BASIC PROOF THEORYCambridge Tracts in Theoretical Computer Science Editorial Board ‘S. Abramsky, Department of Computing Science, Edinburgh University PIH. Aczel, Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester IW. de Bakker, Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica, Amsterdam LA. Goguen, Programming Research Group, University of Oxford Y. Gurevich, Deparment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan IV. Tucker, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University College of Swansea Titles in the series 1.G.Chaitin Algorithmic Information Theory 2: LIC. Paulson Logie and Computation 3M. Spivey Understanding Z 4.6. Revest. Lambda Calculus, Combinaxors and Functional Programming 3.A. Ramsay Formal Methods in Artficial Intelligence 6.8. Vickers Topology via Logic 7.LN, Girard, ¥. Lafont & P, Taylor Proofs and Types &.J. Clifford Formal Semantics & Pragmavics for Natural Language Processing 9! M4. Winslect Updating Logical Databases 10. K. McEvoy & 3.V. Tucker (eds) Theoretical Foundations of VLSI Design LTH, Tse. A Unifying Framework for Stuctured Analysis and Design Models 12: G. Brewka Nonmonotonie Reasoning 1g. S{G. Noggar Mathematics for Computer Graphics 15. Dasgupta Design Theory and Computer Science 17, .C.M. Baeten (ed) Applications of Process Algebra 18, CM. Baeten & W. P. Weiland Process Algebra 19, M. Manzano. Extensions of First Order Logic 21,D.A. Wolftam The Clausal Theory of Types 221 V’ Stoltenberg-Hansen, I. Lindstrom & E. Griffor Mathematical Pheory af Domains 23. E-R. Olderog. Nets, Terns and Formuias 26. BID. Mosses Action Semantics 21. W.H, Hesselink Programs, Recursion and Unbounded Choice 29. P. Girdenfors (ed) Belief Revision 30. M. Ahoy & N. Biggs Computational Learning Theory BITE Melham Higher Order Logic and Hardware Verificasion 32. RIL. Carpenter The Logic of Typed Feature Structures 33. EG. Manes Predicate Transformer Semantics 34, F-Nielson & HAR. Nielson Two Level Functional Languages 35.L-Feijs & I Jonkers Formal Specification and Design 36. S Mauw & G.I, Veluink (eds) Algebraic Specification of Communication Protocols 37. V. Stavridou Formal Methods in Circuit Design 38, NShankar Meaamachematics, Machines and Gadel’s Proof 39. 1B Pans. The Uncertain Reasoner's Companion 40: LDesel & IEsparza Free Choice Petri News 41, TJ. Ch, Meyer & W. van der Hoek Epistemic Logic for AI and Computer Science 42. CR. Hindley Basic Simple Type Theory 43. AS, Troelsira & H. Schwichtenbers Basie proof Theory BASIC PROOF THEORY AS. . Troelstra University of Amsterdam H Schwichtenberg Univ S ersity of Munich CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1B MS™ jdPublished by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge ‘The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 RP 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA, 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melboume 3166, Australia © Cambridge University Press 1996 First published 1996 Printed in Great Britain at the University Press. Cambridge Library of Congress cataloguing in publication data available British Library cataloguing in publication data available ISBN 0521 57223 1 hardback Contents Preface 1 Introduction 1.1 Preliminaries 1.2. Simple type theories 1.3 Three types of formalism 2. N-systems and H-systems 2.1 Natural deduction systems 2.2 Nias aterm calculus 2.3 The relation between C, and M. 2.4 Hilbert systems 2.5 Notes 3. Gentzen systems 3.1 The Gl- and G2-systems 3.2 The Cut rule 3.3 Equivalence of G- and N-systems 3.4 Absorbing the structural rules 3.5. The one-sided systems for C 3.6 Notes 4 Cut elimination with applications 4.1, Cut elimination 4.2 Applications of cut elimination 4.3 Interpolation and definable functions 4.4 Some generalizations with applications 4.5. A more efficent calculus for Ip 46 Notes 5 Refinements 5.1 Numerical bounds on cut elimination 20 29 29 37 39 42 46 51 52 57 59 a 3 76 6 84 90 96 102 105 us us.