APweb Main Tree

(accessed Jan 2014)

Angiosperm Systematics

Orders and Families

with apomorphic and plesiomorphic traits

based on

APGIII (2009) and APweb (2014)
~450 families
(some minor families excluded here)

compiled by

Theodor C.H. Cole (Heidelberg) 2014

gratefully acknowledgi ng the experti se and hel p of
Hartmut H. Hilger (Berli n) and Peter F. Stevens (St. Louis)





EARLY ANGIOSPERMS
woody; vessels absent, eustele; nodes; sieve tube pl asti ds with starch grains; lvs simple, persistent, entire; flw parts free,
strobilar, perfect, P parts varying, often in threes, weakly differentiated, stamen with broad fil aments, pol len monosulcate;
G apocarpous (style short in most), nectaries absent; embryo very small ; aromatic terpenoids


ANITA GRADE

ethereal oils i n spherical i dioblasts (pell ucid dots)

Amborellales (1 fam./ 1 sp.)
woody, vessels lacki ng; dioecious; flw T58, A, G58; 1 ovule/carpel ; embryo sac 9-nucleate; 1 species (New Caledonia)

AMBORELLACEAE

Nympheales (3 fam./ 74 spp.)
aquatic, herbaceous; cambi um absent; aerenchyma; flw T412, A3; embryo sac 4-nucleate;
seeds operculate, perisperm; muci lage; alkal oids (no benzylisoquinol ines)

CABOMBACEAE HYDATELLACEAE NYMPHAEACEAE

Austrobaileyales (3 fam./ 100 spp.)
woody, vessels solitary; flw T>10, A, G ca.9; embryo sac 4-nuceate; ti gl ic acid, aromatic terpenoids

SCHISANDRACEAE (incl. ILLICIACEAE)
AUSTROBAILEYACEAE
TRIMENIACEAE



Plesiomorphi c: benzylisoqui noli ne alkal oids; embryo sac 8-nucleate



[Chloranthales + Magnoliids]: sesquiterpenes

Chloranthales (1 fam./ 75 spp.)
lvs opposite, interpetiolar stipules; nodes swoll en; flw smal l T03, A15, G1, 1 apical ovule/carpel ; sesquiterpenes

CHLORANTHACEAE



MAGNOLIIDS

Canellales (2 fam./ 100 spp.)
woody; pol len uni porate; aromatic terpenoids, sesquiterpenes

CANELLACEAE
WINTERACEAE


Piperales (4 fam./ 4100 spp.)
herbaceous; lvs two-ranked, leaf base sheathing; single adaxial prophyl l ; swol len nodes; sesquiterpenes

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
HYDNORACEAE
PIPERACEAE
SAURURACEAE


Laurales (7 fam./ ~3000 spp.)
woody; lvs opposite; flw with hypanthi um, staminodes frequent, often valvate anthers;
carpels with 1 ovule; embryo large; sesquiterpenes

CALYCANTHACEAE
GOMORTEGACEAE
MONIMIACEAE
HERNANDIACEAE
LAURACEAE
ATHEROSPERMATACEAE
SIPARUNACEAE

Magnoliales (6 fam./ 3000 spp.)
woody; pith septate; lvs two-ranked; ovules with obturator; endosperm ruminate; sesquiterpenes

MYRISTICACEAE
MAGNOLIACEAE
DEGENERIACEAE
HIMANTANDRACEAE
EUPOMATIACEAE
ANNONACEAE




MONOCOTS
atactostele (scattered bundles), no secondary thickeni ng; mostly herbaceous; pollen monosulcate; sieve tube plasti ds with
protei n crystals; sympodial branchi ng; vascular bundles i n stem scattered; lvs parall el-vei ned, entire, no glandul ar teeth;
fl w pentacycli c, P 3-merous, A opp. P, fil aments narrow, anthers broadl y attached, septal nectary; si ngl e cotyl edon; adventiti ous roots

Acorales (1 fam./ 2-4 spp.)
infl spadix with spathe; lvs axi ls with mucilagi nous i ntravaginal squamules;
ovules atropous, with epidermal perisperm and copi ous endosperm; idioblasts with ethereal oil s
ACORACEAE
Plesiomorphi c i n the foll owi ng monocots: Ca oxalate raphides, endosperm nuclear helobial, nectaries when present septal >>>

Alismatales (14 fam./ 4560 spp.)
mostly herbs and aquatics; rhi zomatous; hydrophi lous; intravagi nal squamules; flw G apocarpous;
placentation often laminal ; endosperm hel obi al ; embryo large/green


ARACEAE
HYDROCHARITACEAE
BUTOMACEAE
ALISMATACEAE (incl. LIMNOCHARITACEAE)
SCHEUCHZERIACEAE
APONOGETONACEAE
JUNCAGINACEAE
RUPPIACEAE
POTAMOGETONACEAE
ZOSTERACEAE

Petrosaviales (1 fam./ 4 spp.)
stem with ring of bundl es; fr a follicle; East Asia

PETROSAVIACEAE

Dioscoreales (3 fam./ 1000 spp.)
often twini ng vi nes; lvs often reticulate; ovary often inferior, style short, branched; steroi d sapogeni ns/alkaloids

DIOSCOREACEAE BURMANNIACEAE TACCACEAE

Pandanales (5 fam./ ~1350 spp.)
some woody (with terminal ly tufted leaves), fl w spadix

CYCLANTHACEAE VELLOZIACEAE TRIURIDACEAE
PANDANACEAE STEMONACEAE

Liliales (11 fam./ ~1560 spp.)
often geophytes (bul bs, tubers, rhizomes); flw tepals sometimes spotted, nectaries at tepals; many seeds,
seeds coat (testa) cellular; phytomelan lacki ng; fructans in stems, cheli donic aci d, steroid saponins

ALSTROEMERIACEAE
(incl. LUZURIAGACEAE)
COLCHICACEAE corm (enlarged hypocotyl)
CORSIACEAE
RIPOGONACEAE
LILIACEAE A 6, G (3) berries; bulbs
MELANTHIACEAE
PETERMANNIACEAE
PHILESIACEAE
SMILACACEAE

Asparagales (14 fam./ 26,000 spp.)
often geophytes; anomal ous sec. growth; flw nonspotted tepal s, septal nectaries; capsule or berry;
seed coat obliterated or with phytomelan


AMARYLLIDACEAE (i ncl . ALLIACEAE, AGAPANTHACEAE)
ASPARAGACEAE (i ncl . AGAVACEAE, HYACINTHACEAE,
RUSCACEAE, HESPEROCALLIDACEAE)
HYPOXIDACEAE
IRIDACEAE A 3, (3) inferior
LANARIACEAE
ORCHIDACEAE
XANTHORRHOEACEAE
(i ncl . ASPHODELACEAE, HEMEROCALLIDACEAE)
TECOPHILAEACEAE
ASTELIACEAE
XERONEMATACEAE
BORYACEAE
BLANDFORDIACEAE
DORYANTHACEAE


COMMELINIDS

UV-fl uoresci ng cell wall s (ferulic/coumaric acids); si licic acid i n leaves; cuticul ar waxes often i n rodlets aggregated i nto scallops


Arecales (1 fam./ 2360 spp.)
monopodial, woody; lvs pinnately pseudocompound, reduplicate-plicate; i ntense primary growth, large apical meristem;
infl with spathe; alkaloids

ARECACEAE


Poales (18 fam./ ~18,300 spp.)
mostly herbaceous; epi dermis sil iceous; mostly mycorrhiza absent; lvs grassy;
flw often anemophi lous, minute, chaffy, without nectaries

RAPATEACEAE
TYPHACEAE (incl. SPARGANIACEAE)
BROMELIACEAE
JUNCACEAE
CYPERACEAE
MAYACACEAE

ERIOCAULACEAE
XYRIDACEAE
ANARTHRIACEAE
CENTROLEPIDACEAE
RESTIONACEAE
FLAGELLARIACEAE
POACEAE


Commelinales (5 fam./ ~800 spp.)
flw often irregular; few fertile stamens; i nfl thyrsus of scorpioid cymes; phenyl phenalenones

COMMELINACEAE
HANGUANACEAE

HAEMODORACEAE
PHILYDRACEAE
PONTEDERIACEAE


Zingiberales (8 fam./ 2150 spp.)
rhizomatous, large-leafed herbs; pseudostem: central i nfl ; flw irregular/monosymmetric, septal nectaries, G inferior,
A often strongl y modified/reduced; seeds aril l ate; si licic acid

MUSACEAE
STRELITZIACEAE
HELICONIACEAE
LOWIACEAE
CANNACEAE
MARANTACEAE
COSTACEAE
ZINGIBERACEAE



Ceratophyllales (1 fam./ 6 spp.)
aquatic, herbaceous; lvs whorled, no pel lucid dots; vessels lacking; monoeci ous;
flw T910, A, G1, 1 apical ovule/carpel, pol len inaperturate, pollen tube branched; hydrophi l ous

CERATOPHYLLACEAE






EUDICOTS

pollen tricolpate; flw K/C/P opp A; filaments rather narrow, anthers basifi xed; nodes trilacunar; stomata anomocyti c; ethereal oils absent

Ranunculales (7 fam./ ~4500 spp.)
lvs often divided; flw whorled, P single or mul tipl e whorls, G apocarpous/paracarpous, superi or; berberi nes

BERBERIDACEAE
CIRCAEASTERACEAE
LARDIZABALACEAE
EUPTELEACEAE
MENISPERMACEAE
PAPAVERACEAE (incl. FUMARIACEAE)
RANUNCULACEAE

The foll owi ng orders: axi al nectary common >>>

Sabiales (1 fam./ 100 spp.)
mostly woody; flw tepals often 4-merous, A epitepal ous, connectives sometimes with apical appendage

SABIACEAE

Proteales (4 fam./ 1700 spp.)
mostly woody; flw tepals often 4-merous, A epitepal ous, connectives sometimes with apical appendage

PROTEACEAE
PLATANACEAE
NELUMBONACEAE

The foll owi ng orders: benzyli soqui noli nes absent >>>


Trochodendrales (1 fam./ 2 spp.)
woody; vessels l acki ng; idi oblasts i n cortex; flw tepals missing, A, G>5 laterally connate with abaxial nectaries; fr aggregate of follicles

TROCHODENDRACEAE

The foll owi ng orders: ellagic acid tanni ns >>>


Buxales (2 fam./ 72 spp.)
unisexual, dioecious; lvs toothed, sec. veins palmate; flw tepals small to lacking; ellagic aci d

BUXACEAE DIDYMELACEAE


CORE EUDICOTS


flw pentacyclic, parts al ternati ng, G connate, K + C (free), (A polyandrous), pollen tricol porate; tri hydroxyl -flavonoids

Gunnerales (2 fam./ ~45 spp.)
unisexual, di oeci ous; lvs toothed, sec. veins palmate; flw tepals small to lacking; ellagic aci d

GUNNERACEAE
MYROTHAMNACEAE



Dilleniales (1 fam./ 300 spp.)
mostly woody; lvs veins proceed to apex & teeth; flw K5, persisting; mostly A, G mostly slightly connate;
seeds often with aril; fr often both ventrally/dorsally dehiscent

DILLENIACEAE



Saxifragales (15 fam./ 2500 spp.)
lvs with glandular teeth; often hypanthi um, apical ly unfused carpels, stigma decurrent; fr mostly dry, dehiscent;
myricetin, flavonols

SAXIFRAGACEAE ALTINGIACEAE
GROSSULARIACEAE PAEONIACEAE
ITEACEAE HAMAMELIDACEAE
HALORAGACEAE PERIDISCACEAE
APHANOPETALACEAE PTEROSTEMONACEAE
DAPHNIPHYLLACEAE TETRACARPAEACEAE
CERCIDIPHYLLACEAE PENTHORACEAE
CRASSULACEAE

ROSIDS lvs with sti pules

Vitales (1 fam./ ~850 spp.)
often tendri llar vines; lvs often divided and wi th glandular teeth; A epi petal ous, 2 ovules per carpel ;
raphides, pearl glands; berries

VITACEAE


Rosids I (Fabids)

Zygophyllales (2 fam./ 305 spp.)
cork origin deep-seated; endosperm lacking; resinous, lignans/neol ignans, harman alkal oi ds

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE KRAMERIACEAE

Celastrales (3 fam./ ~1350 spp.)
flw small, G often 3-merous, nectary: intrastaminal disk; seeds often with aril (red-orange); i nfl cymose

CELASTRACEAE (incl. HIPPOCRATEACEAE, BREXIACEAE)
PARNASSIACEAE
LEPIDOBOTRYACEAE

Malpighiales (~39 fam./ ~16,000 spp.)
lvs margins toothed; flw G often tricarpel late

parietal placentati on / A=and opposite K:
ACHARIACEAE (incl. cyanogenic Flacourtiaceae)
VIOLACEAE
SALICACEAE (incl. noncyanogenic Flacourtiaceae, i.e. majority)
PASSIFLORACEAE (incl. TURNERACEAE)

axial placentation:
EUPHORBIACEAE MALPIGHIACEAE
RAFFLESIACEAE CHRYSOBALANACEAE
PHYLLANTHACEAE OCHNACEAE
PICRODENDRACEAE HUMIRIACEAE
LINACEAE

xanthones / resi nous: " Guttiferae" :
CLUSIACEAE BONNETIACEAE
CALOPHYLLACEAE PODOSTEMONACEAE
HYPERICACEAE

tropanes & pyrrolidi ne alkaloi ds:
RHIZOPHORACEAE ERYTHROXYLACEAE

Oxalidales (7 fam./ ~1800 spp.)
lvs often compound, pulvi ni (sleep movement); flw A5 or multi pl e, branched style common; muci lage cel ls; oxalates

CONNARACEAE BRUNELLIACEAE
OXALIDACEAE CEPHALOTACEAE
CUNONIACEAE ELAEOCARPACEAE
HUACEAE








N fi xi ng i n some representati ves of Fabales, Rosales, Cucurbitales, Fagales; embryo large, endosperm scanty

Fabales (4 fam./ 20,000 spp.)
flw often papi lionaceous : wing, standard, keel, mostly G1,mostly A10; fr a pod; symbiosis with root nodule bacteria;
diverse alkaloids, NP amino acids, lecti ns (in Fabaceae)

FABACEAE (Mimosoideae, Caesalpinioideae, Faboideae)
POLYGALACEAE
SURIANACEAE
QUILLAJACEAE


Rosales (9 fam./ 7700 spp.)
lvs mostly simple with sti pules; flw K valvate (and hypanthium) persisti ng, carpels with 1 ovule, stigma dry;
dihydroflavonols

ROSACEAE
BARBEYACEAE
DIRACHMACEAE
RHAMNACEAE
ELAEAGNACEAE
ULMACEAE
CANNABACEAE
MORACEAE
URTICACEAE (incl. CECROPIACEAE)


Cucurbitales (7 fam./ ~2300 spp.)
lvs mostly alternate; flw often unisexual, G mostly i nferior, parietal placentati on; cucurbitaci ns

ANISOPHYLLEACEAE
APODANTHACEAE
CORYNOCARPACEAE
CORIARIACEAE
CUCURBITACEAE
TETRAMELACEAE
DATISCACEAE
BEGONIACEAE


Fagales (8 fam./ 1100 spp.)
lvs undivi ded; flw smal l, unisexual, anemophi lous, thus T reduced or lacking, G mostly inferi or; infl spi kes or catkins;
fr 1-seeded, mostly nuts; ectomycorrhiza; tannins, dihydroflavonols

NOTHOFAGACEAE
FAGACEAE
MYRICACEAE
JUGLANDACEAE
RHOIPTELEACEAE
TICODENDRACEAE
BETULACEAE
CASUARINACEAE

Rosids II (Malvids)

Geraniales (5 fam./ ~830 spp.)
lvs with glandular teeth; flw A obdiplostemonous, nectary on filament; stems jointed at nodes; ethereal oils, ellagic acid

GERANIACEAE FRANCOACEAE
MELIANTHACEAE LEDOCARPACEAE
VIVIANIACEAE

Myrtales (9 fam./ 11,000 spp.)
lvs opposite, col leters (glandular hair on adaxial surface of peti ole base), stipules smal l (if any); cork deep seated;
flw K valvate, persisting, A incurved in bud, ovary inferior; ovules many; endosperm scanty; scaly bark;
flavonols, myricetin

COMBRETACEAE
ONAGRACEAE
LYTHRACEAE (incl. PUNICACEAE, SONNERATIACEAE, TRAPACEAE)
MYRTACEAE terpenes; pell ucid dots; lvs entire
VOCHYSIACEAE
MELASTOMATACEAE (incl. MEMECYLACEAE) ALZATEACEAE
PENAEACEAE (incl. OLINIACEAE) CRYPTERONIACEAE

Crossosomatales (7 fam./ 66 spp.)
woody; K + C, stylodia free; hypanthium, nectary disk

STAPHYLEACEAE
STACHYURACEAE
CROSSOSOMATACEAE
GEISSOLOMATACEAE
STRASBURGERIACEAE
APHLOIACEAE
GUAMATELACEAE

Picramniales (1 fam./ 46 spp.)
trees; lvs spiral ; extrafloral nectaries;stami nate flw: A = and opposite C;bark bitter, anthraqui nones

PICRAMNIACEAE

The foll owi ng orders i n Rosids II: embryo large; endosperm scanty

Sapindales (9 fam./ 6100 spp.)
mostly woody (silica/silicified); lvs alternate, odd-pinnately compound; flw often imperfect, intrastaminal disk; ethereal oils

resi n canals:
ANACARDIACEAE BIEBERSTEINIACEAE
BURSERACEAE KIRKIACEAE

saponi ns / cyclopropane ami no acids:
SAPINDACEAE (incl. ACERACEAE, HIPPOCASTANACEAE)
NITRARIACEAE (incl. PEGANACEAE)

resi ns / ethereal oil s; bitter triterpenoids
RUTACEAE
MELIACEAE
SIMAROUBACEAE (Quassia, Simarouba, Picrasma, Ailanthus)

Huerteales (4 fam./ 23 spp.)
vessel elements: scalariform perforations; mucilage cells; lvs margi ns toothed, stipules cauli ne;
flw small, A = and opposite K, ovules 1-2/carpel

TAPISCIACEAE DIPENTODONTACEAE (incl. PERROTTETIA)
GERRARDINACEAE PETENAEACEAE

Malvales (10 fam./ 6000 spp.)
bark fibrous; hairs often stellate; flw K often valvate, petals contorted, A often ; mucilage, cyclopropenoid fatty acids, flavones

NEURADACEAE
THYMELAEACEAE
BIXACEAE (incl. COCHLOSPERMACEAE)
CISTACEAE
CYTINACEAE
SARCOLAENACEAE
SPHAEROSEPALACEAE
DIPTEROCARPACEAE
MUNTINGIACEAE
MALVACEAE (incl. STERCULIACEAE, BOMBACACEAE, TILIACEAE)

Brassicales (17 fam./ ~4800 spp.)
lvs alternate; flw often 4-merous, often clawed petals, A often many, 2K; hypogynous (often gynophore); infl racemose;
myrosin cells, gl ucosinolates

TROPAEOLACEAE SALVADORACEAE
MORINGACEAE RESEDACEAE
CARICACEAE TOVARIACEAE
LIMNANTHACEAE CAPPARACEAE
KOEBERLINACEAE CLEOMACEAE
BATACEAE BRASSICACEAE
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Berberidopsidales (2 fam./ 4 spp.)
woody; lvs stomata cycl ocytic, peti ole bundles annular; fr fleshy; calci um oxalate as crystals

AEXTOXICACEAE BERBERIDOPSIDACEAE

Santalales (7 [18] fam./ ~2000 spp.)
woody; parasites or semiparasites; without mycorrhiza; lvs margi n entire; flw A epi petal ous,
perianth often simple, valvate, persisting; pol yacetylenes, triterpene sapogenins, sil icic aci d

OLACACEAE LORANTHACEAE
OPILIACEAE SCHOEPFIACEAE
BALANOPHORACEAE MISODENDRACEAE
SANTALACEAE (incl. VISCACEAE)

Caryophyllales (34 fam./ 11,500 spp.) incl. Polygonales
mostly herbaceous; without mycorrhi za; G often uni locular with central placentati on, pollen copate, surface spiny;
betalains or anthocyani ns (latter, e.g., in Caryophyll aceae)

DROSERACEAE
NEPENTHACEAE
DROSOPHYLLACEAE
FRANKENIACEAE
TAMARICACEAE
PLUMBAGINACEAE
POLYGONACEAE
SIMMONDSIACEAE
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
AMARANTHACEAE
(incl. CHENOPODIACEAE)

AIZOACEAE
PHYTOLACCACEAE
NYCTAGINACEAE
MOLLUGINACEAE
HALOPHYTACEAE
BASELLACEAE
MONTIACEAE
DIDIEREACEAE
TALINACEAE
PORTULACACEAE
ANACAMPSEROTACEAE
CACTACEAE

ASTERIDS (Sympetalae) 120 fam./ 70,000 spp.

mostly sympetal ous, nectary gynoecial, ovules unitegmic, endosperm cell ular; iridoi ds common


Cornales (5 fam./ ~600 spp.)
mostly woody; lvs mostly undivi ded, hydathode teeth; flw often 4-merous, K much smal ler than C, persisting,
intrastaminal disk, G inferior; fr drupaceous; diverse iridoi ds

LOASACEAE
HYDRANGEACEAE
CORNACEAE (incl. NYSSACEAE and ALANGIACEAE)
GRUBBIACEAE
CURTISIACEAE

Ericales (22 fam./ 11,500 spp.)
lvs teeth, theoid; nodes uni lacunar; flw 5-merous, pentacyclic; nonhydrolyzable tanni ns, ellagic aci d, hydroqui nones

ACTINIDIACEAE
RORIDULACEAE
SARRACENIACEAE
CLETHRACEAE
CYRILLACEAE
ERICACEAE (incl. EPACRIDACEAE)

MITRASTEMONACEAE (incl. TERNSTROEMIACEAE)
THEACEAE
SYMPLOCACEAE
STYRACACEAE
DIAPENSIACEAE

SAPOTACEAE
EBENACEAE
PRIMULACEAE (incl. MYRSINACEAE, THEOPHRASTACEAE)

BALSAMINACEAE
MARCGRAVIACEAE
POLEMONIACEAE
FOUQUIERIACEAE
LECYTHIDACEAE
TETRAMERISTACEAE
SLADENIACEAE
PENTAPHYLACACEAE









Core Asterids A=C, epipetalous pol yandry rare, G(2); infl cymose; ellagic aci d lacki ng

Asterids I late sympetaly

? ICACINACEAE
? VAHLIACEAE (Solanales ?)

Garryales (2 fam./ 18 spp.)
woody; dioecious; flw small, C valvate, G uni l ocular; fruit indehiscent; iridoi ds (aucubi n), gutta

EUCOMMIACEAE
GARRYACEAE (incl. AUCUBACEAE)


Gentianales (5 fam./ ~16,600 spp.)
lvs opposite, col leters; flw corolla convolute i n bud; late i ndole alkal oi ds; iridoi ds

RUBIACEAE
GENTIANACEAE
GELSEMIACEAE
LOGANIACEAE
APOCYNACEAE (incl. ASCLEPIADOIDEAE)


Solanales (5 fam./ ~4100 spp.)
lvs spiral, simple; nodes uni lacunar; flw petal s plicate; K persisting; diverse alkal oi ds, no iridoids

SOLANACEAE (incl. NOLANACEAE)
CONVOLVULACEAE (incl. CUSCUTACEAE)

MONTINIACEAE
HYDROLEACEAE
SPHENOLEACEAE

Lamiales (24 fam./ ~24,000 spp.)
lvs opposite; nodes 1:1; flw mostly monosymmetric, A often 2(+2); ethereal oi ls in gland-headed hairs;
6-oxygenated flavones, rosmarinic acid, ol igosaccharides: cornosi de, verbascoside (acetosi de)

LAMIACEAE
ACANTHACEAE
BIGNONIACEAE
GESNERIACEAE
CALCEOLARIACEAE
SCROPHULARIACEAE
(incl. BUDDLEJACEAE)
VERBENACEAE
PAULOWNIACEAE
PEDALIACEAE
LENTIBULARIACEAE
OROBANCHACEAE
MARTYNIACEAE
BYBLIDACEAE
OLEACEAE
PHRYMACEAE
PLANTAGINACEAE
STILBACEAE (incl. RETZIACEAE)
LINDERNIACEAE
HYDROSTACHYACEAE (!)



Boraginales (7 [8] fam./ ~2800 spp.)
lvs roughly hairy; nodes unilacunar; infl scorpioid; mostly 4 ovules; isokestose, higher inuli ns, pyrrolizidine alkaloids

BORAGINACEAE
CODONACEAE
CORDIACEAE
EHRETIACEAE (incl. LENNOACEAE)
HELIOTROPIACEAE
HYDROPHYLLACEAE
(NAMACEAE)
WELLSTEDIACEAE




Asterids II early sympetaly; fl small embryo short


Aquifoliales (5 fam./ ~530 spp.)
woody; lvs serrate; flw 1-2 ovules/carpel, C free, K slightly connate; fr drupe with broad stigma

AQUIFOLIACEAE
HELWINGIACEAE
PHYLLONOMACEAE
STEMONURACEAE
CARDIOPTERIDACEAE


Asterales (11 fam./ ~27,000 spp.)
flw often monosymmetric, plunger poll ination (long styl e); nodes trilacunar; i nuli n, sesquiterpenes, secoiri doids

ROUSSEACEAE
CAMPANULACEAE (incl. LOBELIACEAE)
PENTAPHRAGMATACEAE

ALSEUOSIMACEAE
PHELLINACEAE
ARGOPHYLLACEAE
STYLIDIACEAE
MENYANTHACEAE
GOODENIACEAE
CALYCERACEAE
ASTERACEAE


Escalloniales (1 fam./ 130 spp.)
mostly woody; infl racemose, C free, anthers basifixed, nectary disc; Al accumulation

ESCALLONIACEAE



































The foll owi ng orders i n Asterids II: i nferior; fr usual ly 1few-seeded

Bruniales (2 fam./ 79 spp.)
woody, evergreen; nodes 1:1; flw polysymmetric, anthers basifixed

BRUNIACEAE
COLUMELLIACEAE (incl. Desfontainia)



Apiales (7 fam./ ~5500 spp.)
woody (except Apiaceae); lvs often divided; nodes usu. multi lacunar; i nfl mostly umbel ;
drupe or schizocarp (Apiaceae: mericarp/carpophore)

PENNANTIACEAE
GRISELINACEAE
TORRICELLIACEAE
MYODOCARPACEAE
ARALIACEAE
PITTOSPORACEAE
APIACEAE


Paracryphiales (1 fam./ 36 spp.)
woody; i nfl racemose, flw 4-merous, filaments stout, capsule septici dal

PARACRYPHIACEAE


Dipsacales (2 [or 7] fam./ ~1100 spp.)
lvs opposite, often basally connate; nodes 3:3; buds with scales; flw often monosymmetric;
K persistent in fruit; secoiridoi ds

ADOXACEAE
CAPRIFOLIACEAE, incl.
DIERVILLOIDEAE
DIPSACOIDEAE
VALERIANOIDEAE
LINNAEOIDEAE
MORINOIDEAE