Week 7 Transformations in Europe & the Americas

18-19
th
centuries
A. Transforming Production
1. Agricultural Transformations
-Much of the population is working on food, firewood, etc
- Need thousands of horsedrawn carts of wood a week.
New foods & new technique
Columbian exchange. Maize is great. Taters. More and more fishing.
eople understand crop rotations better. !utch know which plants can help land.
More calories, same land. Make li"estock better.
Social & political change
#etter land distribution. $elf owners work harder than emplo%ed people.
$erfdom is abolished.
Scientific Advances
!utch de"elop draining methods. $pread to other european countries.
&ethro Tull made the first automatic sea drill. Now 'amine in europe are onl% due
to war and politics. opulation spikes.
General Peace
(ttributes to population spikes. )ong piece periods. *+*,-*-*. is nice.
Public ealth
-$till poor understanding of disease, but ha"e better sanitar% habits. /ork on
getting clean water. $ewage. 0ealize people can be contagious. eoples li"es are longer.
!rain swamps and get rid of mos1uitos.
2. The Early Industrial Revolution
)ate *233s to earl% *-33s.
$tarts in brittain
!or"ers
Necessar%. #ecause agriculture is more efficient, people lose 4obs. 5o to work on making
shit.
#o$$ercial !ealth
5enerall% measured on land ownership.
Commercial wealth is a bit tack%.
o #ank of 6ngland
-#ank loans %our mone% out to people who want to build things.
-mone% is well protected from g"t.
%ntellectual %nquir&
eople are becoming more scientific.
0esearch is based on helping with modern problems.
Natural 'esources 7e.g. coal8
coal is needed for factories and machines. Coal in brittain is close to the surface.
$team pumps- turn to steam engine.
steam engines
watt is granted a patton for it. 6"er% measure of econom% grows.
9sed in cotton. Cotton gin. roductions sk%rockets. 'actor% size grows.
3. Annihilating Sace! Transortation " Infrastructure
Need pore proficient wa%s to get to places.
0oads
also use iron to make better bridges.
*. mph car is fucking nascar.then :3
&ohn )oudon Mc(dam
Makes new method for roads. (dds sand and small stones. 'irst road impro"ement in a
while.
Thomas Telford
;ncludes suppl% depots to monitor roads.
Canals
-british connecting wide waterwa%s. $omethime the% build a1ueducts to help boats
across. 5ood for trading.
0ailroads
$teamships
0obert fulton made first. 9sed in places. )ater made for war.
#. Relicating Euroe! Settler Societies
1. Immigration
icks up a lot after napoleonic end.
push<pull.
-ushed from where the% are< pulled to where the%=re going.
-tater famine pushed out irish.
-$cots are dri"en out b% unneedednessisnessl%
-;ncreasing le"els of taxation. Taxed on windows, fireplace, etc.dum shits.
-Tons of people lea"e europe for americas. (merica was much much much freer.
-$ettle in ethnic groups.
2. $ative Resistance " Removal
North (merica> (ustralia> (rgentina
Murca- Nati"e americans are seettled in oklahoma after lost land cuz noone likes oklahoma.
Constant fighting. (griculture. op grows.
(ustralia- still british colon%- Much less nati"es, nomadic. )ose land but not as bad. eople
mo"e inland and find great land. /hites want it. (ttempts made to ci"ilize aboriginals, but no
gi"ing right to the land. Cruel. $ettlers saw them as less than human<no human rights. &ur% wont
con"ict killers of aboriginals. )i"estock.
Tasmania- where the% send worst of worst. ?unt down aboriginals, ,333start, .. end.
(rgentina- Not huge settlement till late *+33s. Nati"es were protected b% church but church
gets thrown out. @ne scientist 7!arwin8 sees that argentinians kill capti"es and women o"er age
:3 because the% breed. $een as animals. Make more beef.
3. Settlement
("ailabilit% of good land necessar%. 5reater agriculture. Cotton grows. 9$ beats mexico, gains
cali etc and more settlement.
$end con"icts to australia. Can ne"er go back to england. $ome ex cons become "er% wealth%.
%. An Age of Reform
1. Ideologies of Reform! &i'eralism " Its %ometitors
)iberalism
-!ifferent from modern da%. 6nlightened thinking, took practice from re"olutions. 5"t
shuld be limited, and that should be in writing. Constitutional predecessors. Most like sep
of church and state. )ike free markets and open trade. No longer a paternal s%stem, but it
was more likel%. 6xtend "oting rights to propert% owners. !i"ided on wether woman
should "ote. /ant to protect poor, but not help them.
$ocialism
-6merges during french re"olution. @ppose free markets. don=t like middle class, 4ust
useless bitches.
-want g"t, but onl% osther socialists.
o propert% is theft
-0ousseau idea. @wning propert% di"ides propert% so people cant use it.
2. Reform as (umanitarianism! the A'olition of Slavery
-rimaril% an assault on african sla"er%. Mo"ements exist, but arent large. *223$ british sla"er%
abloished. North states in 9$ e"entull% caught up around *+*,.
*2-3s-english people work to outlaw it e"er%where. $et up groups e"er%where.
)ine between indi"idual and propert% is blurred.
;nitial focus was stopping sla"e trade.
6"er%where but 9$, sla"er% would die if trade stopped. 9$ external sla"e trade stopped in *+3+.
#ritish g"t stops sla"e trade w< threat of (ustralia.
@ther countries follow suit.
;nternal sla"e trades persist.
#ritish na"% is police of europe.
Chile does it 1uick, most others end b% *+,3. arents sta% ensla"ed for %ears, kids are free.
9$ southern states are whin% bitchs. North sa%s fuck it. $hit happens. )incoln later realizes that
sla"er% has to be stopped.
3. Reform as Pragmatism! the %ase of #ritain
-?as bad po"ert%. Aiolent instances, economic discontent. rotests arent tr%ing to o"erthrow g"t,
4ust want economic change. 5"t makes modern forms.
eterloo Massacre
Culmination of economic pissedoffer%. Troops kill people.
eople want free trade.
$ir 0obert eel
Be% reformist. ;ntroduces first modern police force in london. (ddresses root causes.
6xpands protections to miners and workers. 'unds g"t factor% inspectors. /anted trade
unions. 9nions gi"en right to strike because parliament thinks it will cause peace.
N@@@@6.
9tilitarianism
6mancipation (ct 7*+:.8
)ets catholics into parliament. )ater lets atheists in.
0eform (ct 7*+C:8
includes expansion to "oting rights to men with propert%.
$lows appeal of re"olution.
eople=s Charter<Chartist Mo"ement
-Charter demands "oting rights to all males, ballots, etc....
March on )ondon, arm% of police stop them. 5"t allows some support, but there is a line.
'actor% (ct 7*+..8
-#o%s under *3 cant work in coal mines. 5irls cant work in coal mines. Bids under age of
+ cant work factories.
). Reform as *emocracy! the +nited States
Aoting rights based on owning propert%. More people can "ote because there is more
land. $till higher 1ualifications to ser"e. (fter re"olution most white males can "ote
6galitarianism
-6"er%one should ha"e e1ual opportunit%.
-$till ob"ious leaps in le"el.
(ndrew &ackson
/ar hero, self made man, champion of the poor. )oses office first, wins in
landslide second time. ?uge part% at the white house.
6liminates propert% re1uirement. $till limited to white dudes.
,. Reform as %omletion! &atin America
!ictators arent as bad as the% are toda%.
0eform happens
some abolish sla"er%, expand religious tolerance, seperate church and state.
(a 'efor$a
'ree speech, no state religion, etc. 5eneral impro"ement.
Aer% liberal g"t.
-. Reform as $ecessity! Russia
eter the great reforms sta%ed in place but no progress. 'alling behind in the modern world.
)iberal re"olt fails and tsar is now not happ% with libs.
Crimean /ar 7*+,C-*+,D8
$tupid war. 6"er%one suffers. 0ussians lose because the% are behind industriall%.
Need better militar%, schools, etc...
Tsar died during war, kid (lexander begins reform. 6mancipates serfs.
(lexander ;;> abolition of serfdom
$erfs are poor soldiers. No will to bu%. Moti"ation is not humanitarian, but militar%.
$ome landowners that ha"e thousands are not happ% time. (lexander 4ust sa%s so, not
laws or constitutional con"ention. Turns ,: mil people from serfs to free poor people.
)ocal g"ts reformed.
*. .id-%entury %rescendo! Revolutions " Reforms
1. 1/)/! the 0ailed Revolutions
!iscontent due to less food. 'rances fault. oor are mad, king lessening the middleclass. oor
people at capital, king orders shooting, middleclass 4oins.
'ebruar% 0e"olution-
Middle and wealth% "ote in a moderate go"ernment. &une *+.+.
&une !a%s
Troops are in street, but now middle and wealth% aree supporting them. Aer% blood%
affair.
)ouis-Napoleon
Napoleons nephew. Mounts coup. 0e"olution ends up doing more harm than good.
(ustria 7?ungarians, Czechs8> Aienna.
7?apsburg empire8 uprisings err%where. romoting middle strength. 0e"olutions want
more liberal ideals. (ustrians crushed most, except in hungar%. 0ussians help crush
uprising because fuck austria.
*-Ma4orit% hate upper. #road support
:- not radicals get concerned b% radical.
C-upper extends some rights to middle
.-middle accepts and changes sides.
5ermans
2. E1laining 1/)/! The Communist Manifesto %omes to the Rescue
Barl Marx E 'rederick 6ngels
write manifesto. Marx is teaching things people like.
scientific socialism
marx thinks action can onl% be brought b% re"olution.
dialectical materialism
Be%
class conflictF )he histor& of all hitherto e*isting societ& is the histor& of class struggles
everything is driven by class conflict.
Thesis antithesis synthesis
merchants opposed by landowners that produces capitalism.
Human history goes through 5 stages.

Workers will win. Not about history, scientific analysis of history.
Mar gives workng class hope.
!fter mar gvt is more economically aimed.