing class is su(>ected to mental products of t%e ruling class and '%ile t%ere is no direct
control, t%ere is influence)
*it% t%e ruling mental product, t%e ruling class %as influence, (ut over '%atC MarxBs ans'er is
t%e institutions of t%e society religion, education, government, etc) <%is influence is of importance
(ecause of t%e influence t%at t%ese institutions %old over society) It is important to remem(er, %o'ever,
t%at t%ese institutions do not control people, t%ey only limit '%at people can do) Marx claims t%at
%istory is t%e result of social relations 5t%e (ase7, not t%e complex institutions t%at rise out of t%em 5t%e
superstructure7) <%e reality is =uite t%e opposite t%e institutions are actually transformed (y t%e people,
in t%at '%en a society is faced 'it% a ne' material need, it finds a 'ay to satisfy it '%ic% in turn
c%anges t%e modes of production '%ic% in turn c%anges t%e institutions) .ne mig%t (e tric+ed into
(elieving t%at t%e institutions control t%e status of society, (ut t%ey are only a part of t%e political
Racism and Sexism from Marxism Petraglia :/12
superstructure/ t%ey still represent t%e material conditions of t%e (ase, (ut more %eavily to'ard t%e
material conditions of t%e ruling class)
.ne mig%t dou(t t%at t%e ruling class could %ave suc% influence over t%e ruling institutions,
t%in+ing t%at it 'ould (e explicitly o(vious to t%e 'or+ing class, (ut Marx actually states t%at it is
muc% more su(tle t%an t%at)
3"or eac% ne' class '%ic% puts itself in t%e place of one ruling (efore it, is compelled, merely
in order to carry t%roug% its aim, to represent its interest as t%e common interest of all t%e
mem(ers of society, t%at is, expressed in ideal form it %as to give its ideas t%e form of
universality, and represent t%em as t%e only rational, universally valid ones4 5Marx E Engels,
19@G, C%apter 1 Part 8, Ruling Class and Ruling Ideas, para ;7)
<t%is process is a concept coined (y a later Marxist named ?ouis Alt%usser called interpellation a
person un=uestioningly accepting t%e values of a society) <%e most nota(le effect of t%is is t%e
introduction and acceptance of ideological values) 8ecause t%e institutions are seen as representing t%e
entire society, '%atever ideologies t%ere mig%t (e t%at are supported (y t%e ruling class can go
unnoticed or, if noticed, accepted as t%e 3rational, universally valid4 t%oug%ts)
1nfortunately, it is %ere t%at classical Marxism is incomplete, for Marx and Engels did not do
muc% in t%e 'ay of explaining ideology) Most Marxist analysis of ideology is done (y later follo'ers
of Marx suc% as Alt%usser or Antonio Hramsci, (ut (y examining only t%e 'or+s of Marx and Engels,
t%e closest t%ing to a clear definition of ideology and t%e 'ay it 'or+s 'as 'ritten in a letter (y Engels
in 19@G
3Ideology is a process accomplis%ed (y t%e so0called t%in+er consciously, indeed, (ut 'it% a
false consciousness) <%e real motives impelling %im remain un+no'n to %im, ot%er'ise it
'ould not (e an ideological process at all) &ence %e imagines false or apparent motives)
8ecause it is a process of t%oug%t %e derives (ot% its form and its content from pure t%oug%t,
Racism and Sexism from Marxism Petraglia @/12
eit%er %is o'n or t%at of %is predecessors4 5Engels, 19@G, para @7)
<%is sounds extremely reminiscent of t%e situation descri(ed earlier ideas t%at are accepted 'it%out
logical cause) &o'ever, it is important to note t%at t%e ruling class is not exempt from ideological ideas
(ecause according to Marx, 3It is not t%e consciousness of men t%at determines t%eir existence, (ut t%eir
social existence t%at determines t%eir consciousness4 5Marx, 19:9(, Preface, para @7) "rom t%is, Marx
ma+es t%e claim t%at every mem(er of a society, regardless of class, is su(>ect to t%eir social existence/
even t%ose t%at reinforce t%e ideological forces are not immune to t%e t%e ideologies t%at spring from
t%e material (ase) <%us, '%ile t%ey mig%t %ave more influence of t%e dominating ideologies, t%e ruling
class is >ust as snared (y ideological values as t%e 'or+ing class, alt%oug% most often in a different
'ay)
Recapping for >ust a moment, recall t%at classes rose out of past social models and 'it% t%em
t%e idea of a ruling class, '%ic% %as t%e capa(ility to %arness ideas and t%en su(>ect t%e 'or+ing class to
t%em) <%ese ideas, in turn, (leed into t%e institutions due to t%e ruling classBs influence, '%ic% ta+e on
t%e appearance of t%e ideas of t%e society as a '%ole) ?astly, t%ese ideas are 0at t%e very least0
suscepti(le to ideology, (ot% to t%e 'or+ing class and t%e ruling class) Alt%oug% t%e ruling class %as t%e
po'er to sustain ideological forces, t%eir intentions in doing so must (e (roug%t into =uestion/ often,
ideological forces can tend to divide a society or cause dissension, so attempting to understand '%y t%e
ruling class 'ould not only accept (ut enforce t%ese conse=uences is crucial to grasping t%e 'ay
ideology 'or+s from a Marxist perspective) A sufficient ans'er to t%is =uestion re=uires several more
Marxists concepts exploitation and alienation)
Marx (elieved t%at a society (uilt on classes 'ould lead to t%e exploitation of t%e 'or+ing class
(y a process t%e 'or+ers produce more t%an t%eir 'ages, t%e surplus goes to someone else 5t%e
(ourgeois7, and t%is process is +ept in place (y use of force '%ic% varies depending on t%e social
system) In t%e feudal system, t%e ?ord of t%e land used t%reats of p%ysical force to +eep serfs
Racism and Sexism from Marxism Petraglia I/12
producing) In t%e capitalist system, t%e force is t%e necessity to 'or+ for t%e 'or+ing class, due to '%at
Marx calls 3alienation4) In any case, t%ere is a 'or+ing class t%at is pressed to continue 'or+ing for t%e
(enefit of anot%er) Marx (elieved t%at any su(ordinate class 0from slaves to serfs to t%e proletariat0 are
all (eing exploited (y t%eir respective ruling classes)
MarxBs concept of exploitation ties very closely 'it% %is concept of alienation/ '%ile it %ad
different meanings at different points in MarxBs 'ritings, %is concept of alienation is usually t%e
separation of a 'or+er from an aspect of t%eir life and %as t%e four follo'ing effects
1) Alienation from t%e product of t%eir 'or+) <%e surplus t%at t%e 'or+er creates does not (elong
to %im, (ut to t%e ruling class) <%us, t%e 'or+ t%at %e does is not for %im, (ut for anot%er)
2) Alienation from t%e 'or+ itself) <%e 'or+er must 'or+ (ecause t%ey do not o'n modes of
production li+e t%e mem(ers of t%e ruling class do, t%us t%eir a(ility to 'or+ (ecomes a
commodity itself)
;) Alienation from t%eir %uman nature) *or+ers una(le to c%oose t%eir o'n mode of production
%ave no influence on %o' t%eir %uman nature develops)
F) Alienation from ot%er 'or+ers) *or+ers must compete in order to sell t%eir 'or+, resulting in a
class of 'or+ers competing and fig%ting amongst itself)
*%ile Marx uses alienation to primarily descri(e capitalism, alienated la(or can (e present in any
social system 'it% varying degrees) Alienation 0(y definition0 is not created (y t%e proletariat or even
t%e (ourgeoisie/ it is t%e effect of t%e commodification of t%e 'or+er) Marx uses t%e 'ord
3commodification4 to mean t%at (ecause a 'or+er %as no means of production, %e must 'or+ to
survive, t%e result (eing t%at t%e 'or+erBs a(ility to la(or (ecomes yet anot%er commodity to (e
compared 'it% ot%er commodities in t%e ruling classBs economic mar+et) Marx descri(es t%is separation
and t%e development of alienation
3<%e o(>ect '%ic% la(or produces ! la(orJs product ! confronts it as something alien, as a
Racism and Sexism from Marxism Petraglia G/12
power independent of t%e producer) <%e product of la(or is la(or '%ic% %as (een em(odied in
an o(>ect, '%ic% %as (ecome material it is t%e objectification of la(or)))))1nder t%ese economic
conditions t%is realiDation of la(or appears as)))appropriation as estrangement, as alienation4
5Marx, 19:9a, Estranged ?a(our, para G7)
Even t%oug% t%e (ourgeoisie neit%er create nor maintain alienation and is actually itself alienated
5t%oug% in a different 'ay t%an t%e proletariat7, it stands to gain from +eeping t%e proletariat as
alienated as is possi(le) <%e more alienated t%e 'or+ing class, t%e more surplus for t%e ruling class and
t%e lo'er t%e 'ages (ecause of t%e competition (et'een 'or+ers)
.ne of t%e 'ays t%e (ourgeoisie enforces alienation is t%roug% ideology/ as 'e %ave seen, t%e
ruling class %as t%e most control over t%e institutions '%ic% %old t%e values of t%e society, and placing
ideologies t%at enforce alienation into t%ose institutions disseminates t%em into t%e society and into t%e
'or+ing class) Prime examples of t%is are racism and sexism, '%ic% are (ot% ideologies t%at set one
person against anot%er, '%et%er it (e (y race or (y gender) A Marxist explanation 'ould offer t'o
explanations "irst, capitalists can use racism and sexism first%and for t%eir o'n gain paying one group
of people less 'ages results in a %ig%er surplus) Secondly and more importantly, t%e ruling class uses
t%e internal dissension t%at results from racism and sexism to +eep t%e proletariat from coming toget%er
as a class and =uestioning t%eir exploitation) <o put it simply, Marxism 'ould claim t%at racism and
sexism and all ot%er types of (igotry 5e)g), %omop%o(ia7 is eit%er encouraged in order to function as a
distraction or %arnessed in some 'ay to o(tain a profit)
*%ile most racism t%at occurs is su(tly 'oven into society, occasionally 'e see it vividly
displayed in t%e actions of institutions) .ne suc% recent case t%at caug%t t%e attention of t%e country
'as t%at of <roy Kavis, a (lac+ man from Heorgia) Kavis 'as accused and convicted of t%e murder of a
police officer as 'ell as s%ooting a man driving a car (ac+ in August of 19G9) In KavisB trial, a very
small amount of p%ysical evidence 'as offered (y t%e prosecution/ no gun %ad (een found and forensic
Racism and Sexism from Marxism Petraglia 9/12
evidence 'as excused due to t%e police o(taining it from KavisB %ome 'it%out a searc% 'arrant
5S+utc%, 199#7) Instead, t%e prosecution rested almost entirely on t%e eye'itness testimonies, (ut t%e
lac+ of relia(ility of t%e t%e testimonies is t%e real driving reason (e%ind t%ose '%o disagree 'it% t%e
outcome of t%e trial) .ne 'itness descri(ed '%at t%e s%ooter 'as 'earing t%en later admitted t%at %e
%ad never seen %im, and a friend of Kavis testified t%at %e %ad seen Kavis s%oot at t%e car (ut later
admitted t%at Kavis 'as not carrying a gun t%at nig%t 5S+utc%, 1991a7)
*%ile it mig%t sound li+e >ust a normal case 5a (it s+e'ed per%aps (ut still normal7, t%e lengt%s
t%at t%e police 'ent to >ust to incriminate Kavis are more t%an slig%tly alarming) Mrs) Kavis testified
t%at s%e did not give t%e police permission to searc% %er %ome, nor did t%ey as+ 5S+utc%, 199#7/ in fact,
s%e testified t%at t%ey %ad t%reatened to (rea+ do'n t%e door if s%e did not let t%em in 5S+utc%, 1991a7)
KavisB friend claimed t%at t%e police told %im %e 'ould (e sent to prison for up to 12 years as an
accessory if %e did not cooperate 5S+utc%, 1991(7) Since t%e trial, I all (ut ; of t%e 'itnesses %ave
recanted t%eir statement, a ma>ority of '%ic% confirm t%e urgency of t%e police to incriminate Kavis)
&ere are several =uotes from t%eir later affidavits
3I told t%em I didnJt +no' anyt%ing a(out '%o s%ot t%e officer, (ut t%ey +ept =uestioning me) I 'as real
young at t%at time and %ere t%ey 'ere =uestioning me a(out t%e murder of a police officer li+e I 'as in trou(le or
somet%ing) I 'as scaredL MINt seemed li+e t%ey 'ouldnJt stop =uestioning me until I told t%em '%at t%ey 'anted to
%ear) So I did) I signed a statement saying t%at <roy told me t%at %e s%ot t%e cop)4 0Monty &olmes
3I got tired of Mt%e policeN %arassing me, and t%ey made it clear t%at t%e only 'ay t%ey 'ould leave me
alone is if I told t%em '%at t%ey 'anted to %ear) I told t%em t%at <roy told me %e did it, (ut it 'asnJt true) <roy
never said t%at or anyt%ing li+e it)4 0$effrey Sapp
*%ile t%ere 'as racism to incriminate Kavis (efore t%e trial and during t%e trial in 1991, t%e
racism t%at %as occurred since %as (een vastly more po'erful) In 199F, Kavis filed %a(eas corpus, (ut it
'as re>ected in 199I, citing t%at it 'as too late for suc% a claim) Repeated filings in 199I, 2##1, 2##I,
2##G, and 2##9 'ere also re>ected for similar reasons) Kavis finally received a %earing in 2#1# during
Racism and Sexism from Marxism Petraglia 1#/12
'%ic% t%e numerous 'itnesses gave t%eir recantations, (ut t%e ruling 'as not c%anged, dismissing t%e
affidavits as %earsay) After yet anot%er failed petition for a ne' trial in early 2#11, KavisB re=uest for
clemency 'as also re>ected in Septem(er of 2#11) .n Septem(er 21, t%e last in a very long line of
execution dates, <roy Kavis 'as declared dead (y let%al in>ection 53*%ere is t%e >ustice4, 2##I7)
1
According to Marxism, t%e racism littered t%roug%out t%is case is designed (y t%e institutions
5in t%is case t%e legal system7 to distract t%e 'or+ing class) .ne could argue t%at it 'or+ed) People
from all over t%e country set out in protest and signed petitions in order to fix '%at t%ey see is a
%einous evil) <%ey vie'ed t%e Heorgia courts 0t%e institutions0 as (eing t%e pro(lem, rat%er t%an t%e
o'ning class as Marx claims) Racism 'as once again enforced as a pro(lem in our society t%at needs to
(e fixed, (ut a pro(lem t%at is continually enforced 'it% t%e po'er of t%e ruling class can never truly (e
fixed) <o Marx, t%ere cannot (e a capitalist society 'it%out racism or sexism (ecause capitalism (reeds
ideological forces t%at can (e used to manipulate t%e 'or+ing class/ t%e only real solution is to de0
construct t%e system t%at 'as fla'ed to (egin 'it% and re(uild it as a society 'it%out exploitation or
alienation a socialist society) *%et%er or not socialism 'or+s is anot%er su(>ect entirely, (ut MarxismBs
materialistic vie' of t%e 'orld can %elp to uncover some of t%e underlying causes of forces in a society)
1
1nless ot%er'ise cited, all information from <roy Kavis case is from B*%ere is t%e >ustice for meCB
Racism and Sexism from Marxism Petraglia 11/12
References
52##I7) B*%ere is t%e >ustice for meCB <%e case of troy davis, facing execution in georgia) Amnesty
International, doi AMR :1/#2;/2##I, Retrieved from
%ttp//''')amnesty)org/en/li(rary/asset/AMR:1/#2;/2##I/en/
GeG;F9#10d;(@011dd0a;2902fF@;#2aGcc@/amr:1#2;2##Ien)pdf
World development indicators) 52#11, Kecem(er #17) Retrieved from
%ttp//data)'orld(an+)org/data0catalog/'orld0development0indicatorsCcidOHPKP*KI
Engels, ") 519@G7) Engels to franD me%ring) In Marx and engels correspondence) Qe' Ror+
International Pu(lis%ers) Retrieved from
%ttp//''')marxists)org/arc%ive/marx/'or+s/1G9;/letters/9;P#IP1F)%tm
Marx, -) 519::7) The poverty of philosophy: Answer to the "Philosophy of poverty" by M Pro!dhon)
Mosco' Progress Pu(lis%ers) Retrieved from
C%apter 2, Part 1
%ttp//''')marxists)org/arc%ive/marx/'or+s/1GFI/poverty0p%ilosop%y/c%#2)%tm
C%apter 2, Part ;
%ttp//''')marxists)org/arc%ive/marx/'or+s/1GFI/poverty0p%ilosop%y/c%#2c)%tm
Marx, -) 519:9a7) "conomic and philosophic man!scripts of #$%%) Mosco' Progress Pu(lis%ers)
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%ttp//''')marxists)org/arc%ive/marx/'or+s/1GFF/manuscripts/la(our)%tm
Marx, -) 519:9(7) A contrib!tion to the criti&!e of political economy) Mosco' Progress Pu(lis%ers)
Retrieved from
Preface
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%ttp//''')marxists)org/arc%ive/marx/'or+s/1G:9/criti=ue0pol0economy/preface)%tm
Marx, -) 519@97) <%eses .n "euer(ac%) In Marx'"ngels selected wor(s) 5Aol) 1, pp) 1;01:7) Mosco'
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