Power Transformer

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Dr. Rania Swief
Definition and construction.
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Dr. Rania Swief
Transformer is a electrical device that transforms ac
electrical power at certain voltage level to another voltage
level .
It is consisted of two windings wrapped around
ferromagnetic core.
One of the windings is called primary winding which is
connected to the supply. The other winding is called
secondary which is connected to the load terminals.
Suffix 1 stands for primary windings, and 2 stands for
secondary windings.
Ideal Transformer
3
Dr. Rania Swief
Ideal transformer is assumed to have:
1. An infinity permeability core; reluctance is equal to zero.
2. The core with no losses: No hysteresis losses, No eddy
currents.
3. Lossless electrical windings.
4. No leakage fluxes.
In Ideal Transformer
From the previous draw the shown figure.
NI= R
If r = R=0
Then NI = 0, which means that there is no mmf needed to
establish the field inside the core.
The idea of the transformer operation is based on time varying
principle. So, the field established is time varying or the
windings must be movable.
4 Dr. Rania Swief
5
v1 is a time varying voltage applied to the primary
winding, assuming that the primary and the secondary
windings resistance = 0
v = emf
If v1 is varying is varying emf1 is varying
emf2 is varying v2 is varying.
Dr. Rania Swief
2 2 2
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Dr. Rania Swief
With the same flux
Where, N
1
/N
2
=a; turns ratio.
The concept of the transformer is that the voltage per turn is
constant on both primary and secondary windings.
In ideal transformer, the voltage is directly proportional with
the number of turns.
N
2
i
2
N
1
i
1
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Dr. Rania Swief
From the magnetic circuit Ni = 0
N
1
i
1
=N
2
i
2
Thus;
The current is inversely proportional to the number of
turns.
From the previous relations:
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So, input power = output power
assuming ideal system- lossless system
Dr. Rania Swief
Ideal Transformer in Load
In ideal transformer operation:
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Dr. Rania Swief
2
1
2
1
N
N
v
v
=
1
2
2
1
N
N
i
i
=
2
2
1
1
v
N
N
v =
2
1
2
1
i
N
N
i =
From previous equations
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Dr. Rania Swief
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
i
N
N
v
N
N
i
v
=
2
2
2
1
1
z
N
N
z

=
Let z
2
= z
l.
So, z
l
can have an image in the primary windings.
l l
z
N
N
z
2
2
1
'

=
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Dr. Rania Swief
Practical Transformer
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Dr. Rania Swief
At no load, an ammeter records reading although the
secondary is open terminal, which indicates that the transformer
its self consumes current.
This current is needed to magnetize the iron core, so this
current is called magnetization current.
The dissipated energy corresponding to the current is called
core losses, no load losses, or iron losses.
As long as the core is heated and a magnetic field is created
inside, thus the core must be represented into two elements one
for the heat dissipation and the other for indicating the magnetic
effect
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Dr. Rania Swief
Transformer at load
No load phasor
Resistance and coil are representing the core. Both two
elements are facing the same flux so the must be connected in
parallel. And if there no losses in the primary winding the (R
c
& jX
m
) will be directly connected to the source.
E
1
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Dr. Rania Swief
In the real transformer the windings have both inductance and
resistive part which having the same current so connected in
series. Another part could be involved with the windings
inductance is referred to the leakage flux. At the end may call it
leakage inductance, or reactance.
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Equivalent circuit of a transformer at no loading condition
E1
2
2
1
1
v
N
N
E =
Dr. Rania Swief
If the secondary is operating the equivalent circuit will be as
shown.
16
As it is indicated on the circuit that the part of the ideal transformer
is as shown
E
s
E
p
2
2
1
1
E
N
N
E =
Dr. Rania Swief
To find any electrical quantity such as voltage, current, or
power we need to solve the electrical circuits. It is better to join
both primary and secondary circuits together. So one of the
circuits must be transferred to the other side. For this there is
two equivalents circuits both are the same one referred to the
primary and the other referred to the secondary.
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Dr. Rania Swief
In the referred circuit, voltage, current, and impedances
(resistance and inductances) will be refereed to the other side.
18 Dr. Rania Swief
Equivalent circuit referred to the primary
Equivalent circuit referred to the secondary
The equivalent circuit and its phasor
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Dr. Rania Swief
The magnetization current is practically very small and can
not exceed 3- 5% for the supply current so the primary and
secondary current approximately the same and the
approximate equivalent circuit could be as shown.
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Dr. Rania Swief
Fig (a) is the approximated equivalent circuit refereed to the
primary Where fig (b) is the equivalent circuit referred to
the approximate circuit.
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Dr. Rania Swief
More approximation could be added to the circuit if it is
mentioned to neglect the core losses, so the core branch
will be neglected.
L11 = N11/I1
= N1(1+ 21) /I1
The approximate circuit
'
2
v
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Dr. Rania Swief
An approximate circuit assuming no copper losses
To find the transformer parameters (R & X ), two tests must
be operated to find the core parameters and the windings and
leakage parameters.
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Open circuit test
Open circuit is implemented to calculate the core
parameters . The devices is always connected to the low
voltage side to reduce the error in measurements but as a
concept the meters can be connected to any side.
o o c
c
I
v
I
v
R
cos
1 1
= =
o o m
m
I
v
I
v
X
sin
1 1
= =
In open circuit test, the operating voltage for the test is
equal to the operating value at the tested side no matter if
the test at the low or the high voltage side.
The ammeter reading is about 5% of the rated current at
the tested terminal.
The power measured from this test is the core losses or the
no load losses.
The operated values mean the values written on the device
itself .
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Dr. Rania Swief
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Dr. Rania Swief
Short circuit test
Open circuit is implemented to calculate the windings and
leakage parameters . The devices is always connected to the
high voltage side to reduce the error in measurements but
as a concept the meters can be connected to any side.
26
Dr. Rania Swief
In short circuit test, the operating voltage for the test is
equal to maximum of 30% of the operating value at the
tested side or the value at which the ammeter will read it
operating value.
The ammeter reading is about the rated current at the tested
terminal.
The efficiency,
27
Dr. Rania Swief
eq core
R I P i v
i v
Powerinput
losses
input Power
Losses input Power
input Power
output Power
2 '
2
'
2
'
2
'
2
'
2
) ( cos
cos
1
+ +
=
=

= =

eq core
R I P
2 '
2
) ( =
The condition for maximum efficiency is to let