International J ournal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJ CTT) volume 11 number 4 May 2014

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page 161

Multicode Techniques in 4G
Supriya D.Kubade
#1
, Prof.Pravin Lakhe
*2
, Dr.Santosh Chede
#3

#1
M.Tech Student,Electronic & communication, SDCOE (Wardha),India

Abstract Orthogonal Frequency and Code Division
Multiplexing (OFCDM) is a multicarrier transmission scheme
which has been proposed for 4 generation to provide high speed
mobile services. The system performance was tested and
compared with previous MIMO OFCDM systems using 1D OVSF
codes because of the better correlation properties of the 2D OVSF
codes in comparison with 1D OVSF codes an improvement in
system performance of OFCDM with 2D OVSF codes is observed
on the basis of increases in throughput of system cause decrease in
(bit error rate) BER and (multi code interference) MCI
cancellation with increase in signal to noise ratio and showing
simulation result for this.

Key Words 4G, MIMO OFDM, MIMO 2D-OVSF OFCDM,
1D OVSF Codes , 2D OVSF Codes.

I. INTRODUCTION

With the rapid growth of user demands, fourth generation
(4G) mobile communication systems are expected to become a
platform capable of providing richer multimedia services to the
users in comparison to the established 3G systems. This
effectively requires an increase in the data rate. High data rate
is required for services such as broadcast, thereby making it
essential to increase the downlink capacity. 4G systems target a
peak data rate of 100 Mbps with a bandwidth of 50100 MHz
in the downlink. Multicarrier modulation techniques are widely
being adopted for this purpose. They have shown good results
in terms of combating multipath interference. 4G will provide
access to wide range of telecommunication services, including
advanced mobile services, supported by mobile and fixed
networks, which are increasingly packet based, along with a
support for low to high mobility applications and wide range of
data rates, in accordance with service demands in multiuser
environment.

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is one
useful multiplexing scheme that has attracted many
researchers. It divides data into a set of parallel streams to be
transmitted using mutually orthogonal frequency bands.
Because of this orthogonality, the data streams can be
transmitted at the same time to increase the system
transmission rate. On the other hand, CDMA is one form of
"spread-spectrum" signaling that is broadly used in
telecommunication systems. In a CDMA system, users are
assigned orthogonal codes so that different users can share the
same frequency band at the same time with little or no
interference. One integration of OFDM and CDMA techniques,
called OFCDM, takes advantage of both OFDM and CDMA
systems to gain frequency diversity and achieve high but
flexible transmission rates.
With two-dimensional spreading, OFCDM is an attractive
transmission technique for high-data-rate applications. In
OFCDM, spreading in frequency domain provides frequency
diversity gain. On the other hand, a large time domain
spreading factor allows more users to access the system at the
same time, where as a small time domain spreading factor is
more suitable for high-data-rate applications. Combined with
MIMO technology, a MIMO-OFCDM system can provide high
reliability with flexible transmission rates. We can therefore
expect a great potential from MIMO OFCDM systems.
Recently, many studies have been carried out for OFCDM
systems on how to gain frequency domain diversity and on the
effect of multi-code interference (MCI) on achieving this
diversity.

The developed OFCDM system uses 1D orthogonal variable
spreading factor (OVSF) codes. 1D OVSF codes have been
widely used to characterize users and user services in the down
link channel by simultaneously preserving the orthogonality
between different channels.1D spreading sequences do not
possess zero cyclic autocorrelation side lobes and cross-
correlation functions. Hence, by using an alternative code set
the system performance can be increased. 2D spreading
sequences can be constructed that have zero cross correlation
properties. One such class of 2D codes is 2DOVSF codes. 2D
OVSF codes possess correlation properties that mitigate
multipath and multiuser interference.

II. 2D-OVSF OFCDM SYESTE

The transmitter structure of an OFCDM system is shown in
Figure 1. The user data is firstly processed by a modulator such
as BPSK. When using QPSK or higher order modulation, Grey
coding should be employed. The modulated symbols are then
converted from a serial symbol stream into parallel symbol
streams, where NB is the number of user data that will be two-
dimensionally spread with the same spreading code. The
spreading is provided by a spreading code generator, and each
group of NB symbols will be spread with a unique code. In the
OFCDM system, let the spreading factor in frequency domain
and time domain be NF and NT respectively, then the length of
spreading code, Ns, is given by Ns = NT* NF. Since the
overall spreading factor is Ns, maximum Ns different codes are
available for spreading. Let K be the number of actually
transmitted groups, and each group of data symbol is assigned
with a unique spreading code, then K Ns and if different data
symbols are from different system users, a maximum K x NB
users can access the system at the same time. The overall
spreading code C is a combination of frequency domain
spreading code CF and time domain spreading code CT. Here,
both CF and CT are OVSF codes. Let C (k) represent the fc-th
(k = 0,1, ...,K -1) spreading code, CF (i) represent the i-th (i =
0,1,..., NF -1) frequency domain OVSF spreading code of
length NF. CT (j) represents the jth (j =0, 1... NT -1) time
domain OVSF spreading code of length NT. We can see that
MCI is generated when different users data is spread with
different frequency domain spreading codes and the same time
domain spreading code. To overcome this, the spreading code
International J ournal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJ CTT) volume 11 number 4 May 2014
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page 162

should be designed in such way to take advantage of the
orthogonality in time domain. Specifically, the spreading code
generator minimizes the number of frequency domain OVSF
spreading codes used. Therefore, the level of MCI is
minimized.
Here we use an example to illustrate how to generate the
spreading codes. When NF = 2 and NT = 4, C (0) is
generated by

CF(0) = & CT (0) =
C(0) = CF (0) CT (0) =
C(1) = CF(0) CT(1)
CF(0) = & CT (1) =
C(1)= CF(0) CT(1) =
C(2)= CF(0) CT(2)
CF(0) = & CT(2)=
C(2)= CF(0) CT(2) =
So forth..
Until time domain OVSF spreading code is used up. The code
generator will change the frequency domain OVSF spreading
code and restart the cycle.
CF(1) = & CT (0) =
C(4) = CF (1) CT (0) =
CF(1) = & CT (1) =
C(5)= CF(1) CT(1) =
L = NFNB is the total numbers of subcarriers employed in the
OFCDM system. L NT OFCDM symbol is constructed. Code
multiplexer is used to provide more flexibility in system
design. To increase data rate a multimode technique can be
used. Known pilot symbol with data symbol for error
correction it spread only in time domain SF is NT and for data
SF in time domain is NT-1.Inverse fast Fourier transform
(IFFT) and fast Fourier transform FFT is used for conversion
process. Cyclic prefix insertion maintains orthogonality
between subcarrier, it gives extension to signal and make
symbol periodic longer. Allow to signal to be decoded even if
the packet is detected after some delay. To make synchronous
operation of transmitter and receiver scrambler and
descrambler is used .For band limitation and elimination of
(inter symbol interference) ISI pulse shaping filter is used.
Matched filter is important to filter out what signal reflections
do occurs in the transmission process. In the receiver section,
received signal passed via a co-ordinate filter. The cyclic prefix
is removed in the received section, the resultant signal is
descrambler and down converter by FFT transform. The
output of the descrambler is given to the two dimensional DE
spreader and decoded as well as demodulated by the code
channel and recover the original signal. with the additional of
two Different user data is spread with different frequency
domain spreading code and same time domain spreading code
MCI generated (K>NT). K NT, data symbol transmitted by
the same NF carriers are spread with same frequency domain
spreading code but different time domain spreading code .No
MCI will present. It is preferred to assign code with greater
code distance among adjacent code channels [(SF1/2)+1-
dmin].Here dmin- the minimum length of strings of
consecutive 1s or 1s in the element wise code product. Figure
2 showing the spreading of 1D-OVSF codes and figure 3 and 4
showing the dispreading of 1D-OVSF codes.




Fig 1 OFCDM System




Fig 2 2D spreading with 1D OVSF Code

International J ournal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJ CTT) volume 11 number 4 May 2014
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page 163




Fig 3 Despreading



Fig 4 (a) Combing and (b) De-interleaving and combining


III. 2D SPREADING AND DE-SPREADING USING
2DOVSF CODES
Code multiplexing and 2D spreading in the OFCDM system
described in Section is achieved by using 1D OVSF codes.

1) Spreading:
The proposed 2D spreading has been illustrated in Fig 5 The
input data stream is sent over various code channels. Each code
channel first modulates the data which is followed by a serial-
to-parallel conversion. This gives a K SF1 matrix of
modulated data Here K = NC/NF is the number of parallel
streams processed by each channel processor. NC is the
number of subcarriers. In each stream, SF1 bits are
simultaneously spread by K different2D spreaders. The
spreading is carried out as follows first spreading: SF1 bits are
spread by a 2D OVSF code square matrix of SF1 dimension,
here NT = 8; NF = 4, SF1 =2. Such that the 1st bit is spread by
first row, 2nd bit by second row and so on till the (SF1)th bit is
spread by the last row of the matrix.




Fig 5 2D Spreading with 2D-OVSF codes


2) De-Spreading:

At the receiver, the received data is down converted.
Furthermore, the serial data is converted to parallel form
followed by cyclic prefix removal. This gives a matrix with NC
rows and NT columns. FFT is performed on this matrix to
demodulate the data. The demodulated data needs to be de-
spread in accordance with the 2D spreading that was carried
out at the transmitter with an aim to remove MCI caused
because of code multiplexing of channels. The despreading has
been shown in Fig. 6.In Figs. 6a and b, first de-spreading is
carried out using the code set with SF = SF2. Different system
parameters are used when investigating the performance with
MRC, EGC and MMSE combining. Here, the de-spreader
employs either simple equal gain combining (EGC) or maximal
ratio combining (MRC) combining to collect spread
signals.EGC combining is suitable for modulation techniques
such as binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and quadrature phase
shift keying (QPSK). However, higher modulation schemes
require MRC combining. Figs. 6c and d shows the second de-
spreading. The code set has SF = SF1. Here, the de-spreader
employs simple EGC combining to collect spread signals.
Finally, the de-spread bits are de-interleaved to obtain a serial
International J ournal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJ CTT) volume 11 number 4 May 2014
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page 164

data stream. This data stream is de-modulated to obtain the
received data.





Fig 6 2D De-spreading with 2D-OVSF codes
a:-1
st
de-sperading,b:-Comnining,c:-2
nd
de-sperading,
d:-Combining,e:-De-interleaving & f:-Combining


IV. RESULT AND ANALYSIS

The bit error rate (BER) performance of the MIMO OFCDM
system can be evaluated where both simulation and analytical
results are presented using mat lab tool. Figure 7.shows the
increase in performance of MIMO OFCDM system as compare
to the MIMO OFDM system by decreases in BER with
increases in signal to noise ratio cause MIMO OFCDM system
have all the facility of MIMO OFDM and additional benefits
like frequency diversity gain. Fig. 8 compares the performance
of the MIMO OFCDM system using 1D OVSF codes against
MIMO OFCDM system using 2DOVSF codes for achieving
2D spreading. The results are obtained by keeping a fixed SF =
NT NF, where NT = 8,NF = 4. One code channel is assigned
for pilot data while the rest (NT1) NF channels are fully
loaded with information bits. As can be seen, the proposed
system gives improved results with respect to the 22 OFCDM
system employing 1D OVSF codes. Percentage of decrease in
BER of MIMO OFCDM system is calculated by graph plotted
in figure 7 and 8.



Fig 7 BER for BPSK modulation with 2x2 MIMO


Fig 8 BER for 1-D and 2-D OFCDM


V. CONCLUSION
Our simulation results show that for 2 transmitters and 2
receivers the effect of AWGN channel on MIMO OFCDM
system with 1D OVSF codes and 2D OVSF codes in which the
SNR is varied from 0 to 25 db. The corresponding BER is
plotted, that shows that the BER is lowest for highest value of
SNR. MIMO-OFCDM system have better performance than
International J ournal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJ CTT) volume 11 number 4 May 2014
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijcttjournal.org Page 165

MIMO-OFDM .Improvement in MIMO-OFCDM system
performance with decrease in BER with increase in throughput
with 2D OVSF codes than 1D-OVSF codes. In next module
we will study the MIMO-OFCDM system with M-D OVSF
codes and we construct the system with different channel and
observed the performance of MIMO-OFCDM system in 4G.


ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors would like to thank Mr. Ganesh Patil and the
anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and
suggestions, which have improved the presentation of this
paper

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