i

GUIDELINES TO RESEARCH PROJECT WRITING

Cover Page:
Cover page will consist of:
Title (in capitals, bold and center-justified)
Researchers name, previous degree(s) and matriculation number
Statement of the purpose of project and where it was carried out
Date (i.e. month and year) of project execution. Date should be month and year the work was
completed and submitted to the Department after approval by the Supervisor.
See sample of Cover Page on next sheet.

ii

A SIMPLIFIED NETWORK-LEVEL PAVEMENT INFORMATION
AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (PIMS) FOR FEDERAL ROADS IN
NORTH-CENTRAL NIGERIA



BY
OMOYENI, ADEWALE MICHAEL
B.Sc. Hons. (Ife), M.Sc. (Lagos)
Matric No: 019042016



A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.Sc.) IN CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
(STRUCTURES OPTION)

UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS






JUNE 2011

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CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this Research Work was carried out by
Mr. AGENIYI, Samuel Oloruntoba
Matriculation Number 01904010
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
University of Lagos








___________________________ ______________________ ____________
AUTHORS NAME SIGNATURE DATE








___________________________ ______________________ ____________
SUPERVISORS NAME SIGNATURE DATE



iv

DEDICATION

Use this page to dedicate the project to God and/or loved ones.
v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Use this page to show appreciation for the contributions (spiritual, moral, financial, etc.) from
different people who contributed in one way or the other towards the success of the work.
Do not forget to appreciate your Supervisor and Laboratory Technicians (material testing), etc.
vi

ABSTRACT
Abstract should be a summary of:
Introduction to the existing challenges necessitating the execution of the research work,
Summary of previous / similar works done on the topical area
Summary of aim (work to carry out) and objectives (basic procedures to achieve the aim)
Summary of results and conclusion.
Abstract should not be more than a PAGE.
Keywords (i.e. important terminologies) used in the work should be listed at the bottom.
Keywords should be bold.
SAMPLE
All over the world, the importance of prediction of pavement performance to aid long term scheduling
of maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R) activities and budgetary allocation, has been widely
recognized. Pavement deterioration modelling, based on historical record of performance variation
with time, requires regular measurement of the condition rating of pavement sections over a period of
time. Based on the generated model curves using historical data, future condition rating could then be
predicted. Since such information and record are absent in the country (Nigeria), this method cannot be
used and the alternative is to use probabilistic modelling.

Some attempts have been made to develop deterioration model using the Markov probability matrix
method with a constant transition probability matrix (TPM). However, with this approach, the two
important effects of pavement age and traffic volume were not reflected. As an improvement over
these limitations, this study attempted the development of a more realistic and dynamic pavement
deterioration prediction by modelling a series of TPM that incorporate the effects of age and traffic
volume on pavement deterioration. Road user costs model was also developed to determine road
intervention maintenance costs, and evaluate benefits of reduced vehicle operating cost upon
improvement at network level. Detailed analyses of road deterioration and incurred road user costs
were performed for a case-study road over a period of twenty (20) year.

A simplified but computerized pavement information and management system (PIMS) was developed,
within Matlab
TM
and Visual Basic
TM
environments. The PIMS is capable of storing, analyzing,
modifying, reporting and displaying pavement and traffic information for individual and entire
network of federal highways in Nigeria.Results can also be displayed in charts and themes.
vii


Visual condition surveys were carried out for twelve selected road sections in the North Central part of
Nigeria. Condition evaluations were performed for the surveyed roads using manual and automated
PCI-based method. The results showed that the developed PIMS is quite suitable for use on Federal
roads in a developing country such as Nigeria.

Keywords: Pavement & Rehabilitation, PIMS, Road User Cost, Pavement Condition Index,

viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables xi
List of Figures xiii
List of Plates xvi

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Preamble 1
1.2 Overview 1
1.3 Condition of the Federal Highways 4
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Overview 14
2.2 Beginning of Pavement Management Systems 14
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.1 User Costs Modelling 72
3.1.1 Vehicle Speeds 73
3.1.2 Fuel Consumption 74
3.1.3 Tyre Consumption (Tear and Wear) 75
3.1.3.1 Consumption Levels
3.1.3.2 Abrasion Levels
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES 125
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LIST OF APPENDICES (if any)
Appendix A: Typical Sample of Excel Worksheet Result for Visual Condition 71
Appendix B: Soil Classification Test Results 79
Appendix C: West African Compaction Test Results 86
Appendix D: Statistical Calculations of the Predicted Results 98

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LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1.1 Distribution of the National Road Network as at 1996 2
Table 1.2 Appropriations for Road Maintenance (1999 2002) 5
Table 2.1 Comparison of Manual and Automated Distress Data Collection Results 20
Table 2.2 Pavement Condition Ratings and Pavement Condition Index Ranges 24

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LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 1.1 Pavement Deterioration and Recycling Rehabilitation versus Time 6
Figure 1.2 Pavement Deterioration versus Time 7
Figure 2.1 Asphalt Surfaced Roads Survey Using Frames 19
Figure 2.2 Typical Regression Curves 25
Figure 3.1 General Components of a Typical PIMS (Compiled) 38

xii

LIST OF PLATES
Page

Plate 1: Data Collection Vehicle for 35mm Analogue Continuous Film
Technology 18
Plate 2: Data Collection Vehicle for Digital Camera Technology 18

xiii

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND
1.2 OVERVIEW
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT State the needs / problems, as highlighted in the Background.
Sample Problem Statement
Currently, there is no comprehensive management system for inspecting, recording, analyzing,
prioritizing and programming highway maintenance works in Nigeria. The ability to integrate data
from a variety of sources and provide summarized, strategic information in an easily understandable
format for decision makers is also lacking.

There is need to digitize all available information including cost of maintenance and continuous
condition survey data for all the federal highway sections. Available data are scanty and still in paper
form.
1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study / research work is to (... execute the title of the project)
To achieve the above-mentioned aim, the following specific objectives shall be pursued:

1. Evolve and validate a computerized condition rating system / M&R procedure within the
proposed PIMS, applicable to all highway sections.
2. to develop performance prediction models capable of estimating present and predicted
performance of any selected highway section alongside user and intervention costs models, for
network-level.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH WORK (Extents of works to be covered)
1.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH WORK (Areas of work that shall not be attempted
due to constraints of time, financial capability, unavailability of necessary data, etc.)
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1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY (RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS) Benefits likely to be
derived from the research work.

1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
Some of the technical terminologies employed in this work are briefly defined as follows:
Pavement: The term pavement is used in this report to mean the whole road structure with all of its
layers and not just the surfacing layer.
Flexible Pavement: A pavement type in which bituminous mixtures are used as surfacing materials.
1.9 PROJECT LAYOUT

Following this introduction in chapter 1, the second chapter focuses on a review of the key...
The third chapter is devoted to the development of pavement...
Chapter Four is dedicated to the analyses and discussion of results.The summary of findings,
conclusion, recommendations and contributions to knowledge are presented in chapter five.

xv

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review should give a brief background review of works done in the topical area.
Literature review should concentrate on highlighting relevant works / researches that have been
carried out in the past on this topical area and similar ones.
The review should mention the author(s), work done and result obtained (negative or positive).
From the comprehensive review, it is then possible to bring out areas of deficiencies which this
current study/research work is trying to correct.

xvi

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY
Methodology should be the detailed expansion of the listed objectives.
It should give step-by-step account of the procedures followed to execute the work, including:
- Sampling (Materials used for the work and Methods of obtaining them)
- Development, distribution and utilization of Questionnaires (if used).
- Laboratory tests procedures (if done), etc.

xvii

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Results of work done should be presented in Tabular form.
A brief analysis of the results should be presented.
Results and analyses should also be present in forms of CHARTS, CURVES, DRAWINGS &
EQUATIONS.

xviii

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A (brief) summary of work done could be presented.
The conclusions arrived at should then be listed. These should be based on the analyses of
Chapter Four.
Recommendations (on best practices) should then be offered. These should just be a few
sentences.
Further research works could be recommended.


xix

REFERENCES

AASHTO (1990), Guidelines for Pavement Management Systems, American Association of State
Highway Transportation Officials, Washington D.C.
https://bookstore.transportation.org/Item_details.aspx?id=352 (accessed at 18/03/12)

AASHTO (1997), Standing Committee on Highways, American Association of State Highway
Transportation Officials, Washington D.C.
highways.transportation.org/.../NCHRPProject20-7Res4SCOH_PanelRecommendations9-29-
07.pdf (accessed at 12/07/12)

AASHTO (1998), Highway Subcommittee on Maintenance Definitions, American Association of
State Highway Transportation Officials, Washington D.C.
www.fhwa.dot.gov Engineering Pavements Preservation (accessed at 09/05/12)

AASHTO (2001), Pavement Management Guide, American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C.
https://bookstore.transportation.org/Item_details.aspx?id=352 (accessed at 11/05/11)

Atume, F. T., (1992) Stochastic Modelling of Road Maintenance Strategies An Unpublished M.Sc.
Thesis from the Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

Benjamin, J.R. and Cornell, C. A. (1970), Probability, Statistics and Decision for Civil Engineers
McGraw-Hill Book Company.
www.amazon.com/Probability-Statistics-Decision-Civil-Engineers/.../0070045585 (accessed
at 10/01/11)

Buhari, M. (2000), The role of infrastructural development and rehabilitation in sustainable
economic growth in Nigeria A paper presented at the All Peoples Party (APP) economic
summit, held at the LadiKwali conference centre, Sheraton Hotel and Towers, Abuja.
Carey, W. N., and Irick, P. E., (1960) The Pavement Serviceability Performance Concept, HRB,
Bulletin 250, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. pp. 40-58.
CBN (2003), Highway Maintenance in Nigeria: Lessons from Other Countries, Central Bank of
Nigeria, Research Department Occasional Paper No. 27.


xx










APPENDIX A:
(font size be big, e.g. 18.)

CAPTURING THE ROAD NETWORK CENTRELINE AND CHALLENGES
ENCOUNTERED
xxi

BASIC RULES REPORT WRITING
- Font style: Times New Roman
- Font size: 12
- Paragraph spacing: 1
1
/
2

- Formatting Style: Full Justification
- Table labelling: At the top and all capital letters
- Figure & Plate labelling: At the bottom
- Citation format: [Author, Year]
- Equations: Use Equation Editor
- Use of Screen Capture (when necessary)
- Use of Charts, Graphs, Drawings etc generated from other sources (e.g. Excel, AutoCAD, etc.)
- Proper use of Bullets, Numbering.
- Headers, Footers and fanciful presentations are NOTpermitted.
- Allowed to present pictures of sites, samples, yourself carrying out lab tests,

REFERENCES format:
- Alphabetical
- Authors name, Year of Publication (in bracket); Title (Bold or italicized and in apostrophe); Page
Numbers (if Journal), Publishers, etc.
REFERENCE CITATION
- At this point, rehabilitation can be used to effect a wholesale correction of a large number of
relatively severe defects, which provides a step increase in pavement quality [APWA, 2003].


xxii

TABLE Labelling
TABLE 1.1: DISTRIBUTION OF THE NATIONAL ROAD NETWORK AS AT 2000
Type of Road

Federal
(km)
State
(km)
Local Govt.
(km)
Total
(km)
Paved Trunk Roads 26,500 10,400 - 36,900
Unpaved Trunk Roads 5,600 20,100 - 25,700
Urban Roads - - 21,900 21,900
Main Rural Roads - - 72,800 72,800
Village Access Roads - - 35,900 35,900
Total (km) 32,100 30,500 130,600 193,200
Percent 17% 16% 67% 100%
Source: Basic Asphalt Recycling Manual [ARRA, 2001]
If Table is from an external source and not generated by you, you must provide the Source.



FIGURE Labelling

TIME (YEARS)
P
A
V
E
M
E
N
T

C
O
N
D
I
T
I
O
N
Rehabilitated
Pavement
75% Time - 1st 40%
Drop in Quality
By Rehabilitating at
this Point, Pavement Life
Total
Failure
12% Time - 2nd 40%
Drop in Quality
is Extended

Figure 1.1: Pavement Deterioration and Recycling Rehabilitation versus Time
Source: Basic Asphalt Recycling Manual [ARRA, 2001]
If Figure/Plate is from an external source and not generated by you, you must provide the Source.