Time Dependent Deformation Of Rocks Time Dependent Deformation Of Rocks

RESPECTED TEACHER:
Sir Agha Shafi Jawaid Pathan
PRESENTED BY:
GROUP-08
12MN65 Ali Bux Wassan
(Group Leader)
12MN34 Attique-er-Rehman Qureshi
12MN43 Hassan Nawaz Arain
12-10MN58 Shoaib Qureshi
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INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION:
The strength and deformation of rocks is time dependent
Under long term constant loading most rocks suffer a
reduction in strength of about 50%
The studies have indicated that deformation of pillars The studies have indicated that deformation of pillars
does not occur instantaneously but increases with time.
Pillars which appear stable after mining may deteriorate
with time and subsequently fail due to the development
of limiting vertical deformation.
Pillar failure takes place at a range of vertical stresses;
failure at high stresses taking place earlier than at low
stresses.
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INTRODUCTION: INTRODUCTION:
Some rocks, such as gabbro and granite show little
time-dependent strain whereas in other rocks such
as salt, potash, trona, coal, alabaster, time dependent
strain greatly exceeds the instantaneous elastic
deformation. deformation.
An understanding of time-dependent behaviour of
rocks is considered essential for further development
in the fields of underground mine design, strata
control, seismology and in understanding many other
geological and geophysical phenomena occurring in
the earth's crust.
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INTRODUCTION: INTRODUCTION:
The knowledge of deformational characteristics of the
supporting pillars is essential for designing the mine
workings, and also helps in determining the life of the
pillars underground. pillars underground.
The time taken by a pillar to reach an unstable
condition can be calculated from an experimental
value of the maximum possible vertical deformation
and the rate of convergence measured in situ.
The value of deformation at which the deformation rate
starts to accelerate is chosen as the boundary between
stability and instability
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INTRODUCTION: INTRODUCTION:
Creep studies are important in the study of rock- bursts
as well. The influence of creep on rock-bursts
is as:
Firstly, the time-dependent deformation may cause a
gradual release of abutment stress and hence diminish the gradual release of abutment stress and hence diminish the
danger of rock-bursts.
Secondly, the occurrence of rock-bursts in between the
shifts when the ground is not influenced by mining
operations, can be explained satisfactorily, if the time-
dependent strength of rocks is taken into consideration
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Introduction: Introduction:
Depending on the time dependent behavior, a rock can be divided into:
I. Perfectly Elastic Material
II. Real Material
1. Perfectly Elastic Material
A perfectly elastic material undergoes elastic deformation on the
application of stress and instantaneous recovery on the removal of load. application of stress and instantaneous recovery on the removal of load.
2. Real Material
In a Real-life material, the deformation is accompanied by a time lag
during the application of the stress.
Both reversible and irreversible time dependent deformations are exhibited
even though the stress level may remain below the elastic limits.
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Time Dependent Effects Time Dependent Effects
Rheology is the study of the Flow in Rocks.
Rheology is science that is concerned with flow of
fluids and deformation of solid.
Study of flow properties of liquids is important in
fluids and deformation of solid.
Study of flow properties of liquids is important in
understanding the systems .
These systems can change their flow behavior
when exposed to different stress conditions.
Stress Models are used to describe fundamental types
and behaviors of the Rheology.
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Rheological Models Rheological Models
1. Hookean Model/ Elastic Deformational Model
Example: Spring
S = K S = K
Where,
s = Stress
K = Spring Constant
= Strain
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Rheological Models: Rheological Models:
2. Newtonian or Viscous Model
Represents a Newtonian Liquid
S = he OR e = (s t)/h
Where, Where,
s = Stress
h = Time dependent Viscosity coefficient
e = Strain and
t = time
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Rheological Models: Rheological Models:
3. St Venant Model
Showing Frictional Material
Plastic Frictional Contact containing a St Venant Plastic Frictional Contact containing a St Venant
Element and its inclusion in the model represents
the Visco-Plastic behaviour of the material
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Rheological Models: Rheological Models:
4. Maxwell Material Model
A Perfectly Visco-Elastic Liquid
combination of a spring and dashpot series combination of a spring and dashpot series
The spring represents the elastic behaviour of the
material whereas the dashpot incorporates the time
dependent behavior of the material.
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Rheological Models: Rheological Models:
5. Kelvin or Voigt Model
Visco-Elastic Solid
Spring and dash pot arranged in parallel
Many rocks behave in this manner
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CREEP CREEP
Definition:
When materials under severe service conditions
are required to sustain steady loads for long
periods of time, they undergo a time dependent periods of time, they undergo a time dependent
deformation.
This is known as creep
It can also be defined as
the slow and progressive deformation of a
material with time at constant stress.
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CREEP CREEP
Creep curve:
The creep curve is obtained by applying a constant
tensile load below the yield point to a specimen
maintained at constant temp.
As soon as the specimen is loaded, there will be an
maintained at constant temp.
As soon as the specimen is loaded, there will be an
instantaneous strain which is denoted by
o
on the
creep curve
Further deformation of the rock only after the
instantaneous strain is considered as creep
deformation
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Creep curve: Creep curve:
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Stages of creep Stages of creep
Creep deformation of materials up to failure are divided into 3 stages
i) primary creep
ii) secondary creep
iii) tertiary creep.
Primary creep: OR TRANSIENT CREEP
This is the first stage of the creep which represents a region of decreasing creep rate. This is the first stage of the creep which represents a region of decreasing creep rate.
In this region the rate at which the rock deforms decreases with time until it reaches a
constant value
The creep rate goes on reducing because as the rock deforms ,it undergoes strain
hardening and offers more and more resistance to further elongation.
The principal characteristic of transient creep is the decreasing rate in
deformation.
Deformation is rapid at first but gradually becomes slower and slower as the rate
approaches some fixed value.
Transient creep in rocks is observed at all temp, even near absolute zero. Hence it
is some times referred to as cold creep
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Stages of creep Stages of creep
Secondary creep: [steady state creep]/Viscous creep
Nearly constant creep rate ,because strain hardening and recovery effects balance
each other.
Creep in this region takes place by the viscous flow in the rocks
It is characterized by the viscous flow of the material means that there is a constant
or a steady increase in deformation at constant stress
Although strain hardening is present, its effect is just balanced by the recovery Although strain hardening is present, its effect is just balanced by the recovery
process which has the opposite effect i.e softening the rock.
viscous creep is stopped when there is considerable reduction in cross sectional
area and enters the tertiary stage .
The rate of deformation increases rapidly in this 3rd stage and fracture
occurs at the end of this stage.
Viscous creep also known as hot creep', since it is observed only at
higher temperature.
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Stages of creep Stages of creep
Tertiary creep :
This stage is period of increasing strain rate.
Tertiary creep occurs when there is an effective
reduction in cross-sectional area due to necking
or internal void formation.
reduction in cross-sectional area due to necking
or internal void formation.
If the stress is kept constant of the load or if true
strain is taken into consideration
then the resulting fracture due to creep would be at
B.
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Fact ors Affecting Creep Fact ors Affecting Creep
Nature of stress (compressive, tensile, shear, uni-
axial, bi-axial , tri-axial)
Stress level (intensity of stress)
Confining pressure (depth of overburden) Confining pressure (depth of overburden)
Temperature
Humidity/Moisture Content
Grain Size and Geometry of mineral grains
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In In--situ creep measurement situ creep measurement
Need for Controlling Test Environment in Creep Testing
Constant temperature chamber
Need to idealise humidity Need to idealise humidity
Need to keep load constant- hydraulic machines not
suitable
Precise displacement devices without tendency to drift
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