International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) volume 9 number 2 Mar 2014

ISSN: 2231-2803 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page91

Recognition of Consonants in Isolated Punjabi Words using DWT
Manpreet Kaur
1
, Amanpreet Kaur
2
, Jasmeen Gill
3


1
Department of Computer Science, RIMT, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab, India

2
Department of Computer Science, BBSBEC, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India

3
Department of Computer Science, RIMT, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab, India

ABSTRACT: Speech is the medium through
which human beings can communicate with each
other efficiently. Speech synthesis and recognition
are two phases of speech. In this paper, focus is
given on speech recognition. Speech recognition is
the conversion of spoken words into text with the
help of some electronic device like computer. A
number of methods are available for recognition of
speech in different languages using various units
like vowels/consonants, words, phonemes, or
syllables. No much work has been done in Punjabi
language. So, in this Discrete Wavelet Transform
method is described for recognition of consonants
in isolated Punjabi words.
Keywords: Speech recognition, Recognition types,
DWT.
1. INTRODUCTION
Speech recognition is the process of translation of
spoken words into text form. The recognition of
speech is done with the help of a computer to
which speech is given as input. Speech recognition
is important because speech is the natural medium
of communication between human beings. Speech
recognition can also be called Automatic Speech
Recognition, Computer Speech Recognition or
Speech to Text recognition. Speech recognition
techniques help the human beings to understand
speech through machines. There are many types of
speech recognition depending on the various types
of modes of recognition. On the basis of speech
mode, the speech recognition can be of isolated
words, connected words, continuous speech. For
speaker basis, it can be speaker dependent and
speaker independent. Speech can also be
recognized on the basis of vocabulary. It can be
small sized, medium sized and large sized
vocabulary recognition. Speech recognition is also
based on the speaking style of speech which can be
dictation type and spontaneous speech [2].
There are various methods available for recognition
of speech for different units in various languages.
Vowels can be recognized in continuous speech
using formants which involves vocal tract resonant
frequencies [3]. But vowels suffer the problemof
overlapping. Consonant/Vowel units in a
continuous speech can be recognized using Auto
associative Neural Networks and Support Vector
machines. In this, vowel onset points are predicted
[4]. But there is drawback for unequal durations.
Acoustic Modelling technique can be used for
speech recognition using phoneme like units but in
phonemes there is large variability [5]. To reduce
these defects, it is required to choose suitable unit
and method. Moreover, Punjabi language requires
such kind of research. In this paper, Discrete
Wavelet Transform method is described for
recognition of consonants in isolated Punjabi
words.
2. DISCRETE WAVELET TRANSFORMS
Discrete Wavelet Transformmethod is a technique
in which speech can be discretely sampled. The
main advantage of Discrete Wavelet Transform is
International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) volume 9 number 2 Mar 2014
ISSN: 2231-2803 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page92

that it can use time and frequency of speech
simultaneously. It emphasizes on signal interval
efficiently. As speech is non-stationary and
Discrete Wavelet Transformtechnique can be used
for non-stationary signals. In this technique,
frequency components can be resolved into parts,
approximation coefficients and detailed
coefficients. Approximation coefficients contain
low frequency components and detailed
coefficients contain high frequency components
[1].
There are many types of Discrete Wavelet
Transform (DWT). Haar, Coiflet and Daubechies
are three types of DWT that are discussed here and
used in this work.
2.1 Haar Wavelets
Haar is the simplest formof wavelets. It collects
input values, store difference and then gives the
sum. This process is repeated recursively and
collects sums to give next scale. Haar Wavelets are
related to mathematical operation that is Haar
Transform. These Wavelets act as prototype for
other wavelets and helps in studying the other
wavelet transforms. In this calculations can be
easily handled and discrete signals are involved [6].
Discrete signal is defined as a function of time with
values at discrete instants. It can be expressed as
f =(f
1
, f
2
, f
3
................. f
n
)
Where n is positive integer. Haar Wavelets also
decomposes the signal into two sub signals in half
its length. One sub signal is running average or
trend and first trend is denoted as
a
1
=(a
1
, a
2
, a
3
..................a
n/2
)
Other sub signal is running difference or
fluctuation. The first fluctuation is denoted as
d
1
=(d
1,
d
2,
d
3........................
d
n/2
)
Next, the first level Haar Transformis given as the
mapping H
1
defined by
f (a
1
d
1
)
fromdiscrete signal f to its first trend a
1
and first
fluctuation d
1
.
2.2 Daubechies Wavelets
Daubechies Wavelets are also computed
similarly as Haar Wavelets by using running
averages and running differences via scalar
products with scaling signals and wavelets. In
this type of Wavelets, the scaling signals and
wavelets produce averages and differences
using more values from the signals. This
improves the functionality of these wavelets
and provides better tools for signal processing.
There are many types of Daubechies Wavelets
but they are very similar with each other. The
simplest one is Daud4 Wavelet Transform. The
first level of Daub4 Transform is given by
mapping D
1
defined as
f ( a
1
d
1
)
froma discrete signal f to first trend a
1
and first
fluctuation d
1
[7].
2.3 Coiflet Wavelets
Coiflet Wavelets maintain the close match
between trend values and original signal values.
The simplest formof these wavelets is Coif6
Wavelets. The Coif6 scaling numbers satisfy
the following identity

1
2
+
2
2
+
3
2
+
4
2
+
5
2
+
6
2
=1
where is the scaling number which means each
scaling signal has energy equals to 1. Further, the
wavelet numbers satisfy the following

1
+
2
+
3
+
4
+
5
+
6
=0
International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) volume 9 number 2 Mar 2014
ISSN: 2231-2803 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page93

which means zero fluctuation when signal is linear
in support. The Coif6 and Daub4 are different from
each other in scaling number characteristics. The
Coif6 wavelets produce better matching of trend
sub signal with the original signal than Daub4 and
also improve accuracy [8].
3. IMPLEMENTATION
All this work is done in mat lab using signal
processing tool. The following are the steps
involved in the recognition of consonants in
Punjabi words.
(i) First all the signal samples are loaded in the
database.
(ii) Then, input speech signal is loaded.
(iii) The signal is converted into single row matrix.
(iv) Correlation is found between input signal and
database signals and show waveform.
(v) Discrete Wavelet Transforms (HAAR,
COIFLET and DAUBECHIES) are applied on
input signal.
(vi) Discrete Wavelet Transforms (HAAR,
COIFLET and DAUBECHIES) are applied on
database signal.
(vii) Frequency matching is done of each letter of
Punjabi word with letters present in database.
(viii) Result of recognized Punjabi letter having
maximummatched rate is found.
(ix) All matched results are shown as output.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this paper, the consonants are recognized in
isolated Punjabi words using Discrete Wavelet
Transform. First, there is waveform of Punjabi
words and . There are four consonants
in first word and three consonants in second word.
Then, the recognized consonants from these
Punjabi words are shown. Next, the results are
shown with the help of graphs and bar graphs.

Figure 1: Waveformof Punjabi word



Figure 2: First recognized consonant


Figure 3: Second recognized consonant

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
x 10
4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) volume 9 number 2 Mar 2014
ISSN: 2231-2803 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page94


Figure 4: Third recognized consonant




Figure 5: Fourth recognized consonant




Figure 6: PSNR and MSE of Punjabi speech signals





Figure 7: Waveformof Punjabi word




Figure 8: First recognized consonant





Figure 9: Second recognized consonant




0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
x 10
4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) volume 9 number 2 Mar 2014
ISSN: 2231-2803 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page95


Figure 10: Third recognized consonant



Figure 11: PSNR and MSE of Punjabi speech signals
5. CONCLUSION
In the given paper, the Punjabi consonants are
recognized in isolated Punjabi words using Discrete
Wavelet Transform. Punjabi language lacks
research in this field. Therefore, Punjabi language
is chosen to recognize consonants in Punjabi words
using Discrete Wavelet Transform because this
technique includes both time and frequency
simultaneously. Moreover, this method can also be
used for non stationary signals. This method also
gives better accuracy rates.
6. FUTURE SCOPE
This work can also be extended for recognition of
isolated words, connected words and continuous
speech. Further, in this work consonants are
recognized in a Punjabi word in order of consonant
series but in future work they can be recognized in
order of their place in the given word.
REFERENCES
[1] M. F. Tolba, T. Nazmy, A. A. Abdelhamid and M. E.
Gadallah A Novel Method for Arabic Consonant/Vowel
Segmentation using Wavelet Transform in IJ ICIS, Vol. 5, No.
1, J uly 2005
[2] M. A. Anusuya and S. K. Katti Speech Recognition by
Machine: A Review in IJ CSIS, Vol. 6, No. 3, 2009.
[3] Biljana Prica and Sinisa Ilic Recognition of Vowels in
Continuous Speech by Using Formants Facta Universitatis,
SER.: ELEC. ENERG. vol. 23, no. 3, December 2010.
[4] Suryakanth V. Caigashetty, C. Chandra Sekhar, and B.
Yegnanarapna Spotting Consonant-Vowel Units in Continuous
Speech using Auto Associative Neural Networks and Support
Vector Machines IEEE Workshop on Machine Learning for
Signal Processing, 2004.
[5] C. H. Lee, E. Giachin, L. R. Rabiner, R. Pieraccini and A. E.
Rosenberg Improved Acoustic Modelling for Continuous
Speech Recognition in Speech Research Department AT and T
Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill.
[6] C. S. Burrus, R. H. Gopinath, and H. Guo Introduction to
Wavelets and Wavelet Transforms, A Primer Prentice Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ , 1998.
[7] C. K. Chui Wavelets: A Mathematical Tool for Signal
Analysis SIAM, Philadelphia, PA, 1997.
[8] H. L. Resnikoff and R.O. Wells Wavelet Analysis: The
Scalable Structure of Information Springer, New York, NY,
1998.
AT&T Bell Laboratories
Murray Hill E. Giachin L. R. Rabiner, R. Pieraccini and A. E.
Rosenberg