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1
!"#$%#"&
$"($("$$)


74,$Y 7 P(+>'1 6(3'$4$1= E&01


1lc ncxl Wal-Mail?
Covci sloiy on Aldi, Bus|ncss Wcc|, Apiil 26
ll
, 2004
l lovc my Aldi - good qualily al iock-bollom piiccs. Wly do l nccd
'biands` wlcn all llcy do is iip you off?
Long-limc Aldi cuslomci, diiving a BMW
Biscounl mcans lo lcavc away cvciylling llal is unncccssaiy.
Biclci Biandcs, foimci Aldi cxcculivc
E13+0,8&3$01
ln 200, Aldi, a Cciman-bascd giocciy sloic clain, was luining lcads
lliougloul Luiopc, Auslialia and llc Unilcd Slalcs will ils iock-bollom
piiccs, cfficicnl sloic opcialions and giowing global nclwoik of limilcd
assoilmcnl sloics. Foundcd in llc Cciman lown of Lsscn, will anlcccdcnls
daling back lo 1046, Aldi lad icvcnucs of i37 billion ($44 billion US)
1
,



IES184
Purchased by: Satyajit Sarak SATYAJITSARAK@GMAIL.COM on August 01, 2013


*+,-. * /01234 5063-+-47 89:4


2
8&;& <=>-40>> ;9?::+"@4-A01>-6B :C D3A3113
!"#$%#"&
and ovci 7,200 sloics acioss 1 counliics. ln llc Unilcd Slalcs, Aldi`s piiccs wcic
appioximalcly 6.6 pci ccnl lowci llan Wal-Mail`s piivalc labcl offciings
2
. Bascd on a
1,000 squaic mclci sland-alonc sloic, llc lypical Aldi lad foui aislcs, a llicc-lo-scvcn-
pcison and appioximalcly 700 diffcicnl SKUs - a fai ciy fiom llc lypical supcimaikcl,
wlicl lad 10 lo 20 aislcs, ovci 30 slaff and 1,000 oi moic SKUs
3
.
Many obscivcis qucslioncd low a clain of sloics llal offcicd only a fiaclion of llc
avciagc supcimaikcl`s sclcclion and llal biokc many of llc goldcn iulcs of iclailing
could bc so succcssful and piofilablc. Aldi`s answci? Focus only on llc ncccssaiy and
givc llc icsulling savings lo llc consumci.
"#( D0>*'1.
1lc woids sclf madc wcic cmblazoncd bcsidc llc Foibcs piofilcs idcnlifying Kail and
1lco Albiccll as llc woild`s 8
ll
and 20
ll
iiclcsl individuals icspcclivcly
4
. Will
pcisonal foiluncs cslimalcd al i28 billion (US$34 billion)

, llc Albicclls lad slailcd


building llc Aldi clain of supcimaikcls in 1046, wlcn llcy ian a 100-squaic-mclci
slop on llc oulskiils of Lsscn. ln 1048, llc biollcis madc a conscious dccision lo add
llc piinciplc of low piiccs lo llcii conccpl
6
. 1lc busincss gicw lo mulliplc localions,
and in 1061 llc biollcis splil llc busincss inlo lwo unils. 1lco Albiccll look llc
noill (Aldi Noid) and Kail Albiccll look llc soull (Aldi Sd). 1lc soullcin unil was
bascd in Mllcim an dci Ruli and llc noillcin unil was lcadquailcicd oul of Lsscn,
only 30 kilomclcis away. 1lc scpaialion did nol mcan llal llc biollcis did nol
coopcialc, llc lwo ficqucnlly slaicd llc dclails of llcii busincss opcialions will llc
cxccplion of llcii annual piofils
7
(scc "#$%&%' ( foi a map of llc Aldi divisions and
llcii logos). 1lc fiisl sloic biandcd will llc Aldi namc (an amalgamalion of llc namc
Albiccll will llc woid discounl) opcncd in 1062 in llc lown of Boilmund
8
.
Fiom llc bcginning, ncillci biollci was inlcicslcd in spcaking lo llc picss. Aldi
icquiicd llal all of ils cmployccs icmain ligll-lippcd lo cxlcinal souiccs. 1lis dcsiic
lo lcad a piivalc lifc was lcigllcncd wlcn 1lco Albiccll was kidnappcd foi iansom
foi 17 days in 1071. Wlilc llis cvcnl lcd llc Albicclls lo fuillci slun llc picss in
subscqucnl ycais, llcy icmaincd commillcd lo cxpanding llcii busincsscs in Ccimany
and inlcinalionally. ln doing so, llcy followcd llc kcy piinciplcs of simplicily, ligl
qualily, fiugalily and confidcnlialily.
"#( 74,$ ]'48( D#'$1
1lc conccpl of llc Albicclls` appioacl lo food iclailing lad icmaincd laigcly
unclangcd sincc llc lalc 1040s. Aldi`s plilosoply was lo focus on llc indispcnsablc
and avoid llc unncccssaiy (scc "#$%&%' ) foi Aldi doing-willoul lisl and sccicls of
succcss). 1lc coic appioacl of Aldi was lo offci a limilcd assoilmcnl of qualily daily
basic food ilcms al llc lowcsl possiblc piiccs. ln a iaic slalcmcnl lo llc picss in 103,
llc Albiccll biollcis commcnlcd.
Purchased by: Satyajit Sarak SATYAJITSARAK@GMAIL.COM on August 01, 2013


*+,-. * /01234 5063-+-47 89:4


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8&;& <=>-40>> ;9?::+"@4-A01>-6B :C D3A3113
!"#$%#"&
Sincc 100 wc lavc adlcicd lo llc piinciplc of low piiccs as wcll as llal of limilcd
sclcclion. 1lis was also a mallci of ncccssily. lf wc did nol wanl lo offci cuslomcis
a widc iangc llcn wc lad al lcasl lo offci llcm somc ollci advanlagc. Wc sold oui
pioducls foi dccisivcly lcss. l am convinccd llal llcsc lwo piinciplcs, naiiow
pioducl iangc and low piicc, cannol bc scpaialcd.
0

;+0,8&3 <(4(&3$01
Aldi caiiicd 700 ilcms al Aldi Noill
10
and 000 ilcms al Aldi Soull
11
. 1lc limil lo llc
numbci of pioducls was dclcimincd by wlal Aldi`s managcmcnl fcll would piovidc
ligl luinovci and fulfillmcnl of basic cuslomci nccds. 0nc foimci Aldi cxcculivc
lalkcd aboul llc clallcngc of sclccling llc iigll pioducl assoilmcnl of 000 SKUs oi
lcss. [1lc limil| can only bc diawn aibiliaiily, and llcn il musl bc sliiclly cnfoiccd.
Bul onc lling is clcai. cvciy addilional ilcm ccilainly causcs incicascd cxpcndiluic.
12

0vci 80 pci ccnl of llc pioducls wcic diy goods, will llc icmaindci bcing madc up of
icfiigcialcd pioducls (10 pci ccnl), fiozcn foods ( pci ccnl) and ollci ( pci ccnl) (scc
"#$%&%' * foi a bicakdown of llc goods and llcii dclivciy souicc). 0nly pci ccnl of
llc pioducls fcll oulsidc llc company`s own poilfolio of piivalc labcls. ln icccnl ycais,
llc mosl piomincnl biand oulsidc of Aldi`s piivalc labcl poilfolio was Mcdion
compulcis. Aldi bcgan caiiying llc Mcdion compulci in 1007, wlcn il offcicd a 100
mcgalcilz Cyiix Pcnlium compulci packcd will ligl qualily componcnls foi 000
cuios, a piicc 2 lo 3 pci ccnl bclow compaiablc compulcis al llc limc
13
. Aldi`s
appioacl involvcd sclling a limilcd numbci of compulcis pci sloic, advcilising llc
limc of llc salc lliougl flycis and sclling off llc cnliic slock as quickly as possiblc. on
a givcn Monday moining in May 200, 200 laplops would bc pilcd up in Aldi biancl
in llc Baicclona aica, and 00 minulcs aflci opcning llc sloic lo llc public all llc
laplops would bc sold, casl paymcnl. Aldi`s salcs mcllod lcd lo il bccoming Ccimany`s
lcading iclailci of compulcis will an cslimalcd 10 pci ccnl of llc piivalc maikcl as of
200 - and madc ils biand of compulcis llc sccond mosl widcly sold in 200 (aflci
Fujilsu-Sicmcns). Foi compulcis and ollci mciclandisc sucl as bicyclcs oi clccliical
lcavy lools, il was nol uncommon foi massivc qucucs lo build up in anlicipalion of
llc salc.
All icgulaily sold ilcms wcic Aldi gioup piivalc labcls, oi biandcd pioducls foi wlicl
Aldi could dclciminc llc piiccs. 1lis madc Aldi a had discounlci, i.c., a company llal
sold all pioducls in ils poilfolio al a discounl. Wlilc llc piivalc labcl namcs of Aldi
Noill and Soull wcic diffcicnl, llc supplicis wcic usually llc samc. Coffcc was llc
solc pioducl llal Aldi madc ilsclf
14
. Lacl of llc icgulai ilcms in llc slop was usually
availablc in only onc slandaidizcd sizc.
;+0,8&3 ;+$&$1= '1, ;+0>03$01
Many of Aldi`s piivalc labcl pioducls lcd maikcl slaic calcgoiics. ln Ccimany, Aldi
lcld a 16.7 pci ccnl maikcl slaic of lolal food iclail salcs
1
and appioximalcly lalf of
all piivalc labcl salcs in llc counliy. 1lc company lad 1 pci ccnl of llc Cciman fiuil
juicc maikcl and lalf of llc pioccsscd mcal and sausagc maikcl
16
. 1o aclicvc llcsc
Purchased by: Satyajit Sarak SATYAJITSARAK@GMAIL.COM on August 01, 2013


*+,-. * /01234 5063-+-47 89:4


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8&;& <=>-40>> ;9?::+"@4-A01>-6B :C D3A3113
!"#$%#"&
ligl maikcl slaics, llc company`s piiccs wcic oflcn 20 lo 30 pci ccnl bclow llosc of
icgulai supcimaikcls
17
. As of 200, llc avciagc piicc of a food ilcm on Aldi`s wcbsilc
was 1.47 cuios will llc cnliic baskcl of 000 ilcms cosling 1,327 cuios
18
. 1lc salcs
piicc of cacl ilcm was icgaidcd as an csscnlial dccision and was madc by Aldi`s lop
adminislialivc boaid and gcncial managcis
10
. Wlilc Aldi cmploycd an cvciyday low
piicc slialcgy, llc company ficqucnlly pul foiwaid suipiisc buys
20
(callcd Aldi
Aklucll) slocking limilcd quanlilics of a ccilain ilcm. Aldi piomolcd spccial offcis
oncc (Aldi Noill) oi lwicc (Aldi Soull) pci wcck and advciliscd lliougl llcii wcckly
flycis only availablc in sloic oi via llc Aldi wcbsilc (www.Aldi.dc). 0ul-of-sloic
advcilising was almosl non-cxislcnl, cxccpl in somc silualions wlcn piomoling llc
opcning of a ncw localion.
;+0,8&3 ^8'4$3.
Aldi sliiclly cnfoiccd qualily lcsls foi all lincs of pioducls, boll lo kccp cuslomcis
lappy and lo mccl lcgal icquiicmcnls. undci Cciman law, foi piivalc labcl pioducls,
llc icsponsibilily of pioducl icluins, waiianlics clc. was will llc iclailci wlo sold llc
pioducls - nol llc manufacluici. 1o cnsuic qualily, Aldi pcifoimcd daily laslc lcsls of
ils pioducls and was onc of llc fiisl supcimaikcls lo pcifoim inlcnsc laboialoiy lcsls
on cggs using an cgg lamp lo dclciminc ficslncss llicslolds
21
. 1lc company lad bccn
llc iccipicnl of many lasling awaids foi piivalc labcl bcci, wlisky, winc and coffcc.
And iccognilion of Aldi`s qualily was cclcbialcd acioss Cciman lousclolds, pcoplc
lcld Aldi-llcmcd pailics al wlicl all llc allcndccs lad lo adoin llcmsclvcs in Aldi
clolling and pailakc of an cxclusivc mcnu of food and diink puiclascd al Aldi
22
. A
cookbook will iccipcs using only Aldi foods lad sold ovci a million copics
23
. Lxlcinal
accoladcs and awaids lowcvci did nol lcad llc company lo scck oul qualily
ccilificalions sucl as lS0 0000 oi lolal qualily managcmcnl. A foimci managci
commcnlcd, Wc did nol nccd 'lS0 0000` oi 'lolal qualily managcmcnl` (1M) lo makc
us llink il was good idca.
24
ln a suipiisc visil lo onc of Aldi`s ficsl pioducc supplicis
in Soullcin Ccimany, llc casc aullois could scc llal incoming slipmcnls wcic
mcliculously clcckcd, pallcl by pallcl, casc by casc. ln onc inslancc, a pallcl of lomalo
boxcs lad bccn damagcd duiing lianspoil. 1lc cmployccs look llc pallcl asidc,
unloadcd llc 120 boxcs and clcckcd cvciy lomalo in cvciy box, icplacing llcm will
undamagcd lomalocs wlcn ncccssaiy. 1lcy commcnlcd llal llcsc lomalocs go lo
Aldi, so wc lavc lo dclivci qualily. 1lc slalcmcnl was confiimcd by an indcpcndcnl
fiuil cxpcil wlo, looking al llc mciclandisc, acknowlcdgcd llal onc could laidly find
bcllci lomalocs al llis piicc.
Finally, Aldi acccplcd all cuslomci icluins willoul qucslion.
<30+( @*(+'3$01%
Sioc S|zcs and Locai|ons. Aldi sloics avciagcd 1,000 squaic mclcis in Ccimany, bul
could bc smallci clscwlcic (c.g., 660 squaic mclcis in Fiancc, duc lo lcgal
icquiicmcnls). Lacl Aldi sloic lad a small sloicioom of 10 lo 200 squaic mclcis.
lndusliy obscivcis llougll llal picfciicd sloic localions wcic in low cosl disliicls,
Purchased by: Satyajit Sarak SATYAJITSARAK@GMAIL.COM on August 01, 2013


*+,-. * /01234 5063-+-47 89:4


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!"#$%#"&
implying llal Aldi sloics wcic oflcn on llc oulskiils of lown. ll was cslimalcd llal
Aldi spcnl lcss llan 2 pci ccnl of lolal salcs on occupancy cosls
2
. Aldi puipoilcdly
picfciicd lo puiclasc land foi ils sloics, and was onc of llc laigcsl piopcily owncis in
Ccimany. ln somc inslanccs, lowcvci, Aldi icnlcd sloics wlicl lad bccn buill lo ils
spccificalions. lndusliy obscivcis fcll llal an Aldi localion aclually booslcd llc
busincss of ncaiby fiuil and vcgclablc maikcls and ollci spccially slops sincc Aldi
caiiicd only a limilcd sclcclion of basic ilcms
26
.
Pa,mcni icms and Consumcs. Lvcn in 200, Aldi pcimillcd only casl, claigc caids
(llc LC-Caid, a foim of paymcnl only found in Ccimany) and food slamps
27
. Cicdil
caids wcic nol acccplcd. All Luiopcan Aldi sloics claigcd llicc-cuio ccnls pci bag and
icquiicd a onc cuio ccnl dcposil lo usc llc giocciy cail. 1lcsc condilions did nol pul
off consumcis, wlo spanncd a widc dcmogiaplic iangc. Al onc limc llc sloic lad
bccn known lo appcal lo pcoplc on a ligll budgcl, bul sincc llc caily 1000s il
lad bccomc jusl as common lo scc consumcis aiiiving in luxuiy scdans as pcoplc
aiiiving on public lianspoil. By 200, a ncw Zc|iqc|si lad dcvclopcd in Ccimany,
giving cicdibilily lo slingincss
28
. Aldi clcaily bcncfilcd fiom llis licnd.
Sioc Dcs|qn. A lypical Aldi sloic lad foui widc aislcs wlcic all llc pioducls wcic
displaycd in llcii oiiginal slipmcnl boxcs. Lmcigcncy cxils wcic clcaily maikcd as
wcic all piiccs and pioducl dcsciiplions. Aldi sloics wcic kcpl vciy clcan. All sloic
fixluics wcic sccn lo bc puicly funclional. 1lcic wcic no in-sloic dccoialions, and
cconomic building malciials wcic uscd foi flooiing, ccilings and slclving. Sloics lad
onc lclcplonc, only lo bc uscd foi communicaling will llc disliibulion ccnlci. Sloic
lclcplonc numbcis wcic nol lislcd and pcisonal slaff calls wcic foibiddcn. 0nc-way
miiiois wcic inslallcd in pails of llc sloic so llal cmployccs could kccp an cyc oul foi
slopliflcis
20
. Sliinkagc al Aldi was cslimalcd lo bc 0. pci ccnl of salcs in conliasl lo
1.7 pci ccnl foi llc iclail indusliy al laigc
30
. Scc "#$%&%' + foi picluics of an Aldi in-
sloic modcl as wcll as in-sloic snapslols.
Sia[[|nq. Aldi sloics wcic slaffcd will an avciagc of llicc lo scvcn pcoplc. llc sloic
managci and lwo assislanls. All cmployccs wcic icquiicd lo unload slock, clcan llc
sloic, walcl foi sloplifling, iing lliougl llc cuslomci`s oidci and opcialc mcclanical
cquipmcnl sucl as llc caidboaid balci and clccliic pallcl jack (scc "#$%&%' , foi llc
icquiicd dulics of all lcvcls of Aldi`s slaff). Sloic managcis wcic aclivcly involvcd in
all sloic opcialions and would lclp will cuslomci clcck-oul al limcs of pcak dcmand.
Sincc cslablislcd sloics wcic lcclic, slaff mcmbcis wcic icquiicd lo movc cfficicnlly
and quickly - and wcic paid appioximalcly lwicc llc amounl of individuals woiking al
convcnlional supcimaikcls. ln Ccimany, llis amounlcd lo 2,00 cuios bcfoic lax pci
monll foi a sloic assislanl
31
. Pcisonncl cosls in sloic wcic appioximalcly 3 pci ccnl of
salcs vcisus 0 pci ccnl foi a convcnlional supcimaikcl
32
. Aldi discouiagcd union
aclivily and in somc counliics llis lcd lo disscnl. 0nc cxamplc was in licland wlcn six
woikcis wcic icpoilcdly fiicd aflci joining a union. Aldi acknowlcdgcd unfaii
dismissal, bul somc bclicvcd llc damagc lad bccn donc
33
.
Chcc|oui and Bacodcs. 0iiginally, all caslicis wcic icquiicd lo know llc piicc of cacl
ilcm in llc sloic. Aldi`s Bulcl affilialc ian a quick cxpciimcnl in llc 1080s wlcicby all
caslicis would mcmoiizc a llicc-digil codc inslcad of a SKU`s piicc (quick cxpciimcnls
Purchased by: Satyajit Sarak SATYAJITSARAK@GMAIL.COM on August 01, 2013


*+,-. * /01234 5063-+-47 89:4


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8&;& <=>-40>> ;9?::+"@4-A01>-6B :C D3A3113
!"#$%#"&
of llis naluic wcic cncouiagcd willin llc company). 1lc cxpciimcnl slowcd llal a
limc saving occuiicd, sincc llc caslicis did nol lavc lo lcain ncw piiccs cvciy slifl.
Subscqucnlly, Aldi iollcd oul llc llicc-digil codc mcllod lo llc icsl of Aldi Noill`s
opcialions
34
. Following llc swilcl lo llc cuio, Aldi Soull implcmcnlcd llc scannci
syslcm in 2001. lnslcad of placing llc baicodc in jusl onc spol (as was slandaid in
iclailing), Aldi icquiicd llal supplicis placc il in foui diffcicnl pails of llc packagc lo
dccicasc clcckoul limc
3
. Fuillcimoic, il icquiicd baicodcs lo lavc a spccificd sizc,
oflcn will onc laigci baicodc acioss llc packagc, so llal caslicis did nol lavc lo
waslc limc looking foi llc baicodc. Somc obscivcis bclicvcd Aldi`s clcckoul lo bc
among llc faslcsl in llc indusliy, will onc souicc slaling llal Aldi clciks could clcck
oul 42 ilcms pci minulc vcisus 1 ilcms pci minulc in a convcnlional supcimaikcl
36
.
All Aldi baicodcs bcgan will llc numbci 24, and lad cigll digils. 24 0 XXXX N
37
. 1lc
Xs idcnlificd llc piicc and pioducl and llc N dcnolcd llc lol numbci
38
. 1lc usc of
cigll digils vaiicd fiom llc indusliy slandaid of 13 digils, will llc cxccplion of Lidl
wlo also uscd an cigll-digil codc bcginning will llc numbci 20
30
.
Invcnio, F|ow- Bcpcnding on llc luinovci of llc sloic goods, slipmcnls of goods
aiiivcd fivc lo six days a wcck lo llc sloic will an avciagc lcad limc ianging fiom onc
lo foui days fiom oidci placcmcnl lo dclivciy al llc sloic
40
. All slipmcnls wcic
unloadcd diicclly fiom llc liuck (aiiiving cillci diicclly fiom llc supplici oi fiom
Aldi`s disliibulion ccnlci) lo Aldi`s small sloicioom (appioximalcly 20 lo 2 pci ccnl of
llc sloic spacc)
41
localcd bclwccn llc sclling aica and llc icccplion dock. Eowcvci, llc
sloicioom iaicly lcld goods foi moic llan onc day, il was uscd as an unloading buffci
cnabling llc slaff lo slclvc llc slock lalci in llcii woikday ncccssaiy. 1lc goal was lo
avoid any oul of slock foi slandaid ilcms and lo lavc llc sclling spacc fillcd will
slock (ilcms up lo cyc lcvcl) will llc back sloicioom as cmply as possiblc. 1lc
sloicioom also conlaincd a picss wlicl compicsscd uscd caidboaid boxcs, wlicl wcic
sold subscqucnlly lo iccycling companics.
Will goods in llc sloicioom, onc of llc llicc in-sloic slaff would usc a small clccliic
foiklifl lo lifl llc pallcl (60cm by 80cm) fiom llc sloicioom and placc il diicclly in llc
sloic. ln somc silualions il was ncccssaiy foi llc sloic clcik lo cul lliougl llc plaslic
wiap, bul oflcn pioducls wcic slippcd in opcn boxcs fiom llc supplici. ll was
cslimalcd llal a pallcl of goods could bc picpaicd foi salc willin llicc minulcs,
counling llc limc fiom llc sloicioom lo llc sclling flooi
42
. All pioducls slaycd in llcii
oiiginal slipmcnl boxcs unlil llc supply was dcplclcd. No ilcm was lo bc movcd
individually. ll was cslimalcd llal Aldi luincd ovci ils invcnloiy aboul 0 limcs cacl
ycai. Rcfiigcialcd and fiozcn ilcms wcic oidcicd fiom supplicis in slandaidizcd boxcs
wlicl could bc diicclly placcd in llc ficczci oi icfiigcialoi willoul unpacking.
0iiginally, Aldi lad nol caiiicd icfiigcialcd and fiozcn ilcms. ll addcd cold clain
pioducls only wlcn supplicis wcic ablc lo malcl Aldi`s sliingcnl icquiicmcnls on box
dimcnsions, allowing foi cfficicnl landling and slacking
43
.
Inbound Sh|mcnis and Rcodc|nq. Slock lcvcls wcic conliollcd by boll llc ccnlial
waiclousc and llc in-sloic slaff. Slipmcnls ficqucnlly aiiivcd al sloics willoul
laving bccn oidcicd by in-sloic slaff, bcing dispalclcd fiom llc icgion`s BC
44
.
Rcoidcis wcic placcd by onc of llc slaff foui limcs a wcck, c.g., on Mondays,
Purchased by: Satyajit Sarak SATYAJITSARAK@GMAIL.COM on August 01, 2013


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8&;& <=>-40>> ;9?::+"@4-A01>-6B :C D3A3113
!"#$%#"&
1ucsdays, 1luisdays and Fiidays
4
. 0idci sizcs foi cacl sloic (wlcllci inilialcd by llc
ccnlial waiclousc oi llc in-sloic slaff) wcic dclcimincd by a compulciizcd syslcm llal
analyzcd llc cxisling invcnloiy and aulomalically pioduccd a icpoil lisling llc ilcms
llal wcic nccdcd foi icslocking
46
. Sloic cmployccs wcic icquiicd lo vciify llal llc
invcnloiy icpoil was coiiccl by counling llc ilcms. llcms wcic oidcicd by pallcls
(milk, sugai, sall), liays (canncd pioducls) oi unils (ccicals and bolllcs of alcolol)
47
. ln-
sloic l1 syslcms wcic iallci basic. all clcck-ouls lad scannci syslcms and llcic was al
mosl onc compulci pci sloic, wlicl was uscd lo conliol salcs and oidciing pioccsscs.
ln-sloic invcnloiy clccks and conliols wcic pcifoimcd cvciy day by llc sloic
managci. Addilionally, invcnloiics wcic clcckcd on a monllly basis and pciiodically
duiing suipiisc visils fiom ollci Aldi managcis
48
.
<8**4. D#'$1 @*(+'3$01%
1o impiovc logislics, Aldi`s opcialions wcic oiganizcd in cclls. 0nc ccll consislcd of 0
lo 80 sloics in a givcn icgion and lad onc disliibulion ccnlci. Aldi gcncially cicalcd
scpaialc lcgal cnlilics (Aldi Ccscllsclafl) foi cacl ccll. Lacl of llcsc cclls gcncialcd
ils own financial slalcmcnls and no consolidalcd financials wcic publislcd. Eowcvci,
somc obscivcis slalcd llal llc ialionalc foi cicaling llc ccll sliucluic was nol solcly lo
lakc advanlagc of Cciman icgulaloiy looplolcs, bul iallci lo follow llc kcy Aldi
piinciplcs of dcccnlializalion, lcss complcxily and lowci cosls ovciall
40
. ln Ccimany,
Aldi lad moic llan 60 scpaialc lcgal cnlilics undci llc combincd Aldi Noill and
Soull umbicllas
0
.
Wlcn a ncw ccll was cicalcd, a disliibulion ccnlci was cillci opcncd oi icdiicclcd lo
scivc llc ncw gioup of sloics. Aldi uscd a lub-and-spokc disliibulion syslcm and
aimcd lo lavc cacl disliibulion ccnlci scivicing 60 sloics willin a iadius of 0
kilomclcis. 1lc sizc of a lypical disliibulion ccnlci was 2,000 lo 40,000 squaic
mclcis
1
, cquippcd will 20 icccplion docks and 20 slipping docks
2
. ll lad a flccl of 2
oi moic liucks llal dclivcicd appioximalcly 0 pci ccnl of llc sloics` invcnloiy. All
pioducls cxccpl bicad and fiozcn goods flowcd lliougl llcsc disliibulion ccnlcis. Fivc
lo six pci ccnl of an Aldi sloic`s invcnloiy was dclivcicd diicclly fiom llc supplici`s
waiclousc. Aldi`s dclivciy liucks wcic also icsponsiblc foi icliicving llc cmply pallcls
fiom llc sloics. 1o icducc llc cosl of llc liuck flccl, Aldi iclicadcd liics and placcd
wind dcflcclois foi bcllci gas milcagc
3
. "#$%&%' . slows picluics of Aldi`s disliibulion
ccnlci and slipping docks.
Aldi`s supplicis paid foi llc slipping lo Aldi`s disliibulion ccnlcis - oi, in llc casc of
bakcd and fiozcn goods, diicclly lo llc sloics. Aldi`s disliibulion ccnlcis did nol kccp
llc majoiily of llcii slock foi moic llan 24 louis. appioximalcly 00 pci ccnl of llc
volumc cnlciing llc waiclousc was diicclly cioss-dockcd and pul on an oulbound
liuck
4
. 1lcic wcic only lwo sizcs of pallcls. 120cm by 80cm (llc Luio pallcl) and
60cm by 80cm (llc Bsscldoif pallcl). Aldi Soull`s disliibulion ccnlcis wcic
cquippcd will ic-loadcis llal wcic uscd lo scpaialc 40 laigc pallcls (120cm by 80cm)
inlo 80 smallci pallcls (60cm by 80cm) cvciy loui

. Aldi lad also dcvclopcd a liuck


foiklifl syslcm lo lianspoil llicc pallcls simullancously
6
. Sloics only icccivcd 60cm
by 80cm pallcls and il was common llal llc pallcls wcic mixcd will diffcicnl pioducls
Purchased by: Satyajit Sarak SATYAJITSARAK@GMAIL.COM on August 01, 2013


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8
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!"#$%#"&
lo icducc landling al llc sloic
7
. Rcgulai clccks wcic donc lo cnsuic qualily and
quanlilics. A foimci Aldi managci cxplaincd llc pioccss, Aldi las bccn piaclicing llis
policy foi a long limc will fasl-moving ilcms sucl as bcvciagcs, sugai, cggs - so-
callcd pallcl goods. Aldi las always lad an influcncc on casy-lo-slip packaging
wlicl musl bc laimonizcd will llc pallcl sizc. Aldi jusl did nol know llal llis
appioacl was icfciicd lo as 'cfficicnl consumci icsponsc` (LCR).
8

;8+&#'%$1=
lndusliy playcis iccognizcd llal Aldi`s buying powci was cxlicmcly ligl, allowing il
lo dcmand low piiccs. Aldi was sliingcnl will qualily. all pioducls wcic lcslcd foi six
lo cigll wccks in all sloics of onc, lwo oi llicc Aldi cclls bcfoic any foimal agiccmcnl
was madc
0
. Eowcvci, Aldi was icpoilcd lo viilually ncvci clangc lcims and
condilions oncc a piicc was agiccd upon
60
. 0nc cxpcil dcsciibcd llc iclalionslip
bclwccn Aldi and ils supplicis as bcing symbiolic. Ec slalcd.
A company llal pioduccs piivalc labcls nccds llc liusl of ils clicnls. 1lis is usually
dcvclopcd ovci ycais of busincss iclalions. ln llc bcginning, lowcvci, llcic is of
couisc always a soil of 'coacling` by Aldi.. 0nc ically impoilanl poinl icmains -
and all Aldi supplicis will confiim llis. icncgolialions duiing wlicl allcmpls aic
madc lo upgiadc lcims and condilions foi dclivciics wlicl lavc alicady bccn madc
do nol occui. Aldi is inlcicslcd in llc conlinucd suivival of capablc supplicis.
61

Aldi paid ils supplicis in 30 days and was known foi ils punclual paymcnl, will somc
slaling, You can scl youi walcl by ils paymcnls.
62
Wlcn ncw supplicis wcic lakcn
on boaid, llcy wcic clcaily givcn all of Aldi`s icquiicmcnls foi slipping, packaging
and ollci logislics. As onc supplici said, lf llc goods scll iapidly, if llcy piovc
populai and Aldi nccds addilional supplics, llc owncis lavc no mcicy.
63

Buycis al Aldi ccnlial puiclasing wcic lypically in claigc of 100 ilcms oi up lo i2
billion annually
64
. 1lcy wcic vciy qualily conscious (scc "#$%&%' / foi a lisl of
cxamplcs of lypical lcsls). ln dcaling will supplicis, il was sliiclly foibiddcn foi Aldi
puiclascis lo acccpl any gifls laigci llan a calcndai. As onc foimci puiclasing
managci and adminislialivc boaid mcmbci said, ll sccms impossiblc lo minimizc
polcnlial coiiuplion in advancc, oi aclually lo climinalc il allogcllci. Aldi las nol
lakcn any spccial picvcnlalivc slcps, and l mysclf cannol scc any scnsiblc appioacl lo
llis bccausc llc puiclasci icquiics llc liusl of lis supcivisoi wlcn lc ncgolialcs.
6

"#( M'&_ @::$&( @*(+'3$01%
Foi cacl ccll (i.c., 60 lo 80 sloics and onc waiclousc), Aldi`s managcmcnl lad a
gcncial managci and fivc diiccl icpoils. an adminislialivc managci, ccnlial waiclousc
supcivisoi, salcs managci (icsponsiblc foi all sloics in llc disliicl), puiclasci and
piopcily-lcasing officci (scc "#$%&%' 0 foi llc oiganizalion of a lypical Aldi ccll
company).
Purchased by: Satyajit Sarak SATYAJITSARAK@GMAIL.COM on August 01, 2013


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!"#$%#"&
Aldi Noill and Aldi Soull coipoialc lcad officcs lad vciy fcw ccnlial funclions.
puiclasing, icvcnuc and cxpcnsc managcmcnl, ccnlial accounling, inlcinal audiling,
Aldi did nol lavc any ollci slaff funclions - c.g., no Bcpailmcnl of Slialcgy oi
Maikcling - and ncvci uscd consullanls oi advcilising agcncics. il icgaidcd llcsc
cffoils as adding lilllc oi no valuc lo llc clicnl`s puiclasing cxpciicncc. 1cclnology
was kcpl lo a minimum. ln somc Aldi affilialcs, il was nol uncommon lo cncounlci
cmployccs willoul llcii own compulcis. 1lc company was iumoicd lo discouiagc
cmail usc will llc oulsidc woild and picfciicd back-officc slaff lo slaic compulcis.
E13(+1'3$01'4 @*(+'3$01%
As will giowll willin Ccimany, all of Aldi`s inlcinalional giowll was financcd
lliougl iclaincd cainings, duc lo ils fasl casl-lo-casl cyclc and solid piofil maigins.
1lc company lad succcssfully cxpandcd inlo Ausliia, Eolland, Bclgium, Fiancc, Spain,
Poilugal, Luxcmbouig, Cical Biilain, licland, Slovcnia, Swilzciland, Auslialia and llc
Unilcd Slalcs (scc "#$%&%' 1 and "#$%&%' () foi infoimalion on Aldi`s inlcinalional
cxpansion). Aldi`s policy of limilcd sclcclion and piiccs 20 lo 30 pci ccnl bclow
convcnlional supcimaikcls icmaincd inlacl. 1ypcs of pioducls vaiicd fiom counliy lo
counliy. Foi cxamplc, in Spain, Aldi caiiicd omclcls llal wcic madc by local supplicis,
wlilc in Cical Biilain, llc company caiiicd locally-bicwcd billci bcci
66
. 1usl likc in
Ccimany, inlcinalional Aldi opcialions also lookcd foi ligl qualily local supplicis foi
basic ilcms. A book lisling llc supplicis of Aldi`s 100 lop-sclling pioducls was a bcsl
scllci in Ccimany
67
. ln Spain, il was icmoicd llal llc wcll-known daiiy company Cclla
and icnowncd spicc biand Bani pioduccd piivalc labcl goods foi Aldi
68
. ll was
cslimalcd llal appioximalcly 20 lo 30 pci ccnl of llc pioducls vaiicd by counliy
60
.
D0>*(3$30+%
Aldi faccd compclilion fiom a numbci of souiccs. 1lc food iclailing maikcl was
gcncially calcgoiizcd by laid discounlcis sucl as Aldi and Lidl, sofl discounlcis sucl
as Bia (localcd in Spain and owncd by Caiicfoui) and Plus (owncd by 1cngclmann),
convcnlional supcimaikcl clains and laigc iclailcis will giowing global opcialions
sucl as Caiicfoui fiom Fiancc, Alold fiom Eolland, Mclio fiom Ccimany and Wal-
Mail fiom llc U.S. (scc "#$%&%' (2 foi a lisl of global iclailcis).
"#( P40-'4 P$'13Y `'4V2'+3
Wal-Mail slood oul by ils mcic sizc - il was llc woild`s laigcsl iclailci will US$28
billion (i210 billion) in salcs and ncl incomc of US$10. billion (i8.1 billion) as of
1anuaiy 200
70
. Scvcnly-fivc pci ccnl of Wal-Mail`s ,700 sloics wcic localcd in llc
U.S. 1lc company opcialcd smallci Nciglboilood Maikcls, icgulai Wal-Mail sloics,
laigc foimal Supciccnlcis, and Sam`s Club (a wlolcsalci conccpl likc Mclio in
Ccimany). Rcgulai Wal-Mail sloics caiiicd aboul 70,000 ilcms, wlcicas Supciccnlcis
caiiicd upwaids of 100,000 SKUs, including moic llan 20,000 giocciy ilcms
71
.
Purchased by: Satyajit Sarak SATYAJITSARAK@GMAIL.COM on August 01, 2013


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!"#$%#"&
Supciccnlcis lad as many as 40 dcpailmcnls, moic llan 00 cmployccs (icfciicd lo as
associalcs) and salcs of ovci $100 million
72
.
Wal-Mail was known in llc U.S. foi ils slogan, Lvciyday low piiccs (LBLP) and
guaianlccd ils cuslomcis maximum sclcclion of boll piivalc labcl and biandcd
mciclandisc spanning ncaily cvciy calcgoiy of consumci goods. Ciocciy, candy and
lobacco was llc laigcsl calcgoiy, making up 28 pci ccnl of Wal-Mail`s lolal salcs
73
.
Acioss all calcgoiics, piivalc labcl accounlcd foi appioximalcly 20 pci ccnl of ils
ovciall salcs
74
. ll was iaic lo find a pailiculai ilcm al a lowci piicc llan Wal-Mail.
Eowcvci, in onc lcsl in llc U.S., compaiing Wal-Mail`s piivalc labcl goods will Aldi`s,
llc piiccs of an Aldi baskcl of basics was found lo bc 6.6 pci ccnl lowci llan Wal-
Mail`s
7
. Wal-Mail`s invcnloiy luinovci was 7. al llc bcginning of 200 (scc
"#$%&%' (( foi a compaiison of piiccs and kcy facls on Wal-Mail)
76
.
Foi slock kccping, conliol, icplcnislmcnl and mcasuiing pcifoimancc, Wal-Mail uscd
a complcx infoimalion lcclnology syslcm. Eandlcld compulcis wcic linkcd lo an
inlcinal invcnloiy syslcm. All infoimalion was ical-limc via Wal-Mail`s piivalc
salcllilc nclwoik and pcimillcd in-sloic slaff lo icoidci and liack and clasc pcnding
oidcis
77
. Fuillcimoic, all syslcms wcic linkcd via a sccuic inliancl lo supplicis and llc
company lad 100 lcliabylc dalabasc linking gcogiaplic, dcmogiaplic, supplici,
consumci and pioducl infoimalion lo oplimizc piicing and availabilily.
ln llc U.S., Wal-Mail slippcd 81 pci ccnl of ils goods fiom 00 disliibulion ccnlcis -
37 wcic foi gcncial mciclandisc, 34 wcic giocciy disliibulion ccnlcis, 7 wcic foi
clolling and appaicl and 16 wcic foi supplying spccially mciclandisc
78
. 1lc icsl of llc
goods wcic dclivcicd diicclly lo llc sloic fiom ils supplicis. Wal-Mail uscd ils own
liuck flccl lo dclivci gcncial mciclandisc and conliaclcd lliid pailics foi giocciy
dclivciics
70
. 0n avciagc, llc sizc of Wal-Mail`s disliibulion ccnlcis was onc million
squaic fccl (03,000 squaic mclcis). Lacl disliibulion poinl scivcd appioximalcly 10
sloics willin a 240-kilomclci iadius and was slaffcd by 700 associalcs
80
.
Wal-Mail`s opcialions in Ccimany lad cncounlcicd scvcial slumbling blocks. 1o cnlci
Ccimany, Wal-Mail bougll llc 21-sloic Wcilkauf clain foi i1.2 billion, and 74
lypcimaikcls fiom lnlcispai foi i60 million in 1007|08. Somc obscivcis dcsciibcd
llis inilial plasc as nolling sloil of a fiasco.
81
Scvcial pioblcms wcic cilcd, sucl as
ncaily gclling fincd by llc Cciman govcinmcnl foi bclow-cosl sclling, as wcll as sliicl
zoning icgulalions picvcnling Wal-Mail fiom building ils lypical big sloics
82
. A
culluic clasl also manifcslcd ilsclf inlcinally, in wlicl Amciican managcis did nol
lcain lo spcak Cciman
83
. Fuillcimoic, Cciman cuslomcis complaincd llal llcy wcic
bcing laiasscd by sloic cmployccs wlo wcic supposcd lo bc 'sloic gicclcis`, following
Wal-Mail`s US slandaid pioccduic
84
. Wal-Mail icpoilcdly undcicslimalcd llc Cciman
populalion`s loyally lo cslablislcd compclilois sucl as Mclio, Lidl and Aldi
8
.
74,$a% I>84'30+Y F$,4
1lc fiisl Lidl sloic opcncd in Ludwigslafcn, Ccimany in 1073
86
. 1lc company lad
ncaily 2,400 localions in Ccimany, 2,800 in 1 ollci counliics and salcs of
Purchased by: Satyajit Sarak SATYAJITSARAK@GMAIL.COM on August 01, 2013


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!"#$%#"&
appioximalcly $2 billion (i20 billion) annually. Lidl was owncd by llc Sclwaiz
Cioup, wlicl also opcialcd ollci classcs of supcimaikcls sucl as Kaufland and
Concoid. Likc Aldi, Lidl`s owncis wcic ficiccly piivalc, csclcwing picss and cxlcinal
covciagc. lls opcialions miiioicd llosc of Aldi, and il was gcncially acccplcd llal Lidl
lad imilalcd Aldi`s opcialivc appioacl, will small sloics, llicc lo fivc slaff mcmbcis
and a basic assoilmcnl piiccd 20 lo 30 pci ccnl bclow convcnlional supcimaikcls.
1licc main diffcicnccs wcic nolcd by onlookcis. Fiisl, Lidl caiiicd moic biandcd
pioducls llan Aldi and oflcn slockcd diffcicnl SKUs pci pioducl. Sccond, Lidl
cmployccs wcic paid 20 pci ccnl lcss llan Aldi`s
87
. 1liid, Lidl`s pacc of cxpansion
inlcinalionally was sccn lo bc faslci llan Aldi`s. Lidl lad cnlcicd piioi lo Aldi in lcn
Luiopcan maikcls (llaly, Poilugal, Cicccc, Poland, Czccl Rcpublic, Finland, Eungaiy,
Noiway, Slovakia, Swcdcn). "#$%&%' () slows a compaiison bclwccn llc lwo
companics. An analysl liacking food iclailcis in Luiopc commcnlcd. [Wc bclicvc| llal
Lidl is wcll-posilioncd lo capluic Aldi`s Luiopcan ciown and ils aggicssivc cxpansion
acioss llc conlincnl will diivc ils lolal Luiopcan salcs alcad of Aldi`s by 2012.
88

@83400_
ln Ccimany, Aldi was a culluial inslilulion. A Biilisl icpoilci dcclaicd, Aldi is moic
llan jusl anollci food sloic. 1lc liuc claiaclci of llc Cciman lifc-slylc and Zc|iqc|si
can bc found in mucl moic oidinaiy placcs. Aldi is onc of llcm.
80
Somc obscivcis
also said llal an agcing populalion and slagnaling cconomy playcd inlo llc lands of
Aldi.
Bclind llc low piiccs, qualily foods and vciy loyal cuslomcis, wcic simplc, cfficicnl
and liglly piofilablc opcialions. Salcs pci squaic mclci wcic cslimalcd lo bc i8,60
00
,
wlcicas liadilional supcimaikcls camc in al i3,060
01
. Aldi`s gioss maigins wcic
appioximalcly 11.%, will lolal cosls of opcialions bclwccn 0% and 10%
02
. Bollom
linc maigins llus iangcd bclwccn 1.% and 2.%
03
. Rclailing cxpcils picdiclcd llal
logcllci Aldi Noill and Aldi Soull caincd bclwccn i1.1 and i1.3 billion in aflci-lax
piofils
04
. All of llcsc numbcis indicalcd llal Aldi was iallci succcssful in 200 - jusl
as il lad bccn foi llc picvious six dccadcs.
A consulling and maikcl icscaicl fiim spccializing in iclailing, Rclail Foiwaid,
icflcclcd llc fccling of many of Luiopc`s iclailcis and supplicis wlcn il cnlillcd onc of
ils 2004 icpoils Aldi&Lidl. Luiopc`s laid discounl llical. Wlal could liadilional
iclailcis do lo icacl lo Aldi`s and Lidl`s iapid cxpansion in Luiopc? Wlal would Wal-
Mail do in Ccimany? Wlal would bc llc fuluic foi Aldi? Mosl of all. wlal lad madc
llis company so succcssful, six dccadcs in a iow?


Nolc. Wc would likc lo acknowlcdgc llc piojccl woik of lLSL MBA Class of 2006, Scclion A, wlicl
gically conliibulcd lo llc wiiling of llis casc.
Wc would also likc lo llank Mi. 1lco Albiccll (Scnioi), foi lis valuablc commcnls and insiglls.
Purchased by: Satyajit Sarak SATYAJITSARAK@GMAIL.COM on August 01, 2013


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12
8&;& <=>-40>> ;9?::+"@4-A01>-6B :C D3A3113
!"#$%#"&
IT#$-$3 b
E>'=(% :+0> 74,$ O0+3# '1, 74,$ <083#







Picture of Early Albrecht Store Map of Germany - Aldi North and South








Aldi Website Splash Page: Countries of Operation. (Aldi North to the left and Aldi South to the right.)







Aldi North Store in Germany Aldi South Store in Dusseldorf, Germany
<08+&(Y 74,$ D0+*0+'3( `(-%$3(%5 )))?'4,$?*35 )))?'4,$?&0>5 7&&(%%(, 78=8%3 b5 ABBC? ;#030% 0: %30+(% -. &'%( )+$3(+%?
Purchased by: Satyajit Sarak SATYAJITSARAK@GMAIL.COM on August 01, 2013


*+,-. * /01234 5063-+-47 89:4


13
8&;& <=>-40>> ;9?::+"@4-A01>-6B :C D3A3113
!"#$%#"&
IT#$-$3 A
"#( c0$1=V`$3#083 D#(&_4$%3
1. No slaff lo iclicvc managcmcnl of inlcllcclual woik
2. No conliolling dcpailmcnl lo piovidc diicclion
3. No cxlcinal maikcl icscaicl
4. No woik will managcmcnl consullanls
. No budgcl foiccasls
6. No scicnlifically clcancd slalislics lo icvcal all
7. No scicnlific analysis lcclniqucs foi all qucslions iclalcd lo supplying llc maikcl
8. No cuslomci suivcys
0. No lS0 0000 oi 1M
10. No soplislicalcd syslcm of lcims and condilions lo squcczc supplici piiccs
11. No diffcicnlialcd piicc policy by salcs aica oi sloic lypc
12. No diffcicnlialcd pioducl mix fiom sloic lo sloic
13. No complicalcd calculalion mcllods foi sclling piiccs
14. No gamcs involving qualilics lo oplimizc piofils
1. No liglly complicalcd cngincciing foi logislics
16. No pioducl placcmcnl in sloics bascd on psyclological analysis of sloppci bclavioi
17. No luxuiy in llc officc, no lop-of-llc-iangc company cais
18. No public appcaianccs
10. No publicily
20. No acccplancc of gifls fiom supplicis
21. No acccplancc of invilalions lo dinncis fiom supplicis
<08+&(Y c$(3(+ M+'1,(%5 !"#$ &''$()*"+'5 F01,01Y D.'1ZD'>*8% M00_%5 ABBR5 *? RR?

74,$a% <(&+(3% 30 <8&&(%%
1. Kccp il simplc
2. Sliivc lo cain youi cuslomcis` liusl
3. Scl clcai goals and follow llcm iigoiously
4. lmpiovc dclails daily
. Bon`l oplimizc, maximizc
6. Know wlcic you sland, bul don`l waslc limc on budgcls and figuics
7. 1csl now, pcifccl lalci
8. Bc faii lo youi supplicis and lclp llcm impiovc llcii busincss
0. Piaclicc managcmcnl by liusl and conliol
10. 1alk in lcims llal pcoplc can undcisland
11. No mallci low succcssful you aic, slay lliifly and fiugal
<08+&(Y c$(3(+ M+'1,(%5 !"#$ &''$()*"+'5 F01,01Y D.'1ZD'>*8% M00_%5 ABBR5 :+013 &09(+ $1%(+3?
Purchased by: Satyajit Sarak SATYAJITSARAK@GMAIL.COM on August 01, 2013


*+,-. * /01234 5063-+-47 89:4


14
8&;& <=>-40>> ;9?::+"@4-A01>-6B :C D3A3113
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<08+&(Y c$(3(+ M+'1,(%5 !"#$ &''$()*"+'5 F01,01Y D.'1ZD'>*8% M00_%5 ABBR5 *? bCA?











Flyer from Aldi South, Germany Flyer from Aldi North, Spain









Cross Section of Products
<08+&(Y ;'>*#4(3% &044(&3(, :+0> %30+(%? ;+0,8&3 %(4(&3$01 :+0> 74,$ )(-%$3(?
ALDI current specials (non-food)
Breakdown of Products at Aldi North
Dry goods delivered from distribution centres
Refrigerated products (dairy, sausage, cold cuts) delivered from distribution centres
Frozen foods, including ice cream, delivered directly by the suppliers
Bread and other baked goods, delivered directly by the suppliers
Total Number of Items
Items
570
70
35
10
15
700
5%
2%
%
81%
10%
1%
100%
Purchased by: Satyajit Sarak SATYAJITSARAK@GMAIL.COM on August 01, 2013


*+,-. * /01234 5063-+-47 89:4


15
8&;& <=>-40>> ;9?::+"@4-A01>-6B :C D3A3113
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nside an Operating Store













Typical Store Format

RGHT TURNNG STORE
Cash Registers
Entrance/Exit
Loading
Dock
Storage
Refrigeration
Packaging & Carts
Purchased by: Satyajit Sarak SATYAJITSARAK@GMAIL.COM on August 01, 2013


*+,-. * /01234 5063-+-47 89:4


16
8&;& <=>-40>> ;9?::+"@4-A01>-6B :C D3A3113
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Stacks of Alcoholic Beverages











Reloading Palet in Front of Refrigerators




<08+&(Y ;#030% $1 %30+(% -. &'%( )+$3(+% '1, %38,(13% 0: EI<I 2M7 ABB\5 <(&3$01 7?
Purchased by: Satyajit Sarak SATYAJITSARAK@GMAIL.COM on August 01, 2013


*+,-. * /01234 5063-+-47 89:4


17
8&;& <=>-40>> ;9?::+"@4-A01>-6B :C D3A3113
!"#$%#"&
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<3':: c83$(%
3454678 9757:46;<
Aclicvc llc liglcsl possiblc luinovci on a long-lcim basis and slicngllcn llc company`s
maikcl posilion by cxpanding and sccuiing a ligl-pcifoimancc clain of sloics,
Clcai llc bcsl piofils possiblc willoul cndangciing llc company`s fuluic dcvclopmcnl,
Apply llc piinciplc of cconomy in ils cxlicmc foim lo consolidalc and cxpand llc
company`s maikcl posilion.
=784; 9757:46;<
Lnsuic llal, in llcii salcs aica, llc liglcsl possiblc luinovci is aclicvcd on a pcimancnl
basis.
1lc abovc icquiics llcm lo cnsuic llal llc busincss iuns smoollly in lidy sloics al llc
lowcsl possiblc cosls wlilsl dclivciing llc liglcsl possiblc pcifoimancc and accuialc
accounls, in oidci lo mainlain and impiovc llc company`s compclilivcncss.
Slaff llc sloics will managcis wlo mccl llc dcmands of llc posilion and cnsuic llal llcii
disliicl managcis pcifoim llcii dulics in compliancc will llc job dcsciiplions.
>%;'6%?' 9757:46;<
Pul llc iigll slaff in placc in llc sloics lo kccp llcm clcan and lidy, cnsuic a smooll salcs
pioccss and coiiccl invcnloiics, and aclicvc ligl salcs.
Lnsuic llal llc insliuclions issucd by managcmcnl aic caiiicd oul in llc samc way in all
sloics.
='@64 9757:46;<
Bc icsponsiblc foi kccping llcii sloics clcan and lidy al all limcs.
Lnsuic adcqualc supplics of mciclandisc (avoiding boll suiplus slock and sloil-falls).
Lnsuic llal all cuslomcis aic licalcd in a fiicndly and polilc mannci so llal loday`s icgulai
cuslomcis icmain icgulais and ncw cuslomcis can bc alliaclcd.
1akc llc gicalcsl possiblc caic lo cnsuic accuialc accounls, and aclicvc llc liglcsl
possiblc salcs by mcans of inlclligcnl woik managcmcnl and slaff liaining.
A45'678 B764$@C;4 =CD46E%;@6;<
Cuaianlcc adlcicncc lo slaluloiy icgulalions, safcly, smooll opcialions al lowcsl cosls,
bcsl pcifoimancc and minimum invcnloiy losscs in llcii waiclouscs.
Kccp llc waiclousc and giounds clcan and lidy.
F46;@5548 75G HGI%5%;'67'%E4 9757:46;<
Pul llc oiganizalion and luman icsouiccs in placc in all dcpailmcnls, applying llc
piinciplc of cconomy in ils cxlicmc foim, lo cnablc lasks lo bc caiiicd oul pcifcclly willin
llc fiamcwoik of llc law and company iulcs.
Lnsuic llal llc documcnls and dala icquiicd by managcmcnl aic availablc on limc.
J484E75' '@ H88 ='7KK<
ln llc couisc of complcling llcii dulics, supcivisois musl lap inlo llcii slaffs` inilialivc and
idcas.
1lc lcadcislip piinciplcs lo bc followcd can bc dcduccd fiom llc gcncial managcmcnl
insliuclions.
<08+&(Y c$(3(+ M+'1,(%5 !"#$ &''$()*"+'5 F01,01Y D.'1ZD'>*8% M00_%5 ABBR5 **? SbVSA?
Purchased by: Satyajit Sarak SATYAJITSARAK@GMAIL.COM on August 01, 2013


*+,-. * /01234 5063-+-47 89:4


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8&;& <=>-40>> ;9?::+"@4-A01>-6B :C D3A3113
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Receiving Docks Shipping Docks with Aldi South Trucks











Aldi Distribution Center in Germany Reloader for Palets





Purchased by: Satyajit Sarak SATYAJITSARAK@GMAIL.COM on August 01, 2013


*+,-. * /01234 5063-+-47 89:4


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8&;& <=>-40>> ;9?::+"@4-A01>-6B :C D3A3113
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Samplcs aic lakcn of cvciy slipmcnl of canncd fiuil, vcgclablc and fisl
Samplcs aic also lakcn of cacl slipmcnl icccivcd and individual unils wciglcd
Lacl wcck al lcasl lwo lypcs of sausagcs oi cold culs aic clcckcd
Lacl papci pioducl is lcslcd al lcasl oncc pci monll.
Lggs aic submillcd lo wcigll and qualily conliols cacl limc a slipmcnl is icccivcd
accoiding lo spccial, dclailcd iulcs.
Ccncial wcigll clccks lakc placc on a daily basis, foi somc ilcms llis involvcs
sclccling a ccilain numbci of samplcs.
As pail of llc daily clccks, lcn ilcms aic lakcn oul of llc disliibulion ccnlci`s
invcnloiy.
Lacl puiclasci caiiics oul qualily compaiisons will compclilivc ilcms willin lis
calcgoiy.

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<08+&(Y c$(3(+ M+'1,(%5 !"#$ &''$()*"+'5 F01,01Y D.'1ZD'>*8% M00_%5 ABBR5 *? W\?

Administrative
Manager
Bookkeeping
Personnel
Management
Central
Warehouse
Supervisor
Vehicle
Fleet
Central
Warehouse
Incoming
Goods
Sales
Manager
District
Manager
Store
Manager
Purchaser
Property
Leasing
Officer
General
Manager
Purchased by: Satyajit Sarak SATYAJITSARAK@GMAIL.COM on August 01, 2013


*+,-. * /01234 5063-+-47 89:4


20
8&;& <=>-40>> ;9?::+"@4-A01>-6B :C D3A3113
!"#$%#"&
IT#$-$3 S
E13(+1'3$01'4 IT*'1%$01
Aldi`s fiisl inlcinalional cxpansion was in 1067, wlcn Aldi Soull puiclascd Eofci, a
clain of supcimaikcls in Ausliia. ln llc inilial slagcs, llc company faccd piolcsls fiom
Ausliians. An allcmpl was cvcn madc lo pass llc Anli-Eofci-Law sincc Aldi did nol
caiiy ccilain ilcms and piovidcd llc icsl of ils ilcms al slccp discounls. Eofci|Aldi
wcallcicd llc sloim and agiccd lo slock milk, daiiy pioducls and bicad
0
. By 200, llc
piolcsls wcic a lling of llc dislanl pasl, llc Eofci namc lad icmaincd inlacl and llc
clain lad giown lo 300 sloics, and salcs wcic cslimalcd al i2 billion
06
.
0pcialions in llc U.S. wcic kickcd off wlcn Aldi Soull puiclascd Bcnnci 1ca Co. in
1076. 1lc sloics wcic icnamcd Aldi and llc discounlci`s conccpl was spicad oul lo
ovci 700 localions in 26 slalcs
07
. lndusliy cxpcils picdiclcd llal Aldi would add 40
sloics pci ycai in llc U.S. unlil icacling a nclwoik of 1,000 by 2010
08
. A foimci
cxcculivc of Pioclci & Camblc commcnlcd on Aldi`s llical in llc U.S. maikcl, [Aldi|
is kind of bollom-fccding, and nobody noliccs il.
00
Anollci analysl in llc U.S.
commcnlcd, ln oui opinion, Aldi slaics moic in common will llc dollai sloics, as
llcy boll scivc llc samc low-incomc lousclolds.
100

Aldi Noill puiclascd U.S. clain 1iadci 1oc`s and acquiicd a 10 pci ccnl slakc in llc
giocciy and diug mail Albcilson`s
101
. 1iadci 1oc`s was a full-scivicc supcimaikcl
dccoialcd likc llc insidc of a slip, complclc will a Luiopcan dclicalcsscn and a
wlacky scnsc of lumoi, in wlicl llc sloic managci was icfciicd lo as a caplain and
sloic clciks woic Eawaiian sliils. 1lco Albiccll did nol clangc llc conccpl noi did lc
inlcgialc il undci llc Aldi biand. 1lc namc 1iadci 1oc`s icmaincd and by 200, llc
clain lad spicad lo ovci 200 sloics in 10 slalcs acioss llc U.S.
102
1lco Albiccll`s ollci
invcslmcnl, Albcilson`s, lad mcigcd will Amciican Sloics and was iankcd sccond in
ils sccloi in llc U.S. will salcs of $30 billion, 200,000 cmployccs and 2,300 sloics
103
.










Purchased by: Satyajit Sarak SATYAJITSARAK@GMAIL.COM on August 01, 2013


*+,-. * /01234 5063-+-47 89:4


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8&;& <=>-40>> ;9?::+"@4-A01>-6B :C D3A3113
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E:F 5063-+01> G:1+,H-,0 " I$$J




























Carrefour Group(2)
The Home Depot(3)
ITM Enterprises SA (7)
Costco Companies (8) 10
1 Wal-Mart(1)
2
3
4 Metro AG
5 The Kroger Co.
6 Tesco PLC (4)
7 Target Corp. (5)
8 Royal Ahold (6)
9
United Kingdom
United States
United States
United States
United States
United States
France
Germany
Netherlands
France
256,329
79,761
64,816
60,648
53,791
50,370
46,781
44,283
43,453
41,693
11
30
3
28
1
12
1
19
8
8
30%
18%
19%
49%
7%
47%
0%
20%
0%
76%
Notes:
(1) Net sales excludes sales from McLane ($4.3 billion).
(2) Net sales excludes revenue from franchise operations
(3) Net sales includes wholesale revenue.
(4) Net sales includes share of joint ventures.
(5) Net sales excludes credit revenue.
(6) Net sales excludes sales from divested Golden Gallon stores and food-service revenue.
(7) Net sales is an estimate and includes tax.
(8) Net sales excludes warehouse membership fees.
Source: Retail Forward Report, Aldi & Lidl: Europe's Hard Discount Threat, 2004, p. 7.
Company Home Country
Net Sales
(Millions USD)
No. of
Countries
% of Sales in
Foreign
Countries
12
15 24
12 Aldi Group
Schwarz Group (Lidl)
Germany
Germany
36,211
28,664
33%
59%
Purchased by: Satyajit Sarak SATYAJITSARAK@GMAIL.COM on August 01, 2013


*+,-. * /01234 5063-+-47 89:4


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8&;& <=>-40>> ;9?::+"@4-A01>-6B :C D3A3113
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0.17
0.09
0.01
0.01
6.6%
0.09
62
0.30
0.09
0.04
0.01
8.6%
0.15
68
0.36
0.10
0.09
0.03
36.0%
0.15
47
Source: Christine K. Augustine, Dana L. Telsey and Monika M. Sieber, A Closer Look: Aldis
Limited Assorted Supermarket Model and What It Means for Wal-Mart and The Dollar Stores,
Bear Stearns Analyst Report,
Median price (per unit)
Med as % of Med Price
Avg price (per unit)
Average difference
Median difference
Std Deviation
Count
Prices in USD
Wal-Mart
Private vs.
Aldi Private
Wal-Mart
Lowest-Price
vs. Aldi
Private
Wal-Mart
Branded vs.
Aldi Private
Pricing Survey, Wal-Mart vs. Aldi
UK
China J.V.
Discount
Supercentre
SAM'S
Neighborhood
Total U.S.
Argentina
Brazil
Canada
Germany
South Korea
Mexico
Puerto Rico
Sub-total
Japan (Seiyu)
Total
54
282
43
403
1,353
1,713
551
85
3,702
11
149
262
91
16
679
5,246
5,692
Source: Wal-Mart Annual Report, www.sec.gov, January 31, 2005, p. 3.
Number of Wal-Mart Owned Stores
Grocery, candy and tobacco
Soft goods and domestics
Health and beauty aids
Sporting goods and toys
Stationary and books
Hard goods
Pharmaceuticals
Electronics
Photo processing
Jewelry
Shoes
TOTAL
1%
%
28%
19%
16%
9%
9%
7%
6%
3%
1%
1%
100%
Source: Wal-Mart Annual Report, www.sec.gov, January 31, 2005, p. 10.
Category of Sales
Purchased by: Satyajit Sarak SATYAJITSARAK@GMAIL.COM on August 01, 2013


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10
11
12
All Countries
1 Australia
2 Austria
3 Belgium
4 Denmark
5 France
6 Germany
7 Ireland
8 Luxembourg
9 Netherlands
Spain
United Kingdom
United States
80
915
3.0%
0.5%
4.9%
2.1%
3.2%
1.3%
16.7%
0.4%
2.5%
4.4%
0.3%
0.8%
1.0%
7,208
56
298
376
200
606
4,000
11
10
388
268
36,210
225
735
575
500
2,700
24,140
45
40
1,150
250
1,350
4,500
Aldi Stores, Sales & Market Share by Country in 2003
Stores Sales $USM Market Share
Total market is retail sales at food retailers.
Source: Retail Forward Report, Aldi & Lidl: Europe's Hard Discount Threat, 2004, pp. 10 & 13
Czech Republic
All Countries
1 Austria
2 Belgium
3
4 Finland
5 France
6 Germany
7 Greece
8 Ireland
9 Italy
10Netherlands
11Poland
12Portugal
13Spain
14
15
Sweden
United Kingdom
5,154
78
200
52
41
990
2,374
85
43
280
142
18
170
349
11
321
11,882
22,622
204
356
40
113
4,640
217
187
775
441
68
385
1,154
10
2,150
2.5%
1.3%
1.3%
0.5%
0.8%
2.3%
8.2%
1.1%
1.6%
0.7%
1.7%
0.3%
2.6%
1.3%
0.1%
1.2%
Lidl Stores, Sales & Market Share by Country in 2003
Stores Sales $USM Market Share
Purchased by: Satyajit Sarak SATYAJITSARAK@GMAIL.COM on August 01, 2013


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!"#$%#"&
I1,103(%

1
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 16.
2
Cliislinc K. Auguslinc, Bana L. 1clscy and Monika M. Sicbci, A Closci Look. Aldi`s Limilcd Assoilcd Supcimaikcl
Modcl and Wlal ll Mcans foi Wal-Mail and 1lc Bollai Sloics, Bcai Slcains Analysl Rcpoil, Novcmbci 22, 2004, p. 1.
3
Liin Wlilc and Susanna Ray, Lcadcislip. Cciman Ciocci Aldi Rcjccls Lvciy Fiill --- Baic-Boncs Scivicc Eclps Kccp
Piiccs al Rock Bollom ln Eiglly Rcgulalcd Maikcl, Thc Wa|| Sicci Jouna| Euoc, May 10, 2004, p. A6.
4
Foibcs, www.foibcs.com, Woild`s Riclcsl Pcoplc 200, Acccsscd Augusl 1, 200.

Foibcs, www.foibcs.com, Woild`s Riclcsl Pcoplc 200, Acccsscd Augusl 1, 200.


6
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 2.
7
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 26.
8
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 26.
0
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 20.
10
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 12.
11
Aldi Cioup, Luiomoniloi Rcpoil, 1anuaiy 2004, p. 1.
12
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 201.
13
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 200.
14
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 66.
1
Rclail Foiwaid Rcpoil, Aldi & Lidl. Luiopc`s Eaid Biscounl 1lical, 2004, p. 10.
16
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 3.
17
Lcss is Moic foi Aldi, B&1, www.biandl.com.au, May 28 2002.
18
Sludcnl Piojccl lLSL MBA 2006, Scclion A. inlcivicws will Aldi sloic managcis in Luiopc.
10
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 162.
20
Amanda Young, A clallcngc lo llc supcimaikcl gianls, Monasl Ncwslinc, 1unc 0, 2003.
21
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 8.
22
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 102.
23
1ack Lwing, Andica Zammcil, Wcndy Zcllnci, Raclcl 1iplady, Lllcn Ciovcs, and Miclacl Lidam, 1lc Ncxl Wal-
Mail?, Bus|ncss Wcc|, Apiil 26, 2004.
24
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 8.
2
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 20, and casc wiilci cslimalcs.
26
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 3.
27
Amy Allcn Claik, Aldi`s Supcimaikcl - 1lc Rcal Bcal? www.singlcmom.com, Acccsscd Augusl 1, 200.
28
A famous advcilising slogan of Mclio Cioup onc of Aldi`s compclilois slalcd Cciz isl gcil (slingincss is scxy).
20
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 178.
Purchased by: Satyajit Sarak SATYAJITSARAK@GMAIL.COM on August 01, 2013


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!"#$%#"&
30
Riclaid C. Eollingci and 1ason L. Bavis, 2002 Nalional Rclail Sccuiily Suivcy Final Rcpoil, Univcisily of Floiida,
Publislcd in 2003.
31
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 178.
32
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 20.
33
Nick Maikin, Coipoialc Scumbag. Aldi`s anli-union cmpiic, www.giccnlcfl.oig.au, Acccsscd Augusl 3, 200.
34
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 178.
3
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 178.
36
Sludcnl Piojccl lLSL MBA 2006, Scclion A. inlcivicws will Aldi sloic managcis in Luiopc.
37
Sludcnl Piojccl lLSL MBA 2006, Scclion A. inlcivicws will Aldi sloic managcis in Luiopc.
38
Sludcnl Piojccl lLSL MBA 2006, Scclion A. inlcivicws will Aldi sloic managcis in Luiopc.
30
Sludcnl Piojccl lLSL MBA 2006, Scclion A. inlcivicws will Aldi sloic managcis in Luiopc.
40
Sludcnl Piojccl lLSL MBA 2006, Scclion A. inlcivicws will Aldi sloic managcis in Luiopc.
41
Sludcnl Piojccl lLSL MBA 2006, Scclion A. inlcivicws will Aldi sloic managcis in Luiopc.
42
Casc wiilci cslimalcs bascd on obscivalions al Aldi Noill sloic in Silgcs, Spain, 1uly 20, 200.
43
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 183.
44
Sludcnl Piojccl lLSL MBA 2006, Scclion A. inlcivicws will Aldi sloic managcis in Luiopc.
4
Sludcnl Piojccl lLSL MBA 2006, Scclion A. inlcivicws will Aldi sloic managcis in Luiopc.
46
Sludcnl Piojccl lLSL MBA 2006, Scclion A. inlcivicws will Aldi sloic managcis in Luiopc.
47
Sludcnl Piojccl lLSL MBA 2006, Scclion A. inlcivicws will Aldi sloic managcis in Luiopc.
48
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, pp. 110-111.
40
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, pp. 101-103.
0
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 101.
1
Aldi Cioup, Luiomoniloi Rcpoil, 1anuaiy 2004, p. 32.
2
Sludcnl Piojccl lLSL MBA 2006, Scclion A. inlcivicws will Aldi sloic managcis in Luiopc.
3
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 46.
4
Aldi in Auslialia. Wlal will bc llc lmpacl? Coiiolis Rcscaicl, May 2000, p. 17.

Sludcnl Piojccl lLSL MBA 2006, Scclion A. inlcivicws will Aldi sloic managcis in Luiopc.
6
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 46.
7
Sludcnl Piojccl lLSL MBA 2006, Scclion A. inlcivicws will Aldi sloic managcis in Luiopc.
8
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 167.
0
Aldi Cioup, Luiomoniloi Rcpoil, 1anuaiy 2004, p. 32.
60
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 176.
61
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 176.
62
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 176.
Purchased by: Satyajit Sarak SATYAJITSARAK@GMAIL.COM on August 01, 2013


*+,-. * /01234 5063-+-47 89:4



26
8&;& <=>-40>> ;9?::+"@4-A01>-6B :C D3A3113
!"#$%#"&
63
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 173.
64
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 174.
6
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 174.
66
Bcci Can Ncws, www.bccicanncws.com, Acccsscd Augusl 11, 200.
67
Mailina Sclncidci, Aldi - Wclclc Maikc slcckl dalinlci?, www.sucdwcsl-vcilag.dc
68
Sludcnl Piojccl lLSL MBA 2006, Scclion A. inlcivicws will Aldi sloic managcis in Luiopc.
60
Casc wiilci cslimalcs.
70
Wal-Mail Company Capsulc, Eoovcis, www.loovcis.com, Acccsscd Augusl 2, 200.
71
Ravi Kalakola and Maicia Robinson, Fiom c-Busincss lo Sciviccs. Wly and Wly Now? Add|son Wcs|c,
Po[css|ona|, Augusl 1, 2003, www.awpiofcssional.com, Acccsscd Augusl 3, 200.
72
Ravi Kalakola and Maicia Robinson, Fiom c-Busincss lo Sciviccs. Wly and Wly Now? Add|son Wcs|c,
Po[css|ona|, Augusl 1, 2003, www.awpiofcssional.com, Acccsscd Augusl 3, 200.
73
Wal-Mail Annual Rcpoil, www.scc.gov, 10-K, 1anuaiy 31, 200, p. 10.
74
Namila 1ain, Wlcn Wal-Mail Mcl l1C, Thc F|nanc|a| Excss, 1anuaiy 20, 2004.
7
Cliislinc K. Auguslinc, Bana L. 1clscy and Monika M. Sicbci, A Closci Look. Aldi`s Limilcd Assoilcd Supcimaikcl
Modcl and Wlal ll Mcans foi Wal-Mail and 1lc Bollai Sloics, Bcai Slcains Analysl Rcpoil, Novcmbci 22, 2004, p. 1.
76
Mcasuicd by cosl of salcs dividcd by invcnloiics foi llc ycai.
77
Ravi Kalakola and Maicia Robinson, Fiom c-Busincss lo Sciviccs. Wly and Wly Now? Add|son Wcs|c,
Po[css|ona|, Augusl 1, 2003, www.awpiofcssional.com, Acccsscd Augusl 3, 200.
78
Wal-Mail Annual Rcpoil, www.scc.gov, 10-K, 1anuaiy 31, 200, p. 10.
70
Wal-Mail Annual Rcpoil, www.scc.gov, 10-K, 1anuaiy 31, 200, p. 11.
80
Pankaj Clcmawal, Kcn A. Maik and Slcplcn P. Biadlcy, Wal-Mail Sloics in 2003, Eaivaid Busincss Sclool, 0-704-
430, 1anuaiy 30, 2004.
81
Andicas Knoii and Andicas Aindl, Wh, d|d Wa|-Mai [a|| |n Gcman, (so [a)7 Univcisily of Bicmcn, Maicl 2003,
p. 1.
82
Eow big can il giow? Thc Econom|si, Apiil 1, 2004.
83
Eow big can il giow? Thc Econom|si, Apiil 1, 2004.
84
Andicas Knoii and Andicas Aindl, Wh, d|d Wa|-Mai [a|| |n Gcman, (so [a)7 Univcisily of Bicmcn, Maicl 2003,
p. 2.
8
Eow big can il giow? Thc Econom|si, Apiil 1, 2004.
86
Lidl Coipoialc Wcbsilc, www.lidl.ic, Aboul Us, Acccsscd Augusl 3, 200.
87
1an Fuislcnboig, 1lc Sclwaiz Cioup (Lidl), UNl Commcicc, Maicl 1, 2004, www.union-nclwoik.oig, Acccsscd
Augusl 10, 200.
88
Raclacl Aggaiwal, L|d| io Caiuc A|d|'s Cown |n Euoc, lCB, Walfoid, UK, 2004, p. 1.
80
Aldi Sloics as Culluic, l2g2, BBC, www.bbc.co.uk, Augusl 4, 2000, Acccsscd Augusl 1, 200.
00
Aldi Cioup, Luiomoniloi Rcpoil, 1anuaiy 2004, p. 0.
Purchased by: Satyajit Sarak SATYAJITSARAK@GMAIL.COM on August 01, 2013


*+,-. * /01234 5063-+-47 89:4



27
8&;& <=>-40>> ;9?::+"@4-A01>-6B :C D3A3113
!"#$%#"&
01
1oln 1. Eanscn and Miclacl Kligci, Luiopcans waim lo baigain giocciics, Thc McK|nsc, Quaic|,, Numbci 4,
2004, p. 1.
02
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 20.
03
Aldi Cioup, Luiomoniloi Rcpoil, 1anuaiy 2004, p. 6.
04
A combinalion of souiccs. Aldi Cioup, Luiomoniloi Rcpoil, 1anuaiy 2004, p. 0, and, 1ack Lwing, Andica Zammcil,
Wcndy Zcllnci, Raclcl 1iplady, Lllcn Ciovcs, and Miclacl Lidam, 1lc Ncxl Wal-Mail?, Bus|ncss Wcc|, Apiil 26,
2004.
0
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 104.
06
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 10.
07
Aldi U.S. Wcbsilc, us.aldi.com, Acccsscd Augusl 2, 200.
08
1ack Lwing, Andica Zammcil, Wcndy Zcllnci, Raclcl 1iplady, Lllcn Ciovcs, and Miclacl Lidam, 1lc Ncxl Wal-
Mail?, Bus|ncss Wcc|, Apiil 26, 2004.
00
1ack Lwing, Andica Zammcil, Wcndy Zcllnci, Raclcl 1iplady, Lllcn Ciovcs, and Miclacl Lidam, 1lc Ncxl Wal-
Mail?, Bus|ncss Wcc|, Apiil 26, 2004.
100
Cliislinc K. Auguslinc, Bana L. 1clscy and Monika M. Sicbci, A Closci Look. Aldi`s Limilcd Assoilcd Supcimaikcl
Modcl and Wlal ll Mcans foi Wal-Mail and 1lc Bollai Sloics, Bcai Slcains Analysl Rcpoil, Novcmbci 22, 2004, p. .
101
Biclci Biandcs, Bac Esscni|a|s, London. Cyan|Campus Books, 2004, p. 108.
102
1iadci 1oc`s Wcbsilc, www.liadcijocs.com, Acccsscd Augusl 2, 200.
103
Albcilson`s Wcbsilc, www.albcilsons.com, Albcilson`s Facls, Acccsscd Augusl 2, 200.
Purchased by: Satyajit Sarak SATYAJITSARAK@GMAIL.COM on August 01, 2013

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